Preprint Article Version 20 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Imaginary Universe (on the Three Complementary Sets of Measurement Units Defining Three Dark Electrons)

Szymon Łukaszyk
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How to cite: Łukaszyk, S. The Imaginary Universe (on the Three Complementary Sets of Measurement Units Defining Three Dark Electrons). Preprints 2022, 2022120045. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202212.0045.v20 Łukaszyk, S. The Imaginary Universe (on the Three Complementary Sets of Measurement Units Defining Three Dark Electrons). Preprints 2022, 2022120045. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202212.0045.v20

Abstract

Three Fresnel coefficients for the normal incidence of electromagnetic radiation on monolayer graphene establish three complementary fine-structure constants, two of which are negative. Each introduces its own specific set of Planck units. Hence, two sets of basic Planck units are real and two are imaginary. The elementary charge is the same in all those sets of Planck units, establishing equality between the products of each fine-structure constant and the speed of light it is associated with, and defining the dark electron in each of these three complementary systems. All fine-structure constants are related to each other through the constant of pi, which indicates that they do not vary over time. The negative complementary fine-structure constant established by the graphene reflectance is dual to the fine-structure constant. The assumption of universality of the black hole entropy formula to the remaining two stellar objects emitting perfect black-body radiation less dense than a black hole (neutron stars and white dwarfs) renders their energies exceeding their mass-energy equivalence. To accommodate this unphysical result, we introduced an imaginary mass and defined three complex energies in terms of real and imaginary Planck units, storing the surplus energy in their imaginary parts. It follows that black holes are fundamentally uncharged and have a vanishing imaginary mass. We have derived the lower bound on the mass of a charged black-body \textit{object}, the upper bound on a white dwarf radius, and the equilibrium density of all three complex energies. The complex force between real masses and imaginary charges leads to the complex black-body \textit{object's} surface gravity and generalized Hawking radiation complex temperature. Furthermore, based on the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom, we show that complex conjugates of this force represent atoms and antiatoms. The proposed model considers the value(s) of the fine-structure constant(s), which is(are) otherwise neglected in general relativity, and explains the registered (GWOSC) high masses of neutron star mergers and the associated fast radio bursts (CHIME) without resorting to any hypothetical types of exotic stellar objects.

Keywords

emergent dimensionality; fine-structure constant; Planck units; dark quantum states, gravitational observations; holographic principle; mathematical physics

Subject

Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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