Abstract: More than 30 lines of discrete, independent evidence implicate the exposure of susceptible babies and children to acetaminophen with the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The most abundant source of evidence is from the fields of pharmacology and toxicology, with clinical and epidemiological observations, numerous miscellaneous observations, and studies in laboratory animal models providing conclusive support. This narrative review summarizes that evidence, and discusses recent work with sibling control analysis that has been unfortunately misinterpreted as a result of incorrect assignment of interacting variables as confounding factors. Susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced injury is imposed by a range of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors associated with oxidative stress, and is apparently the greatest immediately after birth. Susceptibility then decreases until about six years of age, which is outside of the developmental window in which regression into ASD typically occurs. Although associations between heavy use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and ASD suggest some risk may be present during pregnancy, insufficient evidence is available to know if sporadic use of acetaminophen during pregnancy poses any risks. Given continued use of acetaminophen during labor and delivery, and routine use during early childhood including for indications including circumcision, vaccination, and some chronic medical conditions, a course correction in clinical practice is much needed.

Abstract: We describe a decimal–hexadecimal block encoding for primality over a finite stored range. Since every prime greater than 5 must lie in one of the residue classes 1, 3, 7, 9 (mod 10), each decimal block of size ten can be encoded by a 4-bit word indicating which of the candidates 10k + 1, 10k + 3, 10k + 7, and 10k + 9 are prime. This yields a nibble-based storage scheme supporting exact primality queries and exact recovery of the prime-counting function π(x) by cumulative popcount. We then establish a structural theorem arising from the congruence 10 ≡ 1 (mod 3): for k ≡ 0 (mod 3) the candidates 10k + 3 and 10k + 9 are always composite, and for k ≡ 2 (mod 3) the candidates 10k + 1 and 10k + 7 are always composite. This partitions the nibble alphabet into three classes of sizes 4, 16, and 4, reducing the Shannon entropy from 4 bits to 2.42 bits per nibble and yielding a lossless compression of 39.4% over the original encoding with O(1) decode complexity. We present data structures, Python routines, and experimental validation up to 300,000.

Abstract: Rapid urbanization intensified spatial variability in air pollution across India, while monitoring networks are limited in capturing local exposure conditions. This study develops and evaluates an exposure assessment framework, with pilot findings from the Air Pollution Exposure on Adolescents’ Lungs (APEAL), a multi-centre prospective cohort study conducted in Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Mysuru, which represent diverse air pollution levels. Residential measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were conducted using standardized protocols. Results from pilot-phase showed that mean outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were highest in Delhi (90.4 ± 12.0 µg/m³), followed by Mumbai (57.2 ± 12.8 µg/m³), and Bengaluru (53.0 ± 9.0 µg/m³), with Mysuru having the lowest at 32.3 ± 9.3 µg/m³, indicating a north-south gradient attributed to anthropogenic activities. Optical properties of PM2.5, including absorption coefficients (Babs370 and Babs880), and calculated Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE), show significant variations and are primarily influenced by combustion sources. Further, this approach will include seasonal monitoring, chemical characterization, toxicity analysis, land-use regression (LUR) modelling, and time activity pattern to generate high-resolution exposure estimates. This methodology provides a robust, scalable framework for epidemiological studies and urban air pollution assessment in resource-limited settings, with relevance for urban planning and policy making.

Abstract: Misuse of over the counter (OTC) and prescription only medicines (POM) is increasingly recognised as a public health and medicines safety concern. Pharmacists and specialist substance misuse services (SMS) are often the first to encounter emerging patterns of problematic use, yet little is known about SMS staff experiences in supporting affected adults. This study explored their experiences to inform pharmacy focused practice and policy. Ethical approval was obtained. Confidential semi structured interviews were conducted with staff across five community adult English SMS. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using NVivo®. Twenty interviews with varied professionals achieved data saturation. Three overarching themes emerged: (1) characteristics of OTC/POM misuse; (2) distinct groups of people affected; and (3) negative experiences and concerns. Dependence on orally administered opioids (particularly co-deine containing products) benzodiazepines and gabapentinoids predominated. Polypharmacy including illicit substance use was also reported. Withdrawal symptoms frequently perpetuated misuse, and abrupt supply cessation created additional risks. Routine enquiry about OTC/POM misuse and provision of tailored harm reduction inter-ventions are essential. Findings highlight opportunities for enhanced pharmacist in-volvement in early identification and medicines optimisation. Further research should examine whether dedicated OTC/POM pathways are required and explore differences in demographic and treatment needs across medicine types.

Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains one of the most challenging malignancies to treat, characterized by extreme heterogeneity, therapeutic resistance, and a dismal prognosis. Current multimodal treatments frequently fail due to the tumor’s complex epigenetic landscape, infiltrative nature, and a highly hypoxic microenvironment that fosters immune evasion. This review evaluates the potential of repurposing hydralazine, a long-established FDA-approved vasodilator, as a novel epigenetic and metabolic modulator for GBM. Mechanistically, hydralazine acts as a non-nucleoside inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), facilitating the demethylation and reactivation of silenced tumor suppressor genes, such as p16 and GSTP1. Beyond its epigenetic effects, it influences tumor metabolism by modulating the adenosine signaling axis and inducing vascular dynamics—specifically the “vascular steal” phenomenon—that alter intratumoral oxygenation. These pleiotropic actions provide a compelling rationale for its use in sensitizing glioblastoma cells to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, significant pharmacological hurdles, including uncertain blood-brain barrier penetration, a short plasma half-life, and risks of systemic toxicity such as drug-induced lupus, suggest that hydralazine is unlikely to be effective as a stand-alone clinical therapy. In conclusion, while hydralazine faces clear translational pitfalls as a monotherapy, its ability to strategically reshape the GBM biological landscape positions it as a valuable adjunctive agent. Future innovation must focus on optimizing central nervous system delivery and identifying biology-driven combination strategies to overcome the adaptive resistance of this aggressive disease.

Abstract: Nonlinear equations arise extensively in engineering and applied sciences. This study introduces a family of Caputo and Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo (ABC) fractional order iterative methods for solving nonlinear problems. The proposed schemes are designed to enhance convergence behavior and improve robustness compared to existing fractional Newton-type methods. Local convergence is analyzed using fractional Taylor expansions, establishing the order of convergence and associated error equations. In addition, a dynamical systems perspective is adopted to investigate global convergence properties through basin of attraction analysis, including fractal structures and the Wada measure. Numerical experiments on application-inspired nonlinear models demonstrate that the proposed methods achieve faster error reduction, lower residuals, and improved computational efficiency compared to existing schemes. These results indicate that the proposed framework provides an effective and flexible approach for solving nonlinear equations, combining accuracy, stability, and dynamical insight.

Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common medical condition seen in North America, ranging between 10-12% of the general population, which has significant impact on health care costs and patient survival [1]. Sarcopenia is often seen in between 2.8% to 75% in the CKD population based on the method of measurement and definition chosen to report [2–8]. This qualitative review of the literature for sarcopenia in CKD will focus on the utility of the Psoas muscle measurement. Psoas muscle measurement is a surrogate method to quantify muscle mass and its advantages and disadvantages as a choice for utilization in the sarcopenia definition is explored with the different diagnostic frailty scores published. The role of different comorbidities within the CKD population is further explained in the context of muscle mass measurement and the associated clinical outcomes. The ability and relevance of longitudinal use of muscle mass assessments in the clinical context will be emphasized on clinical evaluation of the CKD patient and follow up nutritional and physical training requirement to rebuild and maintain muscle mass.

Abstract: The Polyomaviridae family contains members known for achieving high seroprevalence within their target species despite a limited genomic economy. Minimalism, by definition, allows for the clarification and streamlining of purpose via the removal of unnecessary or distracting components. Among viruses, Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 (SV40) and other polyomaviruses are master minimalists, achieving efficient replication and persistence with compact genomes of approximately 5 kb in length. This review examines how polyomaviruses employ limited genetic material and simple structure to participate in complex functions and interactions, highlighting minimalism as both an evolutionary and functional advantage. Polyomaviruses make the most of their compact genomes in each stage of the viral lifecycle through the production of multifunctional early proteins and cis-regulatory elements, utilization of alternative splicing and host infrastructure, and organization of compact structural proteins. This allows for the successful replication and proliferation of virions while also reducing evolutionary pressure and promoting host immune evasion. Examination of the implications of polyomaviral minimalism illustrates that genome economy is not a constraint, but rather a driver of biological sophistication.

Abstract: Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the maxillofacial trauma resulting from electric scooter accidents, and to identify risk factors associated with injury location. Methods: An 8-year retrospective cohort study was carried out, including all patients presenting with electric scooter-related maxillofacial fractures at a tertiary care center from 2017 through 2024. Data recorded for each patient included gender, age, date and cause of injury, contributing factors, type of facial fractures, other injuries, helmet use, and the length of hospital stay. Results: Maxillofacial fractures were diagnosed in 138 patients (18,5% of e-scooter accident presentations). The study included 93 male and 45 female patients (ratio 2:1), and the mean age was 25.8 ± 7.75 years (range 14-45 years). Patients aged 20-29 years formed the largest group (51%). Most patients (89%) sustained a single facial fracture. The most affected facial third was the lower third with 80 cases (58%), followed by the middle third (36%). The remaining patients were represented by a combination of the various thirds, the most represented of which was I-II (12%). The most recurrent patterns were multifocal mandibular fractures (55%), followed by fractures of the orbito-malar-zygomatic complex (33%). Dental injuries were also frequent and were recorded in 40 patients (29% of all cases). Concomitant injuries outside the facial region were documented in 32 patients (23%). Among these, orthopaedic limb injuries were most common (44% of patients with concomitant injuries). Contributing factors were identifiable in 102 patients (74%). Self-reported helmet use was low: 63% of patients reported never wearing a helmet and 27% reported inconsistent or occasional use. Conclusions: Accidents involving personal mobility vehicles have become one of the main causes of emergency room admissions in recent years. Although electric scooter-related maxillofacial fractures are a new phenomenon, awareness of their frequency, contributing factors, and anatomical distribution is important for emergency and trauma teams who assess these patients first. Early recognition and timely management are crucial because missed diagnoses or delayed treatment can lead to permanent facial deformity and functional disability. These findings can inform targeted public-health strategies and injury-prevention programs. In the future, helmet designs should be modified to improve maxillofacial protection in scooter-related injuries.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction, and specific biomarkers could improve prognostic assessment in septic patients. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is the standard tool for clinical sepsis monitoring. Recent studies highlight the need for its revision and the identification of rapid, specific, sensitive predictors of sepsis mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of cardiac biomarkers alone or combined with the SOFA score for evaluating sepsis-related mortality. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center study with a relatively small sample size of 73 septic patients (Sepsis-3 criteria) hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) and intermediate care unit (IMCU). All patients had standard laboratory parameters, cardiac biomarkers, and the SOFA score available upon admission. Statistical analyses included non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test, ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve analysis, Hanley & McNeil method and Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results: Lactate (p < 0.001) and SOFA (p < 0.001) showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) values, and all cardiac biomarkers had statistically significant AUCs (p < 0.05) for sepsis mortality prediction. A comparison of all ROC curves was conducted, but no statistically significant differences were observed. Adding hs-cTn (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin) and lactate to the SOFA score increased its AUC from 0.767 to 0.827 (p = 0.421). Conclusions: The results highlight the potential role of cardiac biomarkers alone or in combination with the SOFA score as useful clinical tool for predicting sepsis mortality. Further research with a larger sample size is required to validate and generalize the findings.

Abstract: The current article explores how people in contemporary America understand George Washington’s national authority through their daily cultural activities. It examines how individuals understand national symbol through ethical beliefs. Using thirty-three semi-structured online interviews and qualitative narrative analysis, the findings reveal that participants see Washington as a national symbol through personal understanding, emotional ties and their judgment of his moral character. Washington serves as a national figure whom people learn about in schools and see in popular culture yet his historical connection to slavery creates discomfort and mixed feelings for many individuals. Participants resolve this conflict through selective reverence, distancing, qualification, and informal critique. These practices illustrate a process of symbolic governance in which national authority persists because individuals continuously negotiate their understanding of national symbols through emotional and moral evaluation. Consequently, Washington is revealed as a figure whose authority is culturally constructed, maintained through varied cultural readings of his persona. This research shows how national symbols persist in modern culture, a process shaped by the continuous interplay between individual interpretation and historical awareness.

Abstract: A zoonotic disease caused primarily by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), bovine tuberculosis (bTB), remains a considerable global concern. The intradermal tuberculin test (ITT) is a primary global screening tool for infected animals through their cellular immune response. However, ITT fails to identify all bTB-infected animals. Serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), which detect humoral immune responses are a potential complementary approach for bTB diagnosis. Herein, 86 serum samples collected from a bTB-free herd were analyzed using three bTB serological ELISA kits: the IDEXX M. bovis antibody test (IDEXX), the BIONOTE BTB antibody ELISA 2.0 kit (BTB), and an in-house ELISA using MPB70 and MPB83 as antigens (termed homemade). Antibody responses were monitored before and after ITT administration for 21 weeks. All serum samples collected before ITT administration tested negative with all three ELISA kits. However, 1 week after ITT administration, samples tested positive using the IDEXX, BTB, and homemade ELISA kits. Week 9, all samples tested negative with the BTB and homemade ELISA kits, whereas for IDEXX they remained negative until week 21. ITT-induced a serological response against M. bovis, engendering false-positive results. Therefore, collecting serum samples for bTB antibody testing should be avoided for at least 21 weeks following ITT.

Abstract: Diagnostic latency limits time-sensitive care and early detection, and exhaled breath provides a rapid, repeatable window into metabolic and inflammatory chemistry. We review real-time breath sampling and analytical technologies and evaluate their readiness for clinical adoption, with emphasis on molecular pathways reflected in the breath volatilome and in exhaled breath condensate. Real-time mass spectrometry enables kinetic VOC profiling and targeted quantification, while humidity-aware sensors and wearable condensate platforms extend monitoring beyond the laboratory. Pathway-anchored interpretation links breath readouts to ketone handling, isoprenoid metabolism, nitric oxide signaling, lipid peroxidation, uremic nitrogen handling, and microbiome-host co-metabolism, but performance remains vulnerable to confounding, drift, and non-representative comparators. Translation requires standardized breath fraction control, traceable features, robust quality systems, and governed device algorithm stacks so that breath outputs change decisions and outcomes.

Abstract: We ask for ultrametric version of following three: (1) Bourgain-Figiel-Milman Theorem, (2) Enflo Type, (3) Mendel-Naor Cotype.

Abstract: This qualitative study investigates how AI applications that support or replace instructional tasks influence teachers’ professional judgment, cognitive load management, and sense of agency. Drawing on interviews with 23 high school teachers from multiple countries using diverse AI platforms, the study explores teachers’ lived experiences of working in AI-mediated environments. Data were analyzed thematically using Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) as an analytical lens to examine shifts in intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. The findings indicate that while AI tools reduce workload and streamline planning and assessment, they also displace diagnostic reasoning, instructional sequencing, and evaluative judgment. Teacher agency persists but becomes conditional, shaped by institutional pressures, algorithmic opacity, and professional confidence. Ethical and equity concerns related to transparency and authority emerged as everyday cognitive and emotional challenges. By extending CLT to teachers’ work, the study highlights the need for AI integration that preserves reflective practice, professional judgment, and sustainable teacher agency.

Abstract: This paper reports thermophysical-property data for binary dielectric mixtures of hy-drofluoroether (HFE) fluids and ethyl acetate (EA) and applies a correlation-based workflow to compare their single-phase forced-convection performance in rectangular minichannels. Density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and isobaric heat capacity were measured at three temperature levels (293.1, 313.1, and 328.1 K) for selected compositions of HFE-7100/EA, HFE-7300/EA, and HFE-73DE/EA. Using these meas-ured properties, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers were evaluated and a laminar ther-mally developing correlation was employed to obtain Nusselt numbers and corre-sponding heat transfer coefficients. The assessment was performed for two geometries representing a long reference minichannel module and a short multi-minichannel module. A validation dataset for pure HFE-7100 in the short module, derived from IR thermography and an energy-balance data reduction, indicates a systematic deviation between correlation-based estimates and experimental values, which should be con-sidered when interpreting absolute predictions. The presented dataset and workflow support transparent down-selection of candidate mixtures prior to extended experi-mental campaigns.

Abstract: In this study, we developed a chatbot-based system for detecting early signs of depression and verified its effectiveness through experimental evaluations and user surveys. Em-phasizing that it does not rely on medical checklists, the system is designed to auto-matically extract three linguistic features associated with depression—frequent use of first-person pronouns, pessimistic expressions, and obsessive-compulsive writing styles—from natural user conversations. Multiple models were constructed for these features, and an ensemble layer integrates their outputs for a comprehensive judgment. The implemented system analyzes input sentences obtained through chat, extracts the three categories of features, calculates a final score through an ensemble layer, and visualizes potential signs of depression based on the total score. We conducted performed an evaluation experiment with 20 participants. In the test data evaluation, the system demonstrated over 76% accuracy in each of the three classification categories: first-person usage, pessimistic tendency, and obsessive-compulsive tendency.

Abstract: Environmental attitudes and behaviour play a vital role in developing a responsible and environmentally sustainable culture. Objective: To determine the relationship between attitudes and environmental behavior in nursing students of a public uni-versity in Peru. Material and Methods: Non-experimental, quantitative, correla-tional and prospective study, population made up of 450, sample of 207 students, using as instrument 2 nationally validated questionnaires, adapted to our reality, applying a pilot test to 15% of the sample, reporting the Cronbach's alpha coeffi-cient of (0.784) and (0.873), (attitudes and behavior), respectively. Results: The age group of 20-24 years (46.2%), and female sex (79.7%) predominated, X ̅=20.56 SD = 2.875, the second cycle was 19.3%. The descriptive results show that the environ-mental attitudes of the students are predominantly characterized by an "unfavora-ble" attitude (52.7%), when analyzing by dimensions, it is observed that the cogni-tive attitude is favorable (75.8%), the behavioral and affective attitude is unfavora-ble (79.2%) and (61.4%) respectively. The environmental behavior of students is predominantly evaluated as "good" (55.1%), "fair" behavior (42.5%), and "poor" be-havior (2.4%). Conclusion: Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a moderately and statistically significant positive relationship between environmental attitudes and environmental behavior in students of the Peruvian public university (r = 0.469, p < 0.001). This result indicates that, as students' environmental attitudes be-come more favorable, their environmental behavior also tends to improve.

Abstract: CAR-T cell therapy remains ineffective in most solid tumours because effector cells infiltrate poorly, undergo exhaustion, and face antigen escape within an immunosuppressive microenvironment. To address this, we developed a hybrid framework that combines a mechanistic spatiotemporal model with machine learning for limited patient-specific calibration. At its core, we employed a reaction-diffusion-chemotaxis model describing functional and exhausted CAR-T cells, antigen-positive and antigen-negative tumour subpopulations, a chemoattractant, an immunosuppressive factor, and hypoxia. Gradient boosting combined with nested cross-validation was used as the primary method for parameter inference. Parameters characterising the tumour microenvironment and CAR-T cell exhaustion were recovered most robustly, whereas antigen escape and individualised initial conditions were identified substantially less accurately. As an auxiliary reference point, we also considered a direct empirical baseline for binary clinical outcomes. This baseline indicated that the observed clinical features contained a more stable signal for disease control than for objective response. A favourable response was associated with high CAR-T cell infiltration and cytotoxic potency, whereas resistance was linked to exhaustion, antigen escape, and a suppressive microenvironment. Overall, the proposed approach constitutes an interpretable proof-of-concept platform for limited patient-specific inference of latent parameters and for stratifying the mechanisms underlying response and resistance in CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumours.

Abstract: Agriculture faces compounding pressures from food insecurity, climate change, and resource scarcity, creating urgent demand for scalable analytical tools. This PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review synthesises 582 peer-reviewed studies on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) applications in agriculture, drawn from Scopus for the period January 2019 to March 2026. The 2026 data cover only the first quarter (January–March) and are therefore not directly comparable to full-year counts. Publication volume grew exponentially — from 6 papers in 2019 to 251 in 2025 — driven by the adoption of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), Vision Transformers (ViT), and YOLO-based object detectors. Plant disease detection (27.0%) and crop yield prediction (13.7%) dominated the application landscape. South Asia and East Asia together contributed 59.3% of the corpus, while Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America each accounted for only 1.4%, revealing a profound mismatch between research output and global food insecurity burden. Median reported classification accuracy was 98.1% for disease detection, largely reflecting controlled laboratory datasets rather than field conditions. Median R² was 0.823 for yield prediction, based on 22 of 80 yield studies reporting this metric. Unit heterogeneity, dataset artefacts, and inconsistent evaluation practices limit cross-study comparability and the real-world interpretability of these figures. Open science practices remain critically low: only 7.7% of papers shared code and 14.1% shared data openly. Explainable AI, federated learning, and physics-informed modelling represent emerging frontiers. The review identifies benchmark standardisation, smallholder-relevant design, and geographic equity as the field's most pressing unresolved challenges.