preprints.org > physical sciences > astronomy and astrophysics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v16

Preprint Article Version 16 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Version 1 : Received: 18 January 2022 / Approved: 20 January 2022 / Online: 20 January 2022 (11:11:44 CET)
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The FRW model of cosmology assumes a Universe with uniform pressure and density everywhere in space at a given time. But at the largest scales, the Universe has a web-like structure surrounding large voids, violating these assumptions. Furthermore, a given region of spacetime is describable only by a single metric and therefore it cannot be that the Universe is modelled as an FRW perfect fluid since this would be the incorrect description of both the web and the voids. The cosmic web must be described by metrics with non-zero energy-momentum tensors with non-uniform pressure and density describing the matter within it. Therefore, the model of cosmology describing the expansion of the Universe must be a vacuum solution describing the empty spaces in the Universe surrounded by an infinite, massive shell (the surrounding Universe). The internal Schwarzschild metric is that model. The source of the Schwarzschild metric is shown to be at the event horizon, a location/time of infinite density, not at the singularity, as it is currently assumed. The spatial homogeneity of the metric is demonstrated by visualizing the geometry in the extrinsic "Kruskal-Szekeres" coordinates (visualized in 1+2 dimensions). Using the coordinate age of the Universe and transition redshift, this predicts the accelerated expansion, the Hubble diagram fits currently available cosmological data, and it gives a Hubble constant H₀ of 71.6km/s/Mpc. The angular term of the metric describes the relativistic kinematic precession effect known as Thomas Precession which can be interpreted as spin about the time dimension.

Cosmology; Black holes; Dark Energy; Schwarzschild metric

Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics

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