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A 3-Dimensional Modelling of the Optical Switch Based on Guided Mode Resonances in Photonic Crystals

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17 April 2023

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17 April 2023

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Abstract
Optical switching is an essential part of photonic integrated circuits and the focus of research at the moment. In this research, an optical switch design working on the phenomenon of the guided-mode resonances in 3D photonic crystals-based structure is reported. The optical-switching mechanism is studied in a dielectric slab-waveguide-based structure operating in the near-infrared range in a telecom window of 1.55 µm. The mechanism is investigated by interference of two signals, i.e., the data signal and the control signal. The data signal is coupled into the optical structure and filtered utilizing guided-mode resonance, whereas, the control signal is index guided in the optical structure. The amplification or de-amplification of the data signal is controlled by tuning the spectral properties of the optical sources and structural parameters of the device. The parameters are optimized first using a single-cell model with periodic boundary conditions and later in a finite 3D-FDTD model of the device. The numerical design is computed in an open-source Finite Difference Time Domain simulation platform. Optical amplification in the range of 13.75 % is achieved in the data signal with a decrease in the linewidth up to 0.0079 µm and a quality factor of 114.58. The proposed device presents great potential in the field of photonic integrated circuits, biomedical technology, and programmable photonics.
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Subject: Chemistry and Materials Science  -   Materials Science and Technology

1. Introduction

Photonic technology has undergone a boost in the last couple of decades. Photonics has come forward to replace electronic technology in various applications due to its power efficiency and ability to operate in Terahertz (THz) frequency ranges. Specifically, mentioning the optical integrated components such as switches [1], modulators [2], multiplexers [3], logic gates [4,5], and filters [6] which play an essential role in an optical integrated circuit, have become the center of research nowadays. Researchers are busy digging down the architecture and topology for the photonic integrated circuits (PICs) keeping in view the process-related complexity, performance, and fabrication as a whole. Considering optical technology as the best alternative to electronic technology [7], the optical fields are brought together to use different phenomena such as the interference [8], Guided mode resonances (GMR) [9], Kerr effect [10], and many more [11]. Moreover, the proper choice of materials is a key factor in designing an optical device. Among periodic nanostructures, Photonic Crystals (PhCs), have recently flattened the way nearer to the achievement of optical integrated circuits. PhCs are the periodic dielectric nanostructures that are capable of controlling the light at wavelength scale [12]. The concept of the PhCs is derived from nature, presenting themselves on the bodies of different living organisms i.e., insects, parrots, peacocks, and stones [13]. They exhibit different phenomena of light in terms of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and total internal reflection [14]. PhCs can be created artificially to design, produce and achieve what is required of a certain component or a device in the existing world [15].
Considering the components of the PIC, an optical switch is an important element that can work analogous to the electronic transistor in the electronic integrated circuits. Therefore, utmost efforts are made to achieve the functions of optical switching element using the time domain [16] or frequency domain [17], with different topologies in the form of cross waveguide geometries [18], quantum dots [19], optoelectronic hybrid devices [20], ring resonators [21], combined configurations of thermodynamics and optical components [22] and utilization of transparent and active materials [23,24], with it desired working and implementation in the optical circuits. A 2D-FDTD design of an optical switch is investigated in [25], by means of the phenomenon of GMR with varying radius cavity implemented at the start of the PhC-mesh. Another approach uses GMR modes to achieve optical switching using the changeable radius cavity within the middle of the PhC-mesh [26,27]. An optical switch using two linear waveguides and a circular geometry of the PhCs is studied in [28], using temperature as the variable quantity for the switching mechanism in terms of a shift in the resonance wavelength. Using the broken mirror symmetry to obtain asymmetric Fano-shapes is given in [29], utilizing partially transmitting material within the waveguide to propose an optical switching device and its prospects [30]. A four-port optical switch is investigated in [31], using the square lattice of the PhCs and rods of gallium phosphide with a medium composed of air, metallic embedding nanowires [32], using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) approach and a thermo-optic effect with super-ellipse shape [33]. A similar idea is perceived in [34], using the Plane-wave expansion (PWE) approach to estimate the bandgap of the optical switching device with a discussion of its applications in optical decoders [35]. Based on the design of the 2D PhC-cavity structure and its transmission spectra, an optical switching device is investigated by uttering the Kerr effects to produce a shift in its resonant wavelength given in [36], using III-V nanowires on Silicon (Si) platform for the purpose [37], strong carrier-induced nonlinearity [38], defect rods made of doped glass [39], free-carrier induced dispersion [40] and a non-linear cavity coupled to input and output of the waveguide [41].
Similarly, using Quantum Dots (QDs) to observe the mechanisms of optical switching and achieve higher rates of transmittance and flat bandwidth using latch function is premediated in [42] and through Symmetric Mach Zehnder (SMZ) type in [43]. Plasmonics effects are utilized for optical switching using a strip of graphene layer onto a structure of PhCs in [44] and the mechanism is investigated using graphene rods in [45]. An approach of using concepts of mott phase change material in PhCs-based structure responsible for the shifting of the optical bandgap is investigated in [46] and using polymer waveguides with high thermos-optic and electro-optic in [47]. Similarly, a 3D Si-opal composite is reported in [48], with a pump-probe technique in [49], and 1D graphene-based plasmonics crystals in [50], to efficiently pronounce the effects of optical switching. Apart from these, using two PhC-cavities within one arrangement is reported in [51], using a waveguide between them. Thus, coupling a probe signal in the waveguide, affects the field distribution and quality factor of both of the PhC-cavities, enabling the structure to be comprehended as an optical switch. Soft PhCs in the form of chiral liquid crystals are also used for obtaining certain properties of the optical switch, as described in [52], while through effects of physics in terms of parity-time symmetry and topological insulators in [53], using phase change nanomaterials [54], air-trench [55] and carrier diffusion and recombination processes in PhCs [56], with the design based on 3D Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) reported in [57].
This research investigates the design of the 3D-optical switch working in the near-infrared region (NIR), suitable for communication systems. Moreover, is implemented using the 3D-FDTD domain and the interference phenomenon between the GMR modes and index guided-modes inside a slab-waveguide PhC structure. For this purpose, the proposed device uses two optical signals i.e., data and control. The data signal is integrated into the optical structure by means of the out-of-plane method i.e., GMR, and is amplified or de-amplified using a control signal, that is index guided into the slab-waveguide structure. Figure 1(a) imitates the theoretic 3D structure of the optical switch, presenting an innovative, compact, easy-to-fabricate, and implementable device. Likewise, due to lower absorption by the dielectric-materials, is suitable for broad spectral ranges, contrasting semiconductors having higher material-cost and absorption, making their use and fabrication difficult in densely populated optical integrated circuits as investigated in previous studies. Figure 1(b) illustrates the use of the proposed optical switch in an optical integrated circuit. Therefore, finds applications in the field of optical integrated components, filters, sensors, quantum computing, and communication systems.

2. Simulation Approach

The 3D-FDTD simulation of the proposed structure is performed using the MIT Electromagnetic Equation Propagation (MEEP) software [58], an open-source platform, based on the FDTD domain [59]. Therefore, during execution the desired arrangement is transformed initially into a finite-arrangement of grids known as the YEE grids [60], to compute the Electric ‘E’ field and Magnetic ‘B’ field based on Maxwell’s equations. Moreover, FDTD is advantageous in terms of computing the response of the system in a single run (using a short Gaussian pulse), providing the user with the propagation of the wave both in near-field and far-field especially inside complex structures like PhCs [61]. Apart from these, requires fewer-computational resources, memory, and time as related to frequency domain-based simulations [62].

3. Design Parameters

The optimized design parameters of the proposed 3D-optical switch are given in Table 1 in terms of lattice-constant ‘a’ chosen as (a = 1 µm), serving two purposes i.e., to enable the designing of the device scalable to any range of wavelength and enable its operation in the telecommunication window around 1. 55 µm, using cylindrical shaped-based PhCs-elements.
Figure 2, imitates the design of the proposed 3D-optical switch using Niobium pentaoxide (Nb2O5) as the waveguiding material, with a refractive index of nwav = 2.2 [25], and is deposited on a substrate made-up of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) with a refractive index as nsub = 1.5 [27], along a cladding layer of the SiO2 placed topmost of the waveguiding layer. Moreover, is the representation of a strip model of the 3D-optical switch, based on which, the investigations are performed and two final models are computed in the end.
For the data signal, a Gaussian time profile source is used, located at a range of 2.7a above the waveguide, with a similar profile-source for control signal index guided in the optical structure from the lateral-side using a user definite sum of frequencies ‘nf’ as (nf = 550) for both of the sources. Similarly, the transmission and reflection monitoring layers are positioned at a range of 1.0a below and above the waveguide respectively, to compute the electromagnetic (EM) fields. For the purpose to terminate the simulation process, a field decay monitoring point is positioned at a user-definite distance of 1.5a. To observe the behavior and prevent back-and-forth of the EM fields at the boundaries of the structure, the Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) are implemented along x-z axes. Moreover, to save time and computational-resources, the Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC) is used on the y-axis. However, this condition of the PBC is removed and is replaced by PML, during the simulation of the finite structures of the 3D-optical switch.

4. Results

The 3D-FDTD simulation of the optical switch is performed in this research work, using the stripe model criterion. For this purpose, the first step is determining the number of the PhC-elements using a single source i.e., the data signal only, to tune the GMR modes around the resonant wavelength i.e., 1.55µm. Figure 3(a), imitates output reflection spectra of the structure comprising of 2 and 4 PhC-elements, respectively. Therefore, it can be seen that the structure based on 2 PhC-elements has a higher intensity of reflection peaks, as compared to 4 PhC-elements-based structure. However, it is worth noting here from the output spectra, that the resonant wavelength of the 2 PhC-elements-based arrangement is around 1.528µm, while is at 1.547µm in the 4 PhC-elements-based structure. Similarly, Figure 3(b-c) and Figure 3(d-e) show the Electric ‘E’ and Magnetic ‘B’ fields confinement by the structures comprising of 2 and 4 PhC-elements respectively, with Table 2, presenting the detailed comparisons between them.
Apart from the change in reflection peaks and resonant wavelength, there is a visible difference in the linewidth and the quality factor between these two structures. Correspondingly, to linewidth, it remains low in the 2 PhC-elements-based arrangement and a bit on the higher side in the 4 PhC-elements-based structure. Similarly, the quality factor is higher in the former structure and vice versa. However, each arrangement possesses their pros and cons, which can be entangled during the designing of the 3D optical switch. As an acknowledgeable fact, the number of the PhC-elements can be increased, as it may pronounce more confined GMR modes using data signal only but is limited to 4 PhC-elements only, due to the fact, that it will in turn reduce the outcomes of the control signal on the output of the data signal. In other words, it will reduce the switching properties of the device equivalent to the depletion-region of the electronic-transistor. Apart from these, further structuring in the 3D domain relating to an increase in the number of PhC-elements is also limited by the computational resources in terms of speed and memory. As a result, achieving the unity factor in the output spectra is hindered. Similarly, the propagation losses incurred by the control signal due to gratings also contribute to the fact and are added to absorption-losses of the materials. Henceforth, both of the arrangements are investigated for the operations of optical switching and concluded with two 3D finite structures of the device based on 2 and 4 PhC-elements in the end.

3.1. Study of Optical Switching Phenomenon by differing the number of PhC-elements using Data and Control Signals Simultaneously

To investigate the phenomena of the optical switching in 3D PhC-elements-based structures i.e., 2 and 4 PhC-elements, the control signal is executed along with the data signal for the purpose. Besides, the wavelength of the control signal is also varied to investigate its detailed response on the output of the data signal. Table 3, shows the criterion used in changing the wavelength of the control signal w.r.t data signal.
The effects of the control signal are given in the reflection spectra of 2 PhC-elements-based structure in Figure 4(a). It investigates the increase in the percentage of the reflection peaks as the wavelength of the control source is varied from 1.67 µm to 1.55 µm and vice versa. It presents a prominent change for the control source at a wavelength of 1.55 µm. Figure 4(b), illustrates the alteration in the linewidth of the structure as the wavelength of the control signal is varied, reporting the lowest value of 0.0079µm, at a wavelength of 1.60 µm of the control signal. Figure 4(c), presents the quality factor of the structure achieving a maximum value of 112, concerning the control source at a wavelength of 1.60µm. Thus, the GMR modes are confined and offer higher selectivity for the 2 PhC-elements structure, with the control signal at a central wavelength of 1.60µm implemented along the data signal.
Similarly, Figure 5(a), investigates the 4 PhC-elements-based structure for optical switching action. Therefore, it can be seen, that implementing the control signal along the data signal increases the coupling of the GMR modes and energy further into the optical structure and as a result, reaches nearer to the desired resonant wavelength of the structure i.e., 1.55 µm. Moreover, it achieves higher percentages of reflection spectra, when the wavelength of the control signal is varied from 1.67 µm-1.55 µm and is maximum, when this wavelength is equivalent to the wavelength of the data signal i.e., 1.55 µm. Figure 5(b), imitates the variation in the linewidth of the structure based on 4 PhC-elements, achieving a minimum value of around 0.0149µm, at a wavelength of 1.67 µm of the control signal. Figure 5(c), reports the variation in the quality factor w.r.t change in the wavelength of the control signal. Therefore, it can be investigated, that the structure achieves the maximum value of quality factor i.e., 49.28 at 1.67 µm wavelength of the control signal. Therefore, the optimum figure of the wavelength of the control signal is 1.60 µm and 1.67 µm for the 2 and 4 PhC-elements-based structures respectively. Table 4, shows the detailed responses of both of the topologies in terms of resonant wavelength, reflection, linewidth, and quality factor.

3.2. Finite Structures of the 3D Optical Switch Based on 2 and 4 PhC-elements

The next step is to investigate and draw finite structures of the 3D optical switch, by removing the PBC, previously implemented on the y-axis, in the case of the striped model. Moreover, instead, the PML is executed on all of the three axes, for finite realization of the device. For this purpose, the 2 PhC-elements-based structure is realized first as shown in 6(a-c), depicting the length, width, and height of the device.
Therefore, for the optical switching mechanism, the structure is simulated using data and control signals simultaneously, with reflection and transmission spectra imitated in Figure 6(d). So, it can be shown from the spectra, that by implementing the control signal and varying its wavelength from 1.67µm-1.55µm, the output of the data signal tends to increase and vice versa. Thus, helping in the confinement of GMR modes and energy. However, it is worth noting here, that the intensity and coupling of energy of the resonant modes is lower to a certain degree as in comparison to the striped model of the 2 PhC-elements-based structure. Henceforth, it can be increased and the desired level can be achieved by increasing the number of PhC-elements along (y-axis), which is limited by the computational resources at present. Figure 6(e-f), shows the field confinement of the structure along (x and y) directions, and Figure 6(g), depicts the intensity and confinement of the data signal only, on the surface of the structure.
Similarly, the structure of the 3D optical switch based on the arrangement of the 4 PhC-elements, is imitated in Figure 7(a-c), reporting the length, width, and height of the finite model respectively. Moreover, the optical switching action is shown in Figure 7(d) using the reflection and transmission of the structure, using the control signal with a varying wavelength in the range i.e., 1.67µm-1.55µm along the data signal simultaneously. Therefore, it can be seen that increasing the units of PhC-elements, increases the confinement of the GMR modes and coupling of energy further into the optical device. However, the increase in the number of the PhC-elements (x-axis) reports adverse effects on the optical switching of the device. Therefore, number of the PhC-elements is limited to four according to this research. Moreover, to increase the coupling and confinement of the GMR modes, the number of the PhC-elements can be increased along (y-axis), which will result in the reduction of the compactness of the device. The field confinement by the structure along (x and y) directions is shown in Figure 7(e-f), with Figure 7(g) depicting the intensity of the data signal only, on the surface of the optical structure.

5. Discussion

The modeling of the 3D optical switch, is still an innovative idea, having qualities like compactness, ease of fabrication, and implementable in PICs. An optical switching idea proclaimed in [25], uses a control signal for amplification of the data signal in various structures in terms of variable number of the PhC-elements. Moreover, the structure of the optical switch as presented in [25] and [26], uses 11 PhC-elements along with variable PhC cavity realized at the start of the PhC-mesh to modulate the GMR-modes. Apart from these, a variable PhC cavity and the outcomes of the control signal on the output of the data signal and tunning of the GMR modes respectively are modeled in [27]. To achieve efficient optical switching, different PhC-elements-based structures are used. However, one common path is followed in all of these investigations i.e., using the 2D simulation domain. Apart from these, optical switching is reported in [63], using the plasmonics characteristics of the graphene having a Si core-based waveguide. The refractive index of the graphene clad is varied with a low-intensity pulse, in contrast which modifies the characteristics of the device and as an outcome, the aspects of the optical switch are achieved. Table 5, reports the details of the previous studies in comparison with the current research.

6. Proposed Fabrication process

The proposed optical switching device can be realized using the conventional fabrication techniques used for optical integrated components as shown in Figure 8. In the first step, Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) can be used for the deposition of the SiO2 to form the base of the structure [64]. In the second step, the waveguiding-layer i.e., Nb2O5 can be deposited over the layer of the SiO2 using the method of Ion Beam Sputtering Deposition (IBSD) [65]. In the last step, an array of PhC-elements can be structured using the Focused Ion-Beam (FIB) platform [66].

7. Conclusions

In this study, a 3D-FDTD depiction of an optical switch is investigated. The switching action is studied utilizing two sources namely the data signal and the control signal in a dielectric slab-waveguide structure having an array of PhC-elements. The data signal is coupled into the device using GMR, which filters the data signal at the same time. While, the control signal is index guided into the optical structure, which is responsible for the optical switching and amplification of the data signal. The switching and amplification operation is fine-tuned by varying the central wavelength of the control and structural parameters of the device. The structural specifications of the device are optimized in terms of the radius and number of the periods of the PhCs i.e., 2 PhCs-elements and 4 PhC-elements (along x-axis). Likewise, two topologies are used i.e., structuring of the device using an infinite modeling mechanism, where a specific chunk of the device (along y-axis in this research) is repeated using the condition of PBC, to save time and computational resources. Secondly, a finite modeling mechanism, where a finite structure is concluded based on the results of the infinite structuring mechanism. Therefore, in the case of the arrangement comprising of 2 PhC-elements, produces pronounced effects of optical switching with high peaks in reflection spectra, narrow linewidth, and high-quality factor. However, it is not much effective in achieving the required resonant wavelength of the device. Similarly, implementing the 4 PhC-elements-based structure investigates lower coupling of energy having wider linewidth and decreased quality factor as compared to the 2 PhC-elements-based structure. The device can efficiently achieve optical switching at the desired wavelength range of 1.55µm. An amplification of about 13.75%, with a linewidth of 0.0079µm and a quality factor of 114.58 is attained. Considering the cases of the finite modeling, both of the arrangements i.e., 2 PhC-elements and 4 PhC-elements (along x-axis), reports the expected results of the infinite structuring mechanism. The design can be improved further by increasing the units of the PhC-elements (along the y-axis), which is limited by the computational resources in the meantime. The proposed design can be efficiently used in the fields of PICs, communications system, biomedical sensors and programmable photonics.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.U.R., Y.K., M.I., S.C. and M.A.B.; methodology, A.U.R., Y.K., S.C. and M.A.B.; software, A.U.R., Y.K., S.C. and M.I.; validation, A.U.R., Y.K., M.I. and M.A.B.; formal analysis, A.U.R., Y.K., M.I., S.C. and M.A.B.; investigation, A.U.R., Y.K., M.I., S.C. and M.A.B.; resources, A.U.R., Y.K. and M.A.B.; data curation, A.U.R., N.L.K., Y.K., S.C. and M.A.B.; writing—original draft preparation, A.U.R., Y.K. and M.I.; writing—review and editing, A.U.R., Y.K., M.I., S.C. and M.A.B.; visualization, A.U.R., Y.K. and M.A.B.; supervision, Y.K., S.N.K., N.L.K. and M.A.B.; project administration, A.U.R., Y.K., S.N.K. and M.A.B.; funding acquisition, Y.K. and M.A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work was also carried out thanks to the funding of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of new laboratories under the guidance of young scientists within the framework of the national project "Science and Universities" (project FSSS-2021-0016) and under the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” of the Russian Academy of Sciences (the state task No. 007-GZ/Ch3363/26) in the overview comparative parts.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to pay gratitude to Nanophotonics Research Group (BUITEMS), Quetta, and Parveen Ghoutie for their support and appreciation.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest and agreed to the current version of the manuscript.

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Figure 1. (a) Photonic integrated circuit (b) Conceptual diagram of the 3D optical switch.
Figure 1. (a) Photonic integrated circuit (b) Conceptual diagram of the 3D optical switch.
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Figure 2. Infinite structures of the 3-D optical switch (a) The view of the 3-D optical switch along (x-axis) showing the data signal, reflection and transmission monitoring layers, and field decay monitor point. (b) Cross-section view along (y-axis). (c) Top view along (x-axis). (d) A unit cell of the device shows the direction of the control signal.
Figure 2. Infinite structures of the 3-D optical switch (a) The view of the 3-D optical switch along (x-axis) showing the data signal, reflection and transmission monitoring layers, and field decay monitor point. (b) Cross-section view along (y-axis). (c) Top view along (x-axis). (d) A unit cell of the device shows the direction of the control signal.
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Figure 3. (a) The output reflection spectra of the infinite models of the 3D optical switch comprising of 2 and 4 PhC-elements (along the x-axis) respectively. (b) Electric field confinement by 2 PhC-elements-based structure (c) Electric field confinement by 4 PhC-elements-based structure. (d) Magnetic field confinement by 2 PhC-elements-based structure. (e) Magnetic field confinement by 4 PhC-elements-based structure.
Figure 3. (a) The output reflection spectra of the infinite models of the 3D optical switch comprising of 2 and 4 PhC-elements (along the x-axis) respectively. (b) Electric field confinement by 2 PhC-elements-based structure (c) Electric field confinement by 4 PhC-elements-based structure. (d) Magnetic field confinement by 2 PhC-elements-based structure. (e) Magnetic field confinement by 4 PhC-elements-based structure.
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Figure 4. (a) Output reflection spectra of the data signal relating to infinite model of the 2 PhC-elements-based structure investigating the phenomenon of optical switching concerning varying wavelength of the control signal (b) Linewidth (c) Quality factor .
Figure 4. (a) Output reflection spectra of the data signal relating to infinite model of the 2 PhC-elements-based structure investigating the phenomenon of optical switching concerning varying wavelength of the control signal (b) Linewidth (c) Quality factor .
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Figure 5. (a) Output reflection spectra of the data signal relating to infinite model of the 4 PhC-elements-based structure investigating the phenomenon of optical switching w.r.t varying wavelength of the control signal (b) Linewidth (c) Quality factor.
Figure 5. (a) Output reflection spectra of the data signal relating to infinite model of the 4 PhC-elements-based structure investigating the phenomenon of optical switching w.r.t varying wavelength of the control signal (b) Linewidth (c) Quality factor.
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Figure 6. Finite model of the 3-D optical switch comprising of the 2 PhC-elements along (x-axis) (a) Lateral view of the optical switch along (y-axis) (b) Cross-sectional view along (x-axis) (c) Finite model representation along (x, y, z) directions (d) Output reflection and transmission spectra of the finite model signifying the properties of optical switching (e) Field confinement (x-axis) (f) Field confinement (y-axis) (g) Intensity of data signal on the surface of the optical switch (z-axis). .
Figure 6. Finite model of the 3-D optical switch comprising of the 2 PhC-elements along (x-axis) (a) Lateral view of the optical switch along (y-axis) (b) Cross-sectional view along (x-axis) (c) Finite model representation along (x, y, z) directions (d) Output reflection and transmission spectra of the finite model signifying the properties of optical switching (e) Field confinement (x-axis) (f) Field confinement (y-axis) (g) Intensity of data signal on the surface of the optical switch (z-axis). .
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Figure 7. Finite model of the 3-D optical switch comprising of the 4 PhC-elements along (x-axis) (a) Lateral view of the optical switch along (y-axis) (b) Cross-sectional view along (x-axis) (c) Finite model representation along (x, y, z) directions (d) Output reflection and transmission spectra of the finite model signifying the properties of optical switching (e) Field confinement (x-axis) (f) Field confinement (y-axis) (g) Intensity of data signal on the surface of the optical switch (z-axis).
Figure 7. Finite model of the 3-D optical switch comprising of the 4 PhC-elements along (x-axis) (a) Lateral view of the optical switch along (y-axis) (b) Cross-sectional view along (x-axis) (c) Finite model representation along (x, y, z) directions (d) Output reflection and transmission spectra of the finite model signifying the properties of optical switching (e) Field confinement (x-axis) (f) Field confinement (y-axis) (g) Intensity of data signal on the surface of the optical switch (z-axis).
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Figure 8. The stepwise fabrication-process of the reported optical switching device. .
Figure 8. The stepwise fabrication-process of the reported optical switching device. .
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Table 1. Augmented parameters of the 3D optical switch.
Table 1. Augmented parameters of the 3D optical switch.
Parameters Symbol Value
Lattice-constant a 1µm
Radius of PhC-elements r 0.300a
Thickness of waveguides wthick 0.330a
Thickness of cladding - 0.300a
Thickness of Perfectly Matched Layer PML 3.0a, (along x and z) axes
Refractive index of the substrate nsub 1.5
Refractive index of the waveguide nwav 2.2
Field decay monitor point - 1 e -3
Padding Padd 2.0a
Periodic Boundary Condition PBC Along y-axis
Resolution - 20
Smoothing factor - 0.05
Grid size - 0.52
Table 2. Properties are achieved by the infinite models of the 3-D optical switch comprising of the 2 and 4 PhC-elements, respectively.
Table 2. Properties are achieved by the infinite models of the 3-D optical switch comprising of the 2 and 4 PhC-elements, respectively.
Number of PhC-Elements Resonant Wavelength (µm) Reflection Peak (%) Linewidth
(µm)		 Quality Factor
-
2 PhC-elements 1.528 81.13 0.0204 39.76
4 PhC-elements 1.547 71.43 0.0266 26.85
Table 3. The table presents the names and differences in wavelengths of the data and control signal.
Table 3. The table presents the names and differences in wavelengths of the data and control signal.
Type of Source
 Name of Source
d1 c1 c2 c3
Data signal 1.55µm - - -
Control signal - 1.67µm 1.60µm 1.55µm
Table 4. A detailed comparison between the infinite models of the 3-D optical switch based on 2 and 4 PhC-elements respectively.
Table 4. A detailed comparison between the infinite models of the 3-D optical switch based on 2 and 4 PhC-elements respectively.
2 PhC-elements
Sources d1 c1 c2 c3
Wavelength (µm) 1.528 1.528 1.528 1.528
Reflection (×100%) 0.8113 0.8434 0.9052 0.9488
Linewidth (µm) 0.0204 0.0150 0.0079 0.0214
Quality Factor 39.77 56.23 114.58 44.34
4 PhC-elements
Sources d1 c1 c2 c3
Wavelength (µm) 1.547 1.547 1.547 1.547
Reflection (×100%) 0.7143 0.7343 0.7623 0.7741
Linewidth (µm) 0.0266 0.0149 0.0276 0.0269
Quality Factor 26.85 49.28 27.62 28.78
Table 5. Comparison of the previous research studies with the current investigation of the optical switch.
Table 5. Comparison of the previous research studies with the current investigation of the optical switch.
Design Simulation Domain Linewidth (
µm) 		Quality Factor
- 		Research Work
SiO2 + Nb2O5 + SiO2 + PhCs (air) 2D 0.0696 - [25]
SiO2 + Nb2O5 + SiO2 + PhCs (air) 2D 0.0727 - [26]
SiO2 + Nb2O5 + SiO2 + PhCs (air) 2D 0.0652 12.96 [27]
SiO2 + Nb2O5 + SiO2 + PhCs (air) 3D 0.0079 114.58 This work
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