Article
Version 1
Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
The Innovation Index in Europe
Version 1
: Received: 23 April 2022 / Approved: 25 April 2022 / Online: 25 April 2022 (04:40:06 CEST)
How to cite: Leogrande, A.; Laureti, L.; Costantiello, A. The Innovation Index in Europe. Preprints 2022, 2022040216. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202204.0216.v1 Leogrande, A.; Laureti, L.; Costantiello, A. The Innovation Index in Europe. Preprints 2022, 2022040216. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202204.0216.v1
Abstract
The following article analyzes the determinants of the innovation index in Europe. The data refer to the European Innovation Scoreboard-EIS of the European Commission for the period between 2010 and 2019 for 36 countries. The data are analyzed using the following econometric techniques: Panel Data with Random Effects, Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Dynamic Panel Data, Pooled OLS, WLS. The results show that the Innovation Index is negatively connected to some variables, among which the most significant are "GDP per capita", "R&D expenditure public sector", "Venture capital", "Tertiary education", and positively connected to some variables among which the most relevant are: "Government procurement of advanced technology products", "Average annual population growth", "Finance and support", "Human resources", "Marketing or organisational innovators", "Linkages". A clustering was then carried out using the unsupervised k-Means algorithm optimized with the Silhouette coefficient which shows the presence of 2 clusters per value of the Innovation Index. Eight machine learning algorithms has been used for prediction with real data. The Tree Ensemble Regression algorithm has been chosen as best performer. A further prediction has been made with the augmented data. The result shows that the best performing algorithm is Linear Regression with an innovation index value predicted to grow by approximately 3.38%.
Keywords
innovation and invention: processes and incentives; management of technological innovation and R&D; diffusion processes; open innovation
Subject
Business, Economics and Management, Economics
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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