Abstract: What if a court verdict could never be altered---not today, not tomorrow, and not even in the age of quantum computers? This paper introduces \textbf{TRUST-Court}, a next-generation digital judiciary framework that makes court records \textbf{tamper-proof, transparent, and quantum-secure}. Every participant in a case---plaintiff, defendant, lawyer, and judge---receives a verified digital identity and signs court proceedings using \textbf{post-quantum cryptographic algorithms standardized by NIST in 2024}. Hearings are transcribed in real time, digitally signed by all parties, and permanently sealed using multi-layer cryptographic protection before being anchored to a blockchain for public verification.The system integrates permissioned blockchain infrastructure (Hyperledger Fabric), public verification anchoring (Polygon), and post-quantum cryptographic primitives including \textbf{ML-DSA, ML-KEM, SLH-DSA, SHA-3, and AES-256}. To address the large data sizes of post-quantum signatures, we introduce practical storage optimization techniques such as Merkle-tree batching, signature aggregation, and archival compression, achieving \textbf{60--80\% storage reduction} while preserving security guarantees. Through case studies from the United States, India, and Ireland, TRUST-Court demonstrates how judicial records can become mathematically verifiable public artifacts. By preventing document tampering, eliminating transcript disputes, and enabling citizen-level verification of verdicts, the framework offers a pathway toward a judiciary where \textbf{truth, once recorded, becomes permanently unalterable}.

Abstract: Nerolidol (NER) is a sesquiterpene alcohol with recognized antimicrobial potential, whose applications as pure substance are limited by hydrophobicity, instability, and cytotoxicity. Invasomes, i.e. liposomes with terpene ingredients, offer a strategy to improve its delivery; however, the NER loading limits compatible with vesicle integrity are still unclear. Here, Nerolidol-loaded invasomes were produced using a controlled simil-microfluidic coaxial injection process. As a preliminary step, unloaded liposomes were fabricated to consolidate operating conditions and ensure their reproducible colloidal properties. Thereafter, formulations with progressively decreasing nominal NER loads were investigated to evaluate vesicle size, polydispersity, ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency, effective loading, and stability. High nominal loads promoted turbidity, size increase (by agglomeration coalescence phenomena), and structural instability, whereas formulations containing approximately 1–2% NER achieved nearly complete encapsulation, Z-average ≈ 300 nm, |ζ| > 30 mV, and satisfactory physical stability. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic profiles of representative formulations, previously evaluated in an independent study, confirmed biological activity. Overall, this work identifies a realistic loading window for Nerolidol invasomes and highlights the suitability of the simil-microfluidic approach to obtain scalable, well-controlled formulations, providing a rational basis for their future biological assessment. Nerolidol invasomes systems indeed can be considered a promising versatile platform for antimicrobial applications, including prospective use in animal feed.

Abstract: Surface ozone monitoring remains challenging due to sparse ground networks and limited satellite boundary-layer sensitivity. This study evaluates, for the first time, China's Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument II (EMI-II) for estimating surface ozone over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region. EMI-II total ozone columns (TOCs) are retrieved using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithm and validated against the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) (R = 0.96), Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) (R = 0.97), and the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) ground measurements (R > 0.92, bias < 4%). TOCs are then combined with ERA5 meteorology, satellite NO2/HCHO, and surface observations within machine learning models, achieving cross-validated R2 of 0.94 and RMSE of 12.29 μg/m3 for surface ozone estimation. EMI-II estimates show strong agreement with independent observations (R = 0.97, RMSE = 10.05 μg/m3) and reproduce seasonal gradients, with summer concentrations (130 μg/m3) more than double winter levels (59 μg/m3). Estimation skill is regime-dependent: performance comparable to TROPOMI occurs under strong photochemical activity, while reduced sensitivity occurs under weak radiation and stable boundary layers—consistent with averaging kernel diagnostics. This first comprehensive validation demonstrates that EMI-II, despite vertical sensitivity limitations, provides meaningful surface ozone constraints under favorable atmospheric conditions. The framework is transferable to other regions and sensors, supporting broader applications of national satellite assets in air pollution monitoring.

Abstract: Background Betahistine is widely used in the symptomatic treatment of vestibular vertigo and Ménière-related disorders, and therapeutic benefit depends on how rapidly effective drug levels become available after administration. Conventional tablets rely on gastric disintegration and dissolution prior to absorption. Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) disperse in the oral cavity and may enable earlier drug uptake and improved systemic availability. This study investigated whether a betahistine ODT provides faster drug availability, greater absorption, and improved bioavailability-related performance compared with a conventional tablet using a mechanistic in vitro evaluation. Methods Betahistine ODT and conventional immediate-release tablets containing the same labeled dose were evaluated in a sequential physiological model. Oral cavity performance was assessed in artificial saliva by measuring disintegration time, wetting behavior, and early drug release during the first 15 minutes. A two-stage gastric-to-intestinal pH transition model was applied to determine the fraction of drug remaining dissolved and immediately available for absorption. Pre-gastric uptake was evaluated using porcine buccal mucosa mounted in Franz diffusion cells by measuring drug transport across the tissue over time. Intestinal epithelial transfer was examined using polarized epithelial monolayers, and cumulative drug transport was quantified. Plasma protein binding and drug stability were evaluated in saliva, gastric, and intestinal media to exclude differences related to degradation or binding. Results The ODT disintegrated rapidly in artificial saliva (24.8 ± 6.1 s) compared with the conventional tablet (412 ± 95 s, p < 0.001). Rapid dispersion produced markedly faster release; within 10 minutes 82.7 ± 6.4% of the dose was released from the ODT versus 21.5 ± 7.2% from the conventional tablet (p < 0.001). After transition to intestinal conditions, the dissolved fraction available for absorption at 30 minutes was 88.5 ± 7.2% for the ODT and 54.2 ± 9.8% for the conventional tablet (p < 0.001). Buccal permeation was substantially higher with the ODT, showing greater flux (8.1 ± 1.4 vs 2.7 ± 0.9 μg/cm²/h, p < 0.001) and shorter lag time (12.4 ± 4.2 vs 28.7 ± 6.8 min, p < 0.001). Intestinal epithelial permeability was similar between formulations; however, cumulative transported drug at 120 minutes was greater for the ODT (486 ± 88 ng vs 312 ± 74 ng, p = 0.004). Plasma protein binding and chemical stability were comparable in all media. Conclusion Betahistine orodispersible tablets produced immediate oral dispersion, a larger early dissolved fraction, and earlier mucosal uptake, resulting in greater epithelial transfer despite unchanged intrinsic permeability. The findings demonstrate faster drug availability, enhanced absorption, and improved bioavailability-related performance compared with conventional tablets. Reduced gastric residence and partial pre-gastric uptake further suggest a potential improvement in gastrointestinal tolerability together with a faster onset of therapeutic action.

Abstract: Introduction: Bodybuilding is fundamentally influenced by biomechanical efficiency, which plays a crucial role in optimizing muscular development and minimizing the risk of injury. Despite its widespread significance, the systematic integration of biomechanical principles in bodybuilding practice remains insufficiently explored, especially within emerging fitness communities. Objective: The primary aim of this systematic review is to synthesize current scientific evidence regarding the biomechanical principles that underpin effective bodybuilding techniques. The review seeks to identify key mechanical factors that influence performance outcomes and to propose practical recommendations for enhancing training efficacy and athlete safety. Methodology: A comprehensive analysis of 23 peer-reviewed studies was conducted, focusing on the relationship between biomechanical variables such as joint angles, body alignment, and load application and their effects on muscle recruitment and strength enhancement. The studies were selected based on relevance, methodological quality, and contribution to applied bodybuilding biomechanics. Results: The findings indicate that precise manipulation of joint positioning, optimized load distribution, and correct body posture significantly improve muscle activation and strength development. These elements, when systematically applied, contribute to greater training efficiency and reduced injury incidence. Discussion: The outcomes of this review corroborate existing literature in sports science, while offering bodybuilding-specific insights that address a notable research gap. The contextual relevance to Albania further underscores the need for biomechanical education in evolving fitness sectors.Conclusions: Incorporating biomechanical principles into bodybuilding training can substantially improve performance, safety, and long-term health outcomes. Future research should pursue longitudinal and intervention-based studies to further validate these findings and inform practice.

Abstract: Concern is expressed in Australia about a group of children called dual-involved children. Dual-involved children live in families who are described as having multiple and complex needs, where a child is referred first to a child protection court and later to a juvenile justice court as the child has committed offences. One concern is that these families and children commonly do not receive early intervention therapy. Method. The article provides a rapid review of research relevant to early intervention for children with increased likelihood of developing a mental disorder and offending. Results. Sixteen psychological models of child development are identified that have generated research and evidence about child development trajectories that are relevant to provision of early therapy to meet needs of children who are vulnerable to developing a mental disorder and becoming a dual-involved child. The review summarises effect sizes associated with each model. Cohorts of children who follow trajectories of aggressive behaviour are one focus. Conclusion. The review concludes there is a need for targeted therapy interventions for parents of vulnerable children using a systemic approach to supplement universal parenting interventions. Topics for further research are identified, including a need for research into how therapists who use a systemic approach might practice in ways that avoid ethical dilemmas that arise when working with two members of one family.

Abstract: In this paper, we construct a probabilistic model of a sliding mode. This model is based on the moment a random walk with positive jumps crosses a certain critical level. It is assumed that the jump magnitude has a geometric distribution. If the initial state is negative and the critical level is zero, then after crossing this level, a random walk begins in the opposite direction until it crosses zero again. As a result, motion orthogonal to the slip line is defined as a regenerative process, in which the moments of regeneration are the moments of zero crossings from right to left. An estimate of the Qi Fan metric of the maximum deviation of this random walk over a certain time interval is constructed under the assumption that the time and magnitude of the jumps are reduced by a factor of m. This estimate is found to be of the order of lnm/m as m→∞ and characterizes the deviation of a random trajectory orthogonal to the slip line. In the model of motion along a slip line, its velocity is assumed to assume fixed values when the trajectory of motion orthogonal to the slip line is above or below zero. Using the central limit theorem for the integral of a regenerative process, an estimate of the non-uniformity of motion of a random trajectory along the slip line is constructed. It is found that the characteristic magnitude of this non-uniformity is of the order of 1/m as m→∞. This indicates that the accumulation of random errors during motion along the slip line is significantly faster than during motion orthogonal to the slip line.

Abstract: Reactive oxygen species are essential signalling molecules that regulate numerous aspects of skeletal muscle physiology. These effects are mediated through redox post-translational modifications on protein cysteine thiols, which influence the structure and function of redox-sensitive proteins. Mass spectrometry–based redox proteomic approaches have greatly advanced our ability to detect and characterise cysteine redox modifications, revealing a broad network of redox-sensitive proteins and pathways in skeletal muscle. Recent methodological developments enable quantification of the stoichiometry of reversible oxidative modifications at specific cysteine residues, providing critical insight into the extent and functional relevance of site-specific redox regulation. Redox proteomic approaches are being employed to improve our understanding of the specific redox protein modifications underlying physiological and pathophysiological processes in skeletal muscle. This review summarises current proteomic strategies for quantifying redox post-translational modifications and their application to study redox signalling in skeletal muscle. Emerging experimental approaches that offer the potential to study the specific roles of site-specific redox modifications in muscle physiology are also discussed. Collectively, these technologies present exciting opportunities to define the mechanistic roles of individual cysteine residues in muscle biology and help uncover new therapeutic avenues for conditions characterised by impaired redox homeostasis.

Abstract: This review explores the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into glycerol carbonate (GC), positioning this pathway as a sustainable strategy that couples environmental mitigation with the valorization of surplus glycerol from biodiesel production. Glycerol carbonate maintains extensive industrial utility as a green solvent, chemical intermediate, and functional component in polymers, cosmetics, and packaging. Distinct from prior literature, this study systematically integrates the evaluation of catalysts derived from agro-industrial waste and hybrid catalytic systems, correlating their structural architectures with catalytic efficiency. The review evaluates diverse catalytic frameworks, with a primary focus on heterogeneous systems. Silica-based materials are highlighted, particularly those synthesized from rice husk ash, an abundant amorphous silica source. The sol–gel method is identified as a robust route for engineering porous matrices with high surface areas and tunable structural properties. Furthermore, the doping of silica with metal oxides, such as niobium oxide (Nb2O5) and nickel oxide (NiO), is discussed as a strategic approach to introduce synergistic acid–base sites and redox properties that facilitate CO2 activation. The integration of ionic liquids into hybrid systems is also examined as a promising frontier to enhance reaction kinetics and selectivity. Finally, this review delineates the nexus between agro-industrial waste management and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, proposing a circular economy framework for the biodiesel value chain.

Abstract: Yellow fever remains a major public health threat in endemic and re-emerging regions of Africa and South America, with recent outbreaks highlighting persistent gaps in prevention and surveillance. Pregnant women represent a particularly vulnerable population, yet the epidemiology, clinical impact, and preventive strategies for yellow fever in pregnancy are insufficiently characterized. Physiological and immunological changes during gestation may increase susceptibility to severe disease and contribute to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and, in rare cases, perinatal transmission. Diagnostic challenges, overlapping clinical presentations with other arboviral and hepatic diseases, and limited access to specialized care further complicate clinical management in many endemic settings. This perspective provides a comprehensive overview of yellow fever in pregnancy during the 2024–2026 outbreak in the Americas, including a risk-stratification framework for prevention. We summarize current evidence on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and supportive care, and examine prevention strategies with particular emphasis on vaccination. Accumulated observational evidence and substantial real-world experience have not demonstrated an increased risk of serious adverse events and generally support the effectiveness of yellow fever vaccination during pregnancy when administered with appropriate clinical judgment. In high-risk settings, the benefits of maternal immunization clearly outweigh theoretical concerns, supporting a flexible, risk-based approach, despite relatively limited evidence. We also discuss national and international policies, post-pregnancy booster recommendations, and the importance of integrating vaccination assessment into antenatal care. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps and research priorities, including the need for prospective registries and strengthened pharmacovigilance. Coordinated clinical and public health strategies are essential to protect maternal and neonatal health and to reduce the burden of yellow fever in endemic and re-emerging settings.

Abstract: Background/Objective: Nurses play a central role in operationalizing integration through coordination, screening, nursing care processes, community empowerment, and reporting. This study to examine the empirical distribution of an Implementation Fidelity Index (IFI) for nurse-led integrated primary care in Indonesia, grounded in five core domains: planning and coordination, early detection, nursing care processes, community education and empowerment, and reporting. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, facility-based online survey in 2025 among registered nurses working in Indonesian primary health care facilities (Puskesmas) and involved in integrated primary care activities. Implementation was measured using a structured 28-item questionnaire across five domains: planning/coordination, early detection, nursing care processes, community education/empowerment, and reporting (Likert 1–5). Domain scores were calculated as the mean of items within each domain; the overall Implementation IFI was calculated as the mean across all items and as the summed total score (range 28–140). We summarized domain and overall distributions (mean, SD, range) and examined inter-domain associations using Spearman correlations. Results: A total of 252 nurses completed the survey with no missing item responses. Overall IFI (item-mean) was 3.99 (SD 0.92; range 1.04–5.00), corresponding to a total score mean of 111.84 (SD 25.90; range 29–140). Domain means were highest for nursing care processes (4.28, SD 0.91) and early detection (4.09, SD 0.94), and lowest for community education/empowerment (3.75, SD 1.10). Using mean ±1 SD thresholds, 12.3% of nurses were categorized as low implementers, 71.8% moderate, and 15.9% high, indicating substantial heterogeneity. Inter-domain correlations were consistently positive and moderate-to-strong (ρ≈0.54–0.80; p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: Nurse-led integrated primary care implementation in Indonesia was moderate-to-high overall but uneven across nurses and domains, with comparatively weaker performance in community empowerment and reporting.

Abstract: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Although classically characterised as the master regulator of hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and lipid catabolism, accumulating evidence positions PPARα as an indispensable molecular conductor at the feto-maternal interface. Within the human placenta, PPARα is expressed in both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers throughout gestation, where it governs mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation, orchestrates pro-resolution inflammatory signalling, modulates trophoblast differentiation and invasion, and participates in epigenetic programming of the developing fetus. Derangements of placental PPARα activity are increasingly identified in major obstetric complications, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and intrauterine growth restriction, where aberrant lipid accumulation, heightened oxidative stress, and amplified pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling converge. This review synthesises current knowledge on the molecular biology and genomic targets of PPARα in the placenta, its integration with maternal metabolic adaptations of pregnancy, its role in nutrient sensing and fetal programming, and the consequences of its dysregulation in pregnancy pathology. We further discuss emerging therapeutic implications of PPARα modulation and outstanding questions in this rapidly evolving field.

Abstract: Accurate and robust brain tumor segmentation remains a critical challenge in medical image analysis due to high inter-patient variability, complex tumor morphology, and modality-specific noise in MRI scans. This study proposes PSO-GA-U-Net, a novel hybrid deep learning framework that integrates Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA) to optimize the U-Net architecture for enhanced segmentation performance and generalization. PSO dynamically tunes the learning rate to accommodate modality-specific variations, while GA adaptively regulates dropout to improve feature diversity and reduce overfitting. The model is evaluated on three benchmark datasets---FBTS, BraTS 2021, and BraTS 2018---using five-fold cross-validation. PSO-GA-U-Net achieves Dice Similarity Coefficients (DSC) of 0.9587, 0.9406, and 0.9480, and Jaccard Index (JI) scores of 0.9209, 0.8881, and 0.9024, respectively, consistently outperforming state-of-the-art models in both overlap accuracy and boundary delineation. Statistical tests confirm that these improvements are significant across folds ($p< 0.05$). Visual heatmaps further illustrate the model's ability to preserve structural integrity across tumor types and modalities. These results indicate that metaheuristic-guided deep learning offers a promising and clinically applicable solution for automatic tumor segmentation in radiological workflows.

Abstract: Automobiles have been the pivotal instrument shaping the cities' structures and urban lives. While promising numerous benefits, the successful introduction of self-driving cars depends not only on their technical completeness, but mostly on the market acceptance for these disruptive transformations. To gauge the market response, we first summarize the most recent 15 research applying technical acceptance model (TAM) to compare their objectives, findings, and applied constructs around the countries. Then we examine to identify some influential factors whether or not the public use these self-driving machines, using 519 Korean samples. We use three groups as the system characteristics, social influence, and individual differences to do the quantitative survey and the structure equation model (SEM). The findings show that technical completeness, law and regulations, media support, perceived cost, trial and experience influence significantly on perceived usefulness and again on the usage intention while perceived safety do not significantly influence perceived usefulness. The results of this study help to strengthen existing knowledge about the self-driving cars by emphasizing the key elements that drive the intention to use the self-driving cars in the future.

Abstract: Temporal effects associated with surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) in a quantum slab of a plasma material, such as a thin film of metal, semiconductor or a graphene plate, where the quantum dispersion effects, and in particular exchanges effects, are retained.

Abstract: This study evaluates the antimicrobial properties of nanocomposite materials based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and/or supplement-ed with biobased additives derived from blueberry pruning wastes, with the objective of developing biodegradable food packaging systems with antimicrobial properties. The nanocomposites were prepared using a solvent-casting processing approach, and their thermal, physicochemical, and antimicrobial properties were assessed. All the nanocomposites exhibited thermal stability up to 200 °C, confirming their suitabil-ity for conventional food packaging processing conditions. Antimicrobial activity tests re-vealed inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bleached PVA/CNFs films showed complete growth inhibition (100%) against E. coli and S. aureus. In contrast, unbleached PVA/CNFs and PVA/CNFsB supplemented with blueber-ry-derived additives exhibited selective inhibition against E. coli, highlighting the influ-ence of nanofibril composition and additive incorporation on antimicrobial performance. Zeta potential measurements revealed values of –35.3 mV for the CNFs, confirming their negatively charged surface, which may contribute to interactions with bacterial mem-branes. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the incorporation of CNFs generates nanostructured surfaces with exposed fibrillar domains, where bacteri-al cells become adhered and immobilized. These topographical features suggest that the antimicrobial behavior of the nanocomposites is associated with direct bacteria–surface interactions, supporting a contact-active antimicrobial behavior associated with the CNFs.

Abstract: In architecture and construction, it is common to use acrylic products with a high flammable content, from lacquers to improve the curing of concrete and mortar to resins that offer protection, sealing, flexibility and elasticity properties. The drying process of the treated surface involves the formation of volatile organic compound (VOC) vapours. To prevent these from degenerating into a potentially dangerous flammable atmosphere, a procedure is presented that establishes the maximum application yield for solvent-based products, providing equations that relate the maximum application surface area and minimum drying time to the air velocity available in the work area. The results are provided for both indoor and outdoor applications. A maximum application speed is established to prevent the generation of areas classified as fire or explosion hazards: 1.5 m²/h indoors and 1 m²/h outdoors. When this is carried out at an ambient temperature of 20°C, and above 40°C, it is not possible to apply varnishes without generating a flammable atmosphere.

Abstract: Introduction: Climate change is increasingly affecting the health of older people. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of nurses and undergraduate nursing students regarding the effects of climate change on older people’s health. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2024 with 708 participants (210 nurses and 498 undergraduate nursing students). The Nursing Competencies Questionnaire on Environmental Health of Older People (NCQ-OPEH) was used to assess environmental competencies. Descriptive values were calculated and interrelationships between knowledge, attitudes, and skills were analysed. Results: A total of 115 nurses (54.75%) and 185 students (37.15%) demonstrated good-excellent knowledge. Similarly, a higher percentage of nurses (50.77%) reported better perceived skills than students (42.52%). However, the majority of both samples (98.97% and 87.85%, respectively) had good to excellent attitudes. These differences were significant for knowledge (p< .001) and attitudes (p= .013), but not for skills (p= .054). Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between prior education on climate change and health and greater knowledge (p= .019) and skills (p= .027) among nurses and better skills and attitudes (p< .001 in both) among nursing students. Conclusion: Nurses have better environmental competencies than undergraduate nursing students. Therefore, it is important to include education on climate change and older people's health to be included in the academic curriculum of university nursing degrees. Nurses also need to reinforce these competencies through specific educational programmes. This new tool will evaluate educational and formation sessions on climate change and the health of older adults.

Abstract: Diffuse pollution from agricultural runoff, characterized by intermittent discharges of complex contaminant mixtures—including nutrients, pesticides, and heavy metals (HMs)—poses a persistent threat to global water quality. Conventional "end-of-pipe" strategies often fail to address these decentralized, nonpoint sources. This review examines the evolution of Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) from static, abiotic filters into modern Permeable Reactive Bio-Barriers (PRBBs), engineered as dynamic, fixed-bed biofilm reactors. A key advancement in PRBB efficacy is the exploitation of biofilm plasticity, particularly in response to coexistence with organic and inorganic pollutants. While heavy metals are traditionally viewed as inhibitors, this review synthesizes evidence showing that sub-inhibitory HM levels can act as structural and functional drivers. These metals induce the upregulation of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), creating a "protective shield" that sequesters metals and confers functional resilience on the microbial consortia responsible for nutrient removal and pesticide biodegradation. The review analyzes contaminant removal mechanisms, highlighting the bio-chemo synergy between reactive media and biofilms, and proposes a classification framework based on target contaminants, media, and technological integration. Significant focus is placed on emerging hybrid multi-media systems designed to protect the "biological engine" from toxic metal shocks, alongside the integration of artificial intelligence for predictive control. While challenges in hydraulic sustainability and field validation remain, PRBBs represent a compact, low-energy, and scalable eco-technology. They offer a strategically targeted solution within the Nature-Based Solutions toolkit for building resilient protection of aquatic ecosystems at the critical land-water interface.

Abstract: This paper proposes a formal method and associated techniques for completing the ISO/IEC/IEEE Standard 15288 technical process 6.4.2 – stakeholder needs and requirements definition within the 15288-SysML grid framework. The paper is a companion work to Engineering systems with standards and digital models: Development of a 15288-SysML Grid, which describes an engineering design method that supports the tenets of the Industry 4.0 paradigm. The formal method presented here is grounded using established constructs from systems science; specifically, the systems principles of hierarchy, emergence, requisite parsimony, minimum critical specification, and requisite saliency. The application of accepted principles ensures that stakeholders are able to objectively specify measurable criterion that can satisfy stakeholder needs and capabilities. The method uses: (1) international standards for systems (e.g., ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288); (2) adopts the four fundamental aspects of system design supported by model-based systems engineering (MBSE); (3) invokes the international standard for the systems modeling language (SysML); and (4) adopts a hierarchical requirements tree that specifies Mission, Goals, Objectives, and Sub-objectives (MGOS) to provide the stakeholder-analysis process for the articulation of system-level engineering requirements. Utilization of the MGOS is intended to have a positive impact on the system design process by ensuring reproducibility, replicability, transparency, and generalization.