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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Characteristics | Total cohort (n = 2828) |
---|---|
Age, years | 48 (32, 62) |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
1425 (50) 1402 (50) |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
940 (33) 728 (26) 399 (14) 328 (12) 281 (10) 152 (5) |
Income to poverty ratio 1 | 2.0 (1.1, 3.8) |
Current smoker | 681 (25) |
Body weight, kg | 80 (68, 97) |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 29 (25, 34) |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 53 (24, 102) |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 43 (23, 60) |
Characteristics | Males (n = 1425) |
Females (n = 1403) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 48 (32, 63) | 47 (32, 61) | 0.3 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
1425 (100) 0 (0) |
0 (0) 1403 (100) |
<0.0001 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
490 (34) 354 (25) 189 (13) 168 (12) 141 (10) 83 (6) |
450 (32) 374 (27) 209 (15) 160 (11) 141 (10) 69 (5) |
0.5 |
Income to poverty ratio | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) | 1.9 (1.0, 3.7) | 0.06 |
Current smoker | 413 (29) | 268 (19) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 85 (73, 100) | 76 (63, 92) | <0.0001 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 28 (25, 33) | 30 (25,36) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 55 (24, 107) | 52 (25, 97) | 0.1 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 39 (21, 55) | 47 (27, 64) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Non-smokers (n = 2068) |
Smokers (n = 681) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49 (32, 63) | 43 (31, 58) | <0.0001 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
980 (47) 1080 (53) |
413 (61) 268 (39) |
<0.0001 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
654 (32) 472 (23) 336 (16) 278 (13) 229 (11) 53 (8) |
275 (40) 232 (34) 51 (7) 31 (5) 39 (6) 99 (5) |
<0.0001 |
Income to poverty ratio | 2.2 (1.2, 4.2) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.5) | <0.0001 |
Current smoker | 0 (0) | 681 (100) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 80 (68, 96) | 81 (69, 98) | 0.3 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 29 (25, 34) | 28 (24, 34) | 0.001 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 58 (27, 106) | 41 (18, 84) | <0.0001 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 45 (28, 62) | 30 (13, 53) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Lighter tertile (n = 932) |
Middle tertile (n = 943) |
Heavier tertile (n = 930) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 46 (28, 63) | 50 (34, 62) | 47 (33, 61) | 0.006 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
322 (35) 610 (65) |
531 (56) 410 (43) |
560 (60) 370 (40) |
<0.0001 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
296 (32) 188 (20) 113 (12) 193 (21) 111 (12) 31 (3) |
276 (29) 240 (25) 161 (17) 104 (11) 107 (11) 55 (6) |
362 (39) 295 (32) 121 (13) 30 (3) 60 (6) 62 (7) |
0.04 |
Income to poverty ratio | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.7) | 0.7 |
Current smoker | 212 (23) | 226 (24) | 238 (26) | 0.5 |
Body weight, kg | 63 (57, 68) | 80 (76, 85) | 105 (97, 118) | <0.0001 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 24 (21, 26) | 29 (27, 32) | 36 (33, 41) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 56 (28, 106) | 54 (25, 100) | 49 (21, 97) | 0.01 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 50 (28, 67) | 44 (26, 59) | 36 (19, 53) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Younger tertile (n = 942) |
Middle tertile (n = 942) |
Older tertile (n = 944) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 26 (25, 32) | 48 (42, 53) | 66 (62, 73) | <0.0001 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
475 (50) 467 (50) |
452 (48) 490 (52) |
498 (53) 446 (47) |
0.1 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
298 (32) 225 (24) 143 (15) 130 (14) 85 (9) 61 (6) |
281 (30) 235 (25) 149 (16) 133 (14) 89 (9) 55 (6) |
361 (38) 268 (28) 107 (11) 65 (7) 107 (11) 36 (4) |
0.06 |
Income to poverty ratio | 1.8 (1.0, 3.4) | 2.0 (1.1, 4.1) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) | 0.0007 |
Current smoker | 246 (27) | 269 (29) | 166 (18) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 79 (66, 96) | 83 (70, 100) | 80 (69, 95) | <0.0001 |
BMI, kg/m3 | 28 (23, 34) | 30 (26, 35) | 29 (26,34) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 50 (22, 96) | 54 (25, 106) | 55 (27, 103) | 0.07 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 48 (29, 63) | 40 (21, 57) | 41 (21, 49) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Non-Hispanic white (n = 940) |
Total Hispanic 1 (n = 680) |
Non-Hispanic black (n = 728) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49 (33, 66) | 47 (31, 61) | 51 (32, 62) | 0.002 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
490 (52) 450 (48) |
330 (49) 350 (51) |
352 (49) 374 (51) |
0.2 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic white Non-Hispanic black Total Hispanic |
940 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) |
0 (0) 0 (0) 680 (100) |
0 (0) 728 (100) 0 (0) |
<0.0001 |
Income to poverty ratio | 2.1 (1.2, 4.2) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) | 1.7 (1.0, 3.3) | <0.0001 |
Current smoker | 275 (30) | 90 (14) | 232 (33) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 83 (69, 100) | 80 (69, 92) | 85 (72, 103) | <0.0001 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 29 (25, 35) | 30 (27, 34) | 30 (25, 36) | 0.005 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 42 (21, 86) | 64 (31, 117) | 51 (23, 99) | <0.0001 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 36 (17, 60) | 46 (32, 63) | 42 (22, 57) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Higher PIR (n = 840) |
Medium PIR (n = 843) |
Lower PIR (n = 843) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49 (34, 62) | 49 (32, 64) | 44 (29, 60) | <0.0001 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
432 (51) 408 (49) 445 (53) |
440 (52) 350 (51) |
398 (47) 445 (53) |
0.09 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic white Non-Hispanic black Mexican Hispanic Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multirace |
317 (38) 175 (21) 79 (9) 174 (21) 59 (7) 36 (4) |
311 (37) 199 (24) 128 (15) 79 (9) 77 (9) 49 (6) |
259 (31) 245 (29) 137 (16) 45 (5) 102 (12) 55 (7) |
<0.0001 |
Income to poverty ratio 1 | 4.8 (3.8, 5.0) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | <0.0001 |
Current smoker | 120 (15) | 194 (23) | 286 (35) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 80 (69, 96) | 82 (69, 97) | 80 (67, 97) | 0.4 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 28 (25, 33) | 29 (25, 35) | 29 (24, 35) | 0.08 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 61 (29, 111) | 53 (25, 95) | 49 (20, 100) | <0.0001 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 45 (28, 61) | 43 (23, 60) | 40 (21, 58) | 0.0003 |
Factor | Curve 1 Intake (mg/day) 1 |
Curve 2 Intake (mg/day) |
△ 95% CI Intake (mg/day) 2 |
Increased Requirement (fold) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total cohort | 93 (83, 107) | |||
Females vs Males | 72 (63, 84) | 127 (102, 174) | 18 | 1.2 |
Smoking status: | ||||
Non-smokers vs smokers | 76 (67, 85) | 236 (167, NA) | 82 | 2.0 |
Weight tertiles: 2 | ||||
Lighter vs Heavier | 56 (45, 70) | 177 (140, NA) | 70 | 2.0 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
07 March 2023
Posted:
08 March 2023
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
07 March 2023
Posted:
08 March 2023
You are already at the latest version
Characteristics | Total cohort (n = 2828) |
---|---|
Age, years | 48 (32, 62) |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
1425 (50) 1402 (50) |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
940 (33) 728 (26) 399 (14) 328 (12) 281 (10) 152 (5) |
Income to poverty ratio 1 | 2.0 (1.1, 3.8) |
Current smoker | 681 (25) |
Body weight, kg | 80 (68, 97) |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 29 (25, 34) |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 53 (24, 102) |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 43 (23, 60) |
Characteristics | Males (n = 1425) |
Females (n = 1403) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 48 (32, 63) | 47 (32, 61) | 0.3 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
1425 (100) 0 (0) |
0 (0) 1403 (100) |
<0.0001 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
490 (34) 354 (25) 189 (13) 168 (12) 141 (10) 83 (6) |
450 (32) 374 (27) 209 (15) 160 (11) 141 (10) 69 (5) |
0.5 |
Income to poverty ratio | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) | 1.9 (1.0, 3.7) | 0.06 |
Current smoker | 413 (29) | 268 (19) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 85 (73, 100) | 76 (63, 92) | <0.0001 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 28 (25, 33) | 30 (25,36) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 55 (24, 107) | 52 (25, 97) | 0.1 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 39 (21, 55) | 47 (27, 64) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Non-smokers (n = 2068) |
Smokers (n = 681) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49 (32, 63) | 43 (31, 58) | <0.0001 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
980 (47) 1080 (53) |
413 (61) 268 (39) |
<0.0001 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
654 (32) 472 (23) 336 (16) 278 (13) 229 (11) 53 (8) |
275 (40) 232 (34) 51 (7) 31 (5) 39 (6) 99 (5) |
<0.0001 |
Income to poverty ratio | 2.2 (1.2, 4.2) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.5) | <0.0001 |
Current smoker | 0 (0) | 681 (100) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 80 (68, 96) | 81 (69, 98) | 0.3 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 29 (25, 34) | 28 (24, 34) | 0.001 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 58 (27, 106) | 41 (18, 84) | <0.0001 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 45 (28, 62) | 30 (13, 53) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Lighter tertile (n = 932) |
Middle tertile (n = 943) |
Heavier tertile (n = 930) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 46 (28, 63) | 50 (34, 62) | 47 (33, 61) | 0.006 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
322 (35) 610 (65) |
531 (56) 410 (43) |
560 (60) 370 (40) |
<0.0001 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
296 (32) 188 (20) 113 (12) 193 (21) 111 (12) 31 (3) |
276 (29) 240 (25) 161 (17) 104 (11) 107 (11) 55 (6) |
362 (39) 295 (32) 121 (13) 30 (3) 60 (6) 62 (7) |
0.04 |
Income to poverty ratio | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.7) | 0.7 |
Current smoker | 212 (23) | 226 (24) | 238 (26) | 0.5 |
Body weight, kg | 63 (57, 68) | 80 (76, 85) | 105 (97, 118) | <0.0001 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 24 (21, 26) | 29 (27, 32) | 36 (33, 41) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 56 (28, 106) | 54 (25, 100) | 49 (21, 97) | 0.01 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 50 (28, 67) | 44 (26, 59) | 36 (19, 53) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Younger tertile (n = 942) |
Middle tertile (n = 942) |
Older tertile (n = 944) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 26 (25, 32) | 48 (42, 53) | 66 (62, 73) | <0.0001 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
475 (50) 467 (50) |
452 (48) 490 (52) |
498 (53) 446 (47) |
0.1 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multi-race |
298 (32) 225 (24) 143 (15) 130 (14) 85 (9) 61 (6) |
281 (30) 235 (25) 149 (16) 133 (14) 89 (9) 55 (6) |
361 (38) 268 (28) 107 (11) 65 (7) 107 (11) 36 (4) |
0.06 |
Income to poverty ratio | 1.8 (1.0, 3.4) | 2.0 (1.1, 4.1) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) | 0.0007 |
Current smoker | 246 (27) | 269 (29) | 166 (18) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 79 (66, 96) | 83 (70, 100) | 80 (69, 95) | <0.0001 |
BMI, kg/m3 | 28 (23, 34) | 30 (26, 35) | 29 (26,34) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 50 (22, 96) | 54 (25, 106) | 55 (27, 103) | 0.07 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 48 (29, 63) | 40 (21, 57) | 41 (21, 49) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Non-Hispanic white (n = 940) |
Total Hispanic 1 (n = 680) |
Non-Hispanic black (n = 728) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49 (33, 66) | 47 (31, 61) | 51 (32, 62) | 0.002 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
490 (52) 450 (48) |
330 (49) 350 (51) |
352 (49) 374 (51) |
0.2 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic white Non-Hispanic black Total Hispanic |
940 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) |
0 (0) 0 (0) 680 (100) |
0 (0) 728 (100) 0 (0) |
<0.0001 |
Income to poverty ratio | 2.1 (1.2, 4.2) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) | 1.7 (1.0, 3.3) | <0.0001 |
Current smoker | 275 (30) | 90 (14) | 232 (33) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 83 (69, 100) | 80 (69, 92) | 85 (72, 103) | <0.0001 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 29 (25, 35) | 30 (27, 34) | 30 (25, 36) | 0.005 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 42 (21, 86) | 64 (31, 117) | 51 (23, 99) | <0.0001 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 36 (17, 60) | 46 (32, 63) | 42 (22, 57) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Higher PIR (n = 840) |
Medium PIR (n = 843) |
Lower PIR (n = 843) |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49 (34, 62) | 49 (32, 64) | 44 (29, 60) | <0.0001 |
Sex, n (%): Male Female |
432 (51) 408 (49) 445 (53) |
440 (52) 350 (51) |
398 (47) 445 (53) |
0.09 |
Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic white Non-Hispanic black Mexican Hispanic Non-Hispanic Asian Other Hispanic Other/multirace |
317 (38) 175 (21) 79 (9) 174 (21) 59 (7) 36 (4) |
311 (37) 199 (24) 128 (15) 79 (9) 77 (9) 49 (6) |
259 (31) 245 (29) 137 (16) 45 (5) 102 (12) 55 (7) |
<0.0001 |
Income to poverty ratio 1 | 4.8 (3.8, 5.0) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | <0.0001 |
Current smoker | 120 (15) | 194 (23) | 286 (35) | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 80 (69, 96) | 82 (69, 97) | 80 (67, 97) | 0.4 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 28 (25, 33) | 29 (25, 35) | 29 (24, 35) | 0.08 |
Vitamin C intake, mg/d | 61 (29, 111) | 53 (25, 95) | 49 (20, 100) | <0.0001 |
Serum vitamin C, µmol/L | 45 (28, 61) | 43 (23, 60) | 40 (21, 58) | 0.0003 |
Factor | Curve 1 Intake (mg/day) 1 |
Curve 2 Intake (mg/day) |
△ 95% CI Intake (mg/day) 2 |
Increased Requirement (fold) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total cohort | 93 (83, 107) | |||
Females vs Males | 72 (63, 84) | 127 (102, 174) | 18 | 1.2 |
Smoking status: | ||||
Non-smokers vs smokers | 76 (67, 85) | 236 (167, NA) | 82 | 2.0 |
Weight tertiles: 2 | ||||
Lighter vs Heavier | 56 (45, 70) | 177 (140, NA) | 70 | 2.0 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
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