Among the fungi detected from marine sediments collected at different depths, we recovered four strains (FMR 19404, FMR 19611, FMR 20067 and FMR 20149) exclusively from samples collected at 20 m of depth in both the Miracle and Arrabassada beaches, using SWMEA3% and DRBC culture media. These strains and FMR 17952, the latter isolated from a rubber tire floating in seawater, were morphologically identified as Amphichorda sp. However, although they showed the typical morphological features of the genus (i.e. synnematous and mononematous conidiophores, flask-shaped with a strongly bent neck conidiogeous cells and solitary conidia that remain attached to the apex of the conidiogenous cell), they exhibited some morphological traits that did not exactly fit into any of the accepted species of Amphichorda.
3.1. Phylogeny
The molecular identification based on the BLAST search of our five unidentified strains revealed a high percentage of similarity with species of the genus Amphichorda using ITS sequences. Specifically, the percentage of identity was of 98% with A. cavernicola (CGMCC 3.19571) and between 95-97% with other species of this genus. The molecular comparison using the LSU region revealed a 99% of similarity to O. coprophila (CBS 247.82), A. cavernicola (CGMCC 3.19571) and between 98-99% of similarity with other species of the genus Amphichorda. Other taxa closely related to our strains with a 97% of identity with this locus were Nigrosabulum globosum (CBS 512.70), Acremonium (Ac.) curvum (GZUIFR 22.035) and Ac. alternatum (CBS 407.66). Members of the genera Beauveria and Cordyceps did not match with our sequences in the BLAST results. Despite this, we included them in the phylogenetic analysis due to the traditional placement of Amphichorda as a member of Cordycipitaceae. In addition, sequence analyses of these two gene markers allowed us to confirm or reidentify the CBS reference strains of A. felina as following: CBS 110.08 and CBS 648.66 as A. felina, CBS 312.50 as A. guana, and CBS 173.71 as O. coprophila.
Based on the BLAST results, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships among genera phylogenetically related to
Amphichorda with the ITS and LSU regions. The resulting tree topologies from the individual analyses of these two gene markers were similar and did not show incongruences. Therefore, both alignments were concatenated into a single matrix. The final alignment of the concatenated ITS and LSU regions comprised 65 taxa that included two representative strains from each
Amphichorda species, as well as, two representative strains from
O. coprophila and the strains recovered from the marine environment to prevent branch imbalance; together with representative species belonging to the families
Bionectriaceae and
Cordycipitaceae. The tree was rooted with
Pochonia chlamydospora (CBS 504.66) and
Metapochonia suchlasporia (CBS 251.83) as outgroup. The total length comprised 1435 characters including gaps (ITS: 624, LSU: 811 characters). Among these, 906 characters were conserved sites (ITS: 255, LSU: 651), 529 characters were variable sites (ITS: 369, LSU: 160) and 417 characters were parsimony informative (ITS: 290, LSU: 127). For the ML analyses, the best fit models were TIM2+F+I+G4 for the ITS region and TIM2e+I+G4 for the LSU region. For the BI analysis, the best fit models were GTR+I+G for both the ITS and LSU region. Here, we represented the Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) tree with the bootstraps support values of the ML analyses (RAxML and IQ-TREE) and Bayesian posterior probabilities at the nodes. The resulting phylogenetic tree resolved the genus
Amphichorda as a monophyletic linage within the family
Bionectriaceae (
Figure 1), being closely related with a well-supported clade that comprised two accepted genera in the family,
Nigrosabulum and
Hapsidospora, together with a recently described
Acremonium species,
Ac. curvum [
42]. This latter species was, however, placed very distantly from the genus
Acremonium s. str. The concatenated analysis defined five terminal clades within
Amphichorda, where two marine strains (FMR 19404 and FMR 17952), representatives of our unidentified
Amphichorda species, and those strains of
O. coprophila (CBS 173.71 and CBS 247.82) represented two independent
Amphichorda linages. However, these molecular markers lacked resolution to determine the phylogenetic relationships among
Amphichorda species. Therefore, we performed a phylogenetic analysis combining the ITS and LSU regions and the elongation factor (
tef1) gene in order to delineate
Amphichorda species with precision.
The individual ITS, LSU and
tef1 alignments were concatenated into a single matrix, because the resulting individual trees represented similar topologies. The final ITS, LSU and
tef1 alignment comprised the five unidentified
Amphichorda strains, nine strains representatives of the known
Amphichorda species, and three strains identified as
O. coprophila.
Acremonium curvum (GZUIFR 22.035),
Ac. globosisporium (GZUIFR 22.036) and
Ac. sclerotigenum (A101) were used as outgroup. The total length comprised 2168 characters including gaps (ITS: 506, LSU: 779,
tef1: 883 characters). Among these, 1865 characters were conserved sites (ITS: 393, LSU: 727,
tef1: 745), 303 characters were variable sites (ITS: 113, LSU: 52,
tef1: 138), and 166 characters were parsimony informative (ITS: 55, LSU: 30,
tef1: 81). For the ML analyses, the best fit models were TNe+G4 for the ITS region, TNe+I for the LSU region and TN+F+G4 for the tef1 region. For the BI analysis the best fit models were K80+I for both the ITS and LSU regions and GTR+G for the
tef1 region. Here, we represented the Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) tree with the bootstraps support values of the ML analyses (RAxML and IQ-TREE) and Bayesian posterior probabilities at the nodes. The resulting phylogenetic tree resolved the three species currently accepted in
Amphichorda (
A. cavernicola,
A. felina and
A. guana) as independent linages (
Figure 2). The five marine strains delineated an undescribed linage within
Amphichorda, closely related to the clade representative of
O. coprophila. The marine strains are proposed below as
Amphichorda littoralis and
O. coprophila is accepted as an
Amphichorda species. A detailed morphological characterization of the novel fungi is provided in the taxonomy section.
3.4. Taxonomy
Amphichorda Fries, Systema Orbis vegetalis 1:170 (1825)
= Onychophora W. Gams, P.J. Fisher & J. Webster, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 82 (1): 174 (1984)
Type species. Amphichorda felina (DC) Fries, Systema Orbis vegetalis 1: 170 (1825).
Emended description
Asexual morph with conidiophores synnematous or mononematous, semi-macronematous, erect, straight or flexuous, bearing lateral or terminal conidiogenous cells, arranged single or in whorls, sometimes micronematous and reduced to conidiogenous cells growing directly from vegetative hyphae. Conidiogenous cells flask-shaped, usually with a strongly bent neck, holoblastic, rarely enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, smooth-walled or roughened. Conidia solitary, often remaining attached to the apex of the conidiogenous cell, subglobose, hyaline, smooth-walled. Sexual morph not observed.
Amphichorda coprophila (W. Gams, P.J. Fisher & J. Webster) Guerra-Mateo, Cano & Gené, comb. nov.
Mycobank: MB848789.
Basionym. Onychophora coprophila W. Gams, P.J. Fisher & J. Webster, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 82 (1): 174 (1984)
Type. ENGLAND, Devon, Dawlish Warren, from rabbit dung incubated at relative humidity of 95% for several weeks, Dec. 1981, J. Webster (holotype CBS H-1740 = IMI 275663, ex-type culture CBS 247.82).
Asexual morph described in Gams et al. [
15].
Culture characteristics (after 14 days at 25 °C). Colonies on PDA attaining 22-24 mm diam., slightly raised, irregularly sulcated, glabrous and brownish orange (7C5) at center (CBS 424.88 and CBS 173.71 orange (5B5)), velvety and white at periphery, margin crenate; reverse brownish orange at center and white at periphery; diffusible pigment greyish orange (6B5). On OA, colonies reaching 34–40 mm diam., flat, velvety, pale yellow (4A3) at center to white at periphery, margin entire and slightly lobated; reverse pale yellow. On SNA, colonies reaching 5–10 mm diam., glabrous, pale yellow, margin slightly lobated; reverse pale yellow.
Additional specimens examined. CANADA, Ontario, Landmark County, along Clyde River, from chipmunk dung, K.A. Seifert (CBS 424.88); ibid., Stoneleigh, from porcupine dung, Sep. 1969, R.F. Cain and D.W. Malloch (CBS 173.71).
Notes.
Amphichorda coprophila is a well-supported species that represents a distant independent linage in the genus
Amphichorda (Figs 1, 2). It can be morphologically distinguished by its orange to brownish orange colonies on PDA (
Table 2), the production of conidia through both holoblastic and phialidic conidiogenous cells (
Figure 3 D-F) and the occasional rough ornamentation of the conidiogenous cells under SEM.
Amphichorda littoralis Guerra-Mateo, Torres-Garcia, Cano & Gené, sp. nov.
Figure 5.
Mycobank: MB 848035.
Etymology. Name refers to the area where this species was isolated, Mediterranean coast (Tarragona, Spain).
Type. SPAIN, Catalonia, Mediterranean coast, Tarragona, Platja del Miracle, N 41º6´19´´, E 1º15´37´´, from sediments at 20 m of depth, Jun. 2021, G. Quiroga-Jofre and D. Guerra-Mateo (holotype CBS H-25254, ex-type culture FMR 19404, CBS 149935).
Asexual morph on OA. Mycelium composed of smooth-walled, branched, septate, hyaline, 1–1.5 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores monomematous, rarely synnematous, arising directly from superficial mycelium, micronematous and reduced to conidiogenous cells growing directly or on a short lateral protrusion from vegetative hyphae, or semi-macronematous, erect, straight or flexuous, commonly unbranched, bearing lateral or terminal conidiogenous cells, arranged single or in whorls of 2–4, hyaline and smooth-walled; synnematous conidiophores only observed in FMR 20067 on PDA at the margin of the colony, yellowish white, cylindrical with tomentose apex. Conidiogenous cells flask-shaped, usually with a strongly bent neck, 6–10(–11.5) × 1.5–2 µm, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia solitary, often remaining attached to the apex of the conidiogenous cell, subglobose, 3–4 x 2.5–3 µm, hyaline, smooth-walled. Sexual morph not observed.
Culture characteristics (after 14 days at 25 °C). Colonies on PDA attaining 20 mm diam., slightly raised, irregularly sulcated, glabrous and greenish yellow (1A7) at center, velvety (fasciculate in FMR 20067) and white at periphery, margin crenate; reverse greenish yellow (1A7) at center and white at periphery; diffusible pigment light yellow (4A4) produced after 21 days. On OA, colonies reaching 30–32 mm diam., flat, velvety, greenish yellow at center to greyish yellow at periphery, margin entire and slightly lobated; reverse greenish yellow (1A7). On SNA, colonies reaching 9–14 mm diam., glabrous, greenish yellow, margin slightly lobated; reverse greenish yellow (1A7).
Cardinal temperatures for growth. Minimum at 10 °C, optimum at 25 °C, maximum at 30 °C.
Additional specimens examined. SPAIN, Catalonia, Mediterranean coast, Tarragona, Platja del Miracle, N 41°6´19´´, E 1°15´37´´, from sediments at 20 m of depth, Oct. 2021, G. Quiroga-Jofre and D. Guerra-Mateo (FMR 19611); ibid., Platja de la Arrabassada, N 41°6´53´´, E 1°16´48´´, from sediments at 20 m of depth, Jun. 2022, G. Quiroga-Jofre and D. Guerra-Mateo (FMR 20149); ibid., from sediments at 20 m of depth, Jun. 2022, G. Quiroga-Jofre and D. Guerra-Mateo (FMR 20067); ibid., Mediterranean coast, Tarragona, from a fragment of floating rubber tire, Jul. 2020, D. Torres-García (FMR 17952).
Notes.
Amphichorda littoralis is phylogenetically related to
A. coprophila (Figs 1, 2). Macroscopically, they can be distinguished by the color of the colony (
Table 2). In the novel species, colonies are consistently greenish yellow across PDA, OA and SNA, while in
A. coprophila, colony color ranges from brown orange to pale yellow. Microscopically, the conidiogenous cells of
A. littoralis are consistently smooth, while
A. coprophila can show a rough ornamentation. Moreover, the phylogenetic distance between this novel species and other members of
Amphichorda is around 96% for the tef1 region and 95% for the
BenA region.