Vacuum Expansion and Collapse Inside an Infinite Shell

Christopher Laforet

doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v17

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preprints.org > physical sciences > astronomy and astrophysics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v17

Preprint Article Version 17 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Vacuum Expansion and Collapse Inside an Infinite Shell

Christopher Laforet

Version 1 : Received: 18 January 2022 / Approved: 20 January 2022 / Online: 20 January 2022 (11:11:44 CET)
Version 2 : Received: 28 January 2022 / Approved: 31 January 2022 / Online: 31 January 2022 (12:56:14 CET)
Version 3 : Received: 16 March 2022 / Approved: 17 March 2022 / Online: 17 March 2022 (10:54:26 CET)
Version 4 : Received: 20 March 2022 / Approved: 21 March 2022 / Online: 21 March 2022 (08:59:59 CET)
Version 5 : Received: 1 May 2022 / Approved: 4 May 2022 / Online: 4 May 2022 (12:51:42 CEST)
Version 6 : Received: 15 May 2022 / Approved: 16 May 2022 / Online: 16 May 2022 (12:17:54 CEST)
Version 7 : Received: 20 May 2022 / Approved: 23 May 2022 / Online: 23 May 2022 (10:35:10 CEST)
Version 8 : Received: 30 May 2022 / Approved: 31 May 2022 / Online: 31 May 2022 (09:11:40 CEST)
Version 9 : Received: 18 July 2022 / Approved: 19 July 2022 / Online: 19 July 2022 (10:32:16 CEST)
Version 10 : Received: 30 August 2022 / Approved: 31 August 2022 / Online: 31 August 2022 (14:35:15 CEST)
Version 11 : Received: 28 September 2022 / Approved: 29 September 2022 / Online: 29 September 2022 (10:04:38 CEST)
Version 12 : Received: 20 October 2022 / Approved: 21 October 2022 / Online: 21 October 2022 (11:18:22 CEST)
Version 13 : Received: 29 December 2022 / Approved: 4 January 2023 / Online: 4 January 2023 (12:00:14 CET)
Version 14 : Received: 7 January 2023 / Approved: 9 January 2023 / Online: 9 January 2023 (11:01:51 CET)
Version 15 : Received: 12 February 2023 / Approved: 13 February 2023 / Online: 13 February 2023 (16:12:56 CET)
Version 16 : Received: 10 March 2023 / Approved: 13 March 2023 / Online: 13 March 2023 (09:47:07 CET)
Version 17 : Received: 21 July 2023 / Approved: 21 July 2023 / Online: 24 July 2023 (08:08:52 CEST)
Version 18 : Received: 17 March 2024 / Approved: 19 March 2024 / Online: 19 March 2024 (12:58:11 CET)
Version 19 : Received: 12 June 2024 / Approved: 13 June 2024 / Online: 13 June 2024 (09:35:50 CEST)
Version 20 : Received: 5 July 2024 / Approved: 8 July 2024 / Online: 9 July 2024 (07:06:37 CEST)

How to cite: Laforet, C. Vacuum Expansion and Collapse Inside an Infinite Shell. Preprints 2022, 2022010301. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v17 Laforet, C. Vacuum Expansion and Collapse Inside an Infinite Shell. Preprints 2022, 2022010301. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v17

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MDPI and ACS Style

Laforet, C. Vacuum Expansion and Collapse Inside an Infinite Shell. Preprints 2022, 2022010301. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v17

APA Style

Laforet, C. (2023). Vacuum Expansion and Collapse Inside an Infinite Shell. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v17

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laforet, C. 2023 "Vacuum Expansion and Collapse Inside an Infinite Shell" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v17

Abstract

The FRW model of cosmology assumes a Universe with uniform pressure and density everywhere in space at a given time. But at the largest scales, the Universe has a web-like structure surrounding large voids, violating these assumptions. Furthermore, a given region of spacetime is describable only by a single metric and therefore it cannot be that the Universe is modelled as an FRW perfect fluid since this would be the incorrect description of both the web and the voids. The cosmic web must be described by metrics with non-zero energy-momentum tensors with non-uniform pressure and density describing the matter within it. Therefore, the model of cosmology describing the expansion of the Universe must be a vacuum solution describing the empty spaces in the Universe surrounded by an infinite, massive shell (the surrounding Universe). The internal Schwarzschild metric is the model for these vacua. A detailed analysis of falling frames in the external metric in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates shows that the source of the Schwarzschild metric is at the event horizon, a location/time of infinite density, not at the singularity, as it is currently assumed. The spatial homogeneity of the internal metric is demonstrated by visualizing the geometry in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates (visualized in 1+2 dimensions) as well as examining the Killing vectors for the internal spacetime. Using the coordinate age of the Universe and transition redshift, this predicts the accelerated expansion, the Hubble diagram fits currently available cosmological data, and it gives a Hubble constant H₀ of 71.6km/s/Mpc. The angular term of the metric describes the relativistic kinematic precession effect known as Thomas Precession which can be interpreted as spin about the time dimension.

Keywords

Cosmology; Black holes; Dark Energy; Schwarzschild metric

Subject

Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Comments (1)

Comment 1

Received: 24 July 2023
Commenter: Christopher Laforet
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author

Comment: - Added a section at the beginning of the paper discussing Lorentz boosts in Kruskal-Szekerez coordinates
- Using Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates, it is shown mathematically that the curvature singularity is a turnaroud point where the co-moving worldline reverses its direction in time

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