Biorefinery Development Based on Brewers’ Spent Grain (BSG) Conversion: A Forecasting Technology Study in the Brazilian Scenario

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is an important waste produced in beer companies with a high po-tential to be transformed into commercial by-products. The present paper reports a forecasting technology study with the aid of bibliographic review and patent analysis tools aiming to in-vestigate the maturity of certain technologies, considering the use of BSG on a closed-loop bio-refinery and circular bioeconomy concept integrated into a brewery. To evaluate the possibili-ties of production of high-added value products in Brazil, it was presented an overview of BSG’s scientific, technological, and marketing products and applications. The comparison between numbers of articles versus patents shows that the solutions proposed by research articles are not being transformed into maturated viable technologies. The results suggest that there is a gap between the scientific research in the institutions and their applications in industry, which lead to the destination of the BSG for more economically attractive investments when compared to research in Brazil. Ultimately, from the carried-out analysis, it was possible to propose a brew-ing process connected to the biorefinery system, showing the possibility to the newly arising brewery industries.

Keywords:

Subject:

Chemistry and Materials Science - Materials Science and Technology

1. Introduction

About 14 billion liters of beer are produced annually in Brazil, occupying third place in the list of world producers, standing behind China and the USA, respectively, with a 5% share of the world beer market [1]. The brewing process can be summarized by the production of fermentable wort through the enzymatic breakdown of the starch present by the action of the enzymes contained in the barley malt. This wort is then boiled with the addition of hops, cooled, and then fermented by the addition of brewer’s yeast. After fermentation, the beer can be physically separated from yeast and biologically stabilized by pasteurization or another physical method [2].

Brazil has shown an increasing number of registered beer companies, as can be seen in Figure 1. The data reported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, MAPA 2022), showed a rapid increase of beer companies registered in Brazil, especially between 2015 and 2021 [3].

According to the 2020 report, if the country maintains the increase rate of 36% observed, especially between 2015 and 2021, by the end of 2025 Brazil could have a total of 7504 beer companies, and hence, more generations of BSG per year [5]. The 2022 report indicated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the growth of the brewing sector, especially in beer production as can be seen by the decrease in volume produced in 2020 and the decrease in growth percentage of registered companies that went from 14.4% (between 2019 and 2020) to 12% (from 2020 to 2021). The report does not mention the exact impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Those numbers may need to be reviewed to reflect their true impact, which deserves a separate study.

BSG is well known as the major lignocellulosic biomass waste produced over the years by the beer industry, which to economics and environmental aspects, showed potential to be utilized for diverse uses, such as animal feed, for strengthens human food, as diverse substrates (cultivation of microorganisms and enzyme production, fermentation processes, acid lactic production, ethanol production, lignocellulosic yeast carrier, prebiotic), adsorbent, source of polyphenolic compounds, microalgae production, biogas andbiofuel production, protein extract, antioxidative substances, fiber, polymers and other application [6]. Usually these compounds are obtained through various processes such as fermentation, hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis and organosolv extraction [6,7,8,9]. There is about 15 Kg of BSG generated for each 100 L of beer [10].

The amount of BSG produced accompanies the Brazilian beer market’s exponential growth, which worries even more about its destination. Some Brazilian companies already manage this waste from microbreweries by collecting and destining it to promote the lowest environmental liability, and use the bagasse for animal feed due to its practicality and low cost, or simply leading to environmental degradation [10,11]. It leads especially to a significant loss of valuable material that could otherwise be exploited. However, due to its composition and the possibility to be converted into new products, the concept of biorefinery in the brewery sector can be used to add value to the process and provide a positive circular economy system [11,12].

This raw material is mainly constituted by sugars (glucose, xylose and arabinose) polymerized in cellulose and hemicellulose structures, which represent 41 %w/w of its composition on a dry weight basis. Besides sugars, BSG also contains noticeable fractions of proteins (24.69 %w/w) and lignin (19.40 %w/w), while extractives and ashes are present in minor proportions. Extractives may include components such as waxes, alkaloids, pectins, mucilages, gums, resins, terpenes, saponins, and tall oil. Ashes are formed by a large variety of minerals, including phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, sodium, aluminum, barium, strontium, chromium, tin, lead, cobalt, iodine, cadmium, nickel, selenium and gallium [13].

Due to the significant amount produced annually, the low market value, the environmental awareness composition, and the recognition that BSG may represent a nutritionally valuable co-product, efforts should be increasingly focused on its valorization [12]. In Table 1, there are some applications and production from BSG. Bolwig et al. reported several alternatives for the reuse of BSG beyond the widespread animal feed, such as reuse for human consumption, in the production of chemicals and drugs, and energy production, among others [11].

The BSG has been usually allocated for animal feed with no further necessities and manufacturing procedures [15]. However, its composition has some valuable by-products, such as proteins and other components such as arabinoxylans, showing more possibilities to produce high-value low-volume products [16]. Ortiz et al. discussed a circular economy strategy based on alternative energy production [16]. But, according to Buffington et al., there is no technology able to use the BSG as a raw material for its applications. Unfortunately, the technology readiness level (TRL) shows lower values, between 3-6, according to the corresponding scale [17]. Besides the advancement and implementation of industrial biomass conversion technologies, the use of specific biomass in large scale are still an issue for an integrated system, such as the food and beverage industry with the solutions with bioenergy and bioproducts applications, implicating in the lower TRL status.

In 2013, Mussatto et al. reported a techno-economic study considering the use of BSG on a biorefinery concept in Brazil [46]. The study concluded that a great number of biorefining alternatives to obtain added-value products are possible. However, the researchers concluded that to achieve a good result from an economic, environmental, and social point of view, some adjustments must be done to obtain a scenario that combines mass integration and energy consumption. Besides, this study showed that it is very important to evaluate the technical feasibility of a certain scenario from the experimental point of view.

Indeed, to develop the conception of a biorefinery integrated into a brewery, it is essential to analyze and point out which of these technologies are already applied, and which are still in the development stage, pointing out which would be the main products obtained in the Brazilian scenario. Based on the literature [47] technology roadmaps are useful tools for evaluation of the maturity of the development, long-term planning and application of a specific technology. Therefore, it is an important step for accessing not only the state of the art of some product as well as how it is being commercialized [45].

So, this work presented an overview of BSG’s scientific, technological, and marketing products and applications, emphasizing sustainable processes and destinations, such as the synthesis of new materials, and production of biofuels, among others, which are roles that can be correlated to the production process using BSG. Besides, the present work carried out a technological study with the aid of bibliographic review and patent analysis tools aiming to investigate the maturity of certain technologies, to investigate the implementation possibility of a biorefinery in the brewer’s context, considering the main BSG by-products already commercialized.

This study brings this correlation, focusing on an even more integrated production chain, applying the biorefinery concept and circle bioeconomy for this product sector in the present time.

2. Materials and Methods

Technological and scientific roadmap was carried out following two main searches: patent analysis and bibliographic review using research articles up to 2021. The study was carried out with the aid of the Questel Orbit Intelligence patent database, and research articles in the Web of Science database involving the period from 2001 to 2021. The Brazilian scenario was also evaluated by the documents found in the INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property) patent database with no period restriction.

The main theme of the research was the “beer production malt bagasse” whose literature has different terms to refer to this subject, among the main ones, “brewers’ spent grains” or “malt bagasse”. The terms chosen for patents and articles search were: “spent”, “grain”, “brew”, “bagasse”, “malt” and “residue”. For the INPI research, these terms were added in Portuguese, “bagaço”, “malte”, “cerveja”, “cevada” and “resíduo”, focusing on combinations using boolean operators and elements of truncation, which brings research closer to the focus of the work.

During the patent research, an expressive number of documents (150 patent documents) were found as related to the inventor “Oleg Ivanovich Kvasenkov”. Those documents do not represent the scope of this study; therefore, they were removed from this research. Such observation must have the attention of readers that will use this information or repeat the presented methodology.

Technological and scientific roadmap was carried out using the terms presented in the methodology and Table 2. A total of 7 keyword combinations were defined for search in the computational tool.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Technological and scientific roadmap study based on journal publications

Monitoring over time shows the exponential growth of publications demonstrating the incentive to studies driven by the use of biomass as feedstock to industrial processes. In Brazil, there is a national policy of solid waste management prescribed by Law No. 12.305/10 [46], which institutes the National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos or PNRS). The regulation deals with the responsibility of the productive sector to make and control their waste management. Worldwide, the biorefinery concept based on specific laws showed also expressive growth in Europe, China, and the USA.

As a result of these State policies, China and the USA, as the first and second top beer producers, respectively, are also the first and second countries with more patents filed geographically, contributing to approximately 40% of all patent filings over the referred period.

In Brazil, the related State policies are still incipient, and under implementation. However, due to international environmental and climate treaties, the perspective is that inspections and obligations regarding the management of solid waste over time will be completed, as occurred in other continents. Figure 2 presents the number of article publications related to BSG between 2001 and 2021.

Five areas of great interest were found in the scientific articles: food science and technology (with 423 articles), biotechnology and applied microbiology (265 articles), engineering (243 articles), chemistry (203 articles), and agriculture (199 articles). The top 10 countries that stand out in the number of publications are Brazil (160), Spain (121), Portugal (115), Italy (85), the USA (83), China (82), Germany (66), Ireland (66), England (64) and Poland (60). Figure 3 shows the distribution of the scientific production related to BSG research in the world.

Coincidentally, these countries have the most restrictive State policies and incentives for waste management processes reducing environmental liabilities. Indicating that, there are prioritizations of the country’s budget to encourage research in this regard. Some international cooperative research projects have been financed by private banks and the European government aiming for some green technologies development based on biorefinery development [48]. Specifically, to BSG, there is prevalence in the area of food science, technology, and bioprocesses that make it possible to understand how those industrial processes can be connected to generate new products focused in the same area that generated the residue.

Currently, Brazil (1st in the ranking of publications) has more than 1200 breweries registered [48]. Of the total volume produced, less than 3% of the volume is concentrated in microbreweries [14, 51]. In other words, the largest producers of beer and, consequently, larger producers of BSG, are large industrial plants that produce mainstream beers and tons of bagasse per hour. These companies contract and sell BSG to large dairy and cattle breeders, which routinely remove BSG and apply it immediately to ruminants’ consumption, due to its short microbiological stability [10]. In addition, as of 2010, all functioning breweries were inspected, and planning for the disposal and management of the waste became mandatory to reduce environmental impact [52].

The institutions that have published the most amount on subjects related to the technologies of BSG use and conversion are indicated in Figure 4. The University of Minho (Portugal), University of São Paulo (Brazil), University of Limerick (Ireland), University of College Cork (Ireland), and University of Porto (Portugal) stand out with the most number of publications. These results indicate the opportunity for strengthening and establishing new collaborations in this research area, especially between Brazilian and Portuguese institutions that may be facilitated by bilateral international agreements such as the “Tratado de Amizade, Cooperação e Consulta ”(translated to English, “Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Consultation”) celebrated by the two countries in 2001 [53].

3.2. Technological and scientific forecasting study based on patents

Scientific publications do not fully indicate the degree of innovation associated with technology, although they demonstrate an important path in the transformation process and evolution in a given technological segment. Associated with the research outcomes, patents can be more accurate to point out products and processes with the potential to become commercially available products with social impact. So, it is interesting to associate the scientific and technological forecasting study of BSG with a prospective study based on patents to evaluate the technological horizon regarding the industrial options for the biomass economy.

The technological forecasting study through the Brazilian patent office database is shown in Table 3. There were 25 patents found, of which 13 are not in the scope of the research (the keywords were found in these documents, but they are not related directly to brewers’ spent grain or the synonyms attributed to it). That way, 12 patents address the malt bagasse to which this study refers. Five were deposited by independent inventors and only 2, among them, were filed. The others are under analysis or have already been granted. Among them, 6 were deposited by Science and Technology Institutes (STIs), including one from Denmark and another that was deposited by a Chilean company.

When the number of patents presented in Table 3 is compared with the number of articles in Brazil (160), it is observed that the development of technologies is still incipient. In a perspective where technological progress is achieved by the transposition from basic research to applied technologies, the comparison of articles versus patents shows in this case that the solutions proposed by research articles are not being transformed or maturated to viable technologies (patents of new products and/or processes).

Some questions arise from this process: if there is research in the area of BSG conversion, and it generates a considerable environmental liability for the factories, why such technologies are not becoming products capable of transforming the management of this waste? Where is scientific research developed in Brazil and how does it interact with the productive sector, especially the industrial sector? Are the large breweries interested in developing advanced technological solutions capable of making the residue from their production economically viable?

Analyzing the context of the scientific-technological development in Brazil it is possible to observe that in great part the scientific research is concentrated in the technology parks of scientific research institutions (mostly universities and lesser participation of public companies, such as Embrapa – Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) [51]. Associated with this, there is a huge distance between these institutions and the companies. This distance means that research is not matured to the point of becoming viable technologies for commercial insertion. This interaction may explain in part what is observed in the discrepancy of articles and patents observed in Brazil.

Looking from the breweries’ point of view we observed that the cost of destination of the malt bagasse for feeding cattle or landfills is more economically attractive to investors when compared to research. This number of publications attends government incentives for the management of solid waste in the form of Law No. 12.305/10 [46]. Innovation projects in general show low success rates, and bioprocess innovations seem to perform no better. Concerning product development, in general, the literature indicates a wide range of failure rates (30% – 80%).

Evaluating in a larger spectrum and identifying whether the process observed in the Brazilian scenario was able to be replicated at a global level, the patent search was conducted via the Questel Orbit software. Figure 5 presents important information regarding the stage of technology development in the sector.

From the carried-out analysis it can be concluded that this type of technology is in an embryonic stage, considering that the number of articles in comparison with the number of patents is still quite divergent, with the number of articles being much higher, the same scenario analyzed for the Brazilian context. This data reveals that there is still much to be studied and developed for robust and conceptual technologies to appear on the market more frequently.

To lower the failure rate of complex innovation projects, companies tend to form research and development (R&D) collaborations [16]. These inter-organizational R&D collaborations - more specifically R&D consortia are defined as relationships between three or more R&D partners to pursue both individual and shared goals [17].

In Brazil, to encourage innovative processes, the law entitled “Lei do Bem” (Law No. 11.196/05) [54] was instituted to allow companies that contribute to technological research and development to deduct from the basis of calculation of income tax and social contribution on net profit up to one hundred percent of its operating expenses. To be contemplated by this tax benefit, interactions have already been observed between large breweries with startups aiming to the development of new technologies. For example, a large brewery has moved its technology development center to a science and technology park to approach innovation environments that have provided greater interaction with other companies and access to highly equipped laboratories [55].

Even though there has been a new look at solid waste management at breweries in recent years [7,9], the production of technology can still be very much linked to waste management focused on animal and human food, since it is a well-known solution practiced by the industry and would only need a few increments. In the human food case, for instance, pre-treatment processes and nutritional assessment become essential.

Analyzing the distribution of patent families by technological field, presented in Figure 6, one can see a large concentration of patents in Food Chemistry (215 patent families), obviously due to the direct relationship of the subject with the beverage industry. At the same time, it is necessary to note that four other areas stand out: basic materials chemistry (49 patents), biotechnology (47 patents), chemical engineering (27 patents), environmental technology (20 patents), and other special machines (24 patents). The patent families can be assigned to more than one technological domain and although the vast majority of them are associated with the nearest sector, the topics that stand out in sequence already correlate with the conversion processes of the BSG.

Figure 7 shows the ratio of the number of patents filed for each International Patent Classification (IPC) between 2001 and 2021. The IPC classification is a system of classification of patents by symbol according to the different technological areas to which they belong.

From the analysis of Figure 7 it can be seen that the majority of the patents are classified in Section A, which refers to Human necessities; and C, which refers to Chemistry and Metallurgy. The largest number of patents were deposited in the category and A23K (42%), which refers to feeding stuff specially adapted for animals; methods specially adapted for production thereof.

This observation corroborates the fact that BSG technologies were mostly related to animal nutrition. Analyzing closely, it can also be observed that in the past even a patent that was not related to animal feed would get the code A23K (with the specification as A23K-010/38), which in the time of protection of some brewer’s residue technologies was directly reported to it. Second, comes the category C12C which refers to beer; preparation of beer by fermentation; preparation of malt for making beer; preparation of hops for making beer, corresponding to 23% of the patent families followed by categories A23L e A23J also related to food processing. It is observed with a low percentage (2%) the presence of patents registered with the B09B code which refers directly to “disposal of solid waste”. This is important since independently from the technology used for converting BSG, it is always a residue disposal solution; future filling patents may come with this association.

It is noticeable that the largest number of patent registrations on this subject is related to beer production and quality. It is also possible to realize the variety of subclasses of patents, and this is an indicator that the BSG is used for several applications from food products to biofuel production.

There is a clear change in the profile of patents from the observation of the IPC codes. In recent years the technological products associated with BSG have become increasingly advanced, associated with the production of materials and chemical compounds. The C12F code refers to “recovery of by-products of fermented solutions; denatured alcohol; preparation thereof” and C05G to “mixtures of fertilizers covered individually by different subclasses of class C05” which is associated with products intended for the area of ethanol synthesis and fertilizers.

4. Discussion

4.1. The biorefinery concept in a brewery context

Observing the number of scientific articles in the BSG conversion area and the technologies already deposited as patent documents, even if in lesser quantity, it is possible to conclude that there is an incipient diversity of technologies aimed specifically at BSG treatment.

Also, a new biorefinery business model assessment that impacts economic growth and employment should be considered, since some of the patents found may lead the transition to a sustainability model with chain coordination related to BSG treatment. The natural processes and the industrial ones should be able to work in tandem and the technologies now available should allow economic efficiency to provide the new business model enough appeal to engage R&D optimization, modeling new organizational arranges and the interplay of biomass sector and alternative resources.

Budzianowski, in 2017, already explored the necessity to maximize the valorization of biomass by-products to achieve a competitive business model [56]. Examples such as biomass disintegration (combustion, gasification, or fermentation) to usable bioenergy do not lead to optimal utilization of biomass by itself. Bonfiglio & Esposti (2015) demonstrated by two multi-regional closed Input-Output models that a biomass power plant coupled to biopolymer production can do so through supra-local effects generated by trade across local industries [57].

Towards the implementation of new technologies associated with the brewery industry, it is feasible to think that this will be only related to the enhancement of beer production such as new reactors and effective recovery systems, better fermentation control, efficient filling/packaging systems, and many other examples that will impact in the production process. Indeed, those possibilities inside the industrial plant occur in large companies that seek out continually the most and better cost-benefit as well a high-quality product.

Otherwise, what is gaining attention over several kinds of industries, and could be easily related to the brewery industry, is the concern with systems that integrate a major perspective of its production using new technologies under sustainability parameters. Energy and water consumption will appear as one of its main projects designed to achieve those sustainable goals, as well, waste treatment and disposal can be a significant path to be incorporated, already described for algae biomass in a closed-loop process [58]. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass in closed loop model was also demonstrable for the bioconversion of carob pods biomass to polyhydroxybutyrate biopolymer [59].

Looking closely at the classic brewing process three byproducts stand out for their composition, volume produced, and diversity of ways to transform/reuse them. Hot trub (mainly hop residue and coagulated protein) is estimated to be generated from 0.2-0.4 Kg per 100 L of beer produced; cold trub (residual yeast) is estimated to be 1.5-3.0 Kg per 100 L and BSG (the main solid residue) in a much large scale, ≈15.0 Kg per 100 L. As already discussed, BSG could be a source of protein and lignocellulosic matrix that can be converted into different materials, as well, as biofuels and energy, showing a range of new possibilities as the scientific research and technological advances that were made over the past year showed in the data from the scientific and technological forecasting study. But a question that takes place in this context is: how those new routes to transform BSG can be incorporated into a large industrialized chain such as the brewing sector in Brazil? The challenge that rises with this discussion is focused mainly on how to connect those emerging technologies to transform BSG into high-added value products with the origin that produced it (inside the industry).

To materialize and connect the BSG roadmap data (recovery and conversion) with the brewing process, it was possible to set up a concept of a brewing process connected with a sustainable biorefinery, aligned with a model of circular economy. Figure 8 shows a general flowchart of the brewing process and a proposed scheme to represent the variety of possibilities to convert BSG into new bioproducts.

Biorefinery, in general, can be defined as a sustainable system capable of processing renewable feedstock, biomass/organic waste, into a diverse range of products such as energy, materials, biofuels, and chemicals counterpointing the classic refinery of non-renewable petroleum-based derivatives [60,61]. Two main business models were employed during the generational evolution of biorefinery complexes. Ceapraz et al. (2016) classify them as a port and territorial biorefineries. They differ in raw biomass supply, either by importation or local/regional chain supply [62].

Biorefineries face along, with any other renewable energy system, the competition. Vu et al. (2020) reviewed lignocellulosic biomass processing toward high-value low-volume bioproducts and the different ways to effectively pretreat lignocellulosic biomass to enhance its digestibility. This key process may allow higher product yield, chemical recycling, and by-pro conversion to increase environmental sustainability [63].

In Figure 8 five BSG conversion technologies (reactors illustrations numbered from 1 to 5) are represented as possible viable ways that have been studied so far. The routes presented covered the main biorefinery processes: chemical, thermochemical and biochemical [61].

Reactor 1 refers to the use of BSG through a chemical or biochemical process called hydrolysis. This process uses an aqua medium using a catalyst, which can be chemical or enzymatic catalysis, aiming to rupture the lignocellulosic matrix that way the post-fermentation process could transform the fermentable sugars into bioethanol. Depending on the hydrolysis conditions and catalysis types this process can lead to the formation of other value-added compounds such as furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, important chemical platforms [62-64].

Reactors 2, 3, and 5 refer to the thermochemical process in different parameter conditions leading to different outcomes. Since BSG is generated from an edible source comprehending a final composition of 20% protein, such material nowadays is mostly directed to animal feed, that way on a large scale could be dried and milled to produce protein-rich flour (Reactor 3 requires temperatures from 60-100 °C). Reactor 2 refers to that type of thermochemical process in which atmosphere and temperature influence the production of three different phases: solid (carbon or biochar), liquid (bio-oil), and gas (syngas). Those processes are represented by pyrolysis (low oxygen condition; temperature 300-700 °C) and gasification (substoichiometric oxidized atmosphere; temperature 800-1200 °C), one focusing on the production of biochar and bio-oil and the other in syngas, respectively [23]. The solution adopted by agroindustries to recover energy uses its residues in direct combustion to produce heat and so on thermal energy (Reactor 5), besides low efficiency and the comparison that the other possibilities could generate more “noble” products, it is very common such system, in a more integrated plant, the energy recovered that way could be integrated not only to the beer production but also for other technologies.

Alaska Brewery protected the invention (US 2013 0055622A1) relating to the novel use of such a fuel product of spent grain as a primary fuel for a steam boiler which could be used in a brewing process. It provides a novel fuel product made from spent grain that is processed to change its composition and structure to sufficiently increase its combustibility to allow it to be used as a fuel product by air quality standards and other environmental regulations and laws. After removing the moisture content (80% to 10%), the dried waste is fed into a combustion chamber for a steam boiler that is used for beer brewing, and the spent grain is advanced downward through the combustion chamber with agitation to aid combustion.

Biochemical routes include, along with enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation process, the possibility of digestion systems, proposed with Reactor 4. In specific conditions (room temperature and moisture control) microorganism digestion can produce biogas (gas biofuel) and also a carbon-rich liquid (liquor) that can be redirected as fertilizer. This kind of technology could favor the agroindustry chain since barley cultivation is used to produce the malt grains that go into beer production [65].

BSG has been used as an inexpensive substrate for the fermentative production of enzymes (Reactor 4). Several studies demonstrated successful growth of both fungal (e.g., Pleurotus, Lentinus, Aspergillus, Agrocybe, Trametes, and Neurospora) and bacterial (e.g., Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces avermitilis) species on this substrate without the need of, in most cases, additional nutritional source. The production of various microbial extracellular enzymes, such as amylases, cellulases, xylanases, proteases, laccases, a feruloyl esterase, and a-L-arabinofuranosidase, using BSG as substrate [65].

Saba et al. (2019) showed the suitability of BSG as a substrate for earthworms in vermicomposting (Reactor 4). Following five months of bioconversion, vermicomposts containing BSG and cow manure (1:1) exhibited increased levels of total nitrogen and total humic substances and reduced total organic carbon content, indicating higher mineralization and stabilization.

Other conventional applications of BSG include pulp and paper production and as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewater or organic compounds from waste gases (Reactor 3) [66].

Alternative utilization of BSG, especially as a fermentation substrate, has gained momentum in recent years due to technological progress in its processing and the emergence of the circular economy concept. The application of BSG as a potential substrate in different biotechnological processes is feasible due to its nutrients, ready availability, and cost-effectiveness. It has been used as a substrate in the production of value-added products, including biofuels (bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas, biohydrogen, and bio lipids [for biodiesel]), organic acids (lactic acid and citric acid), enzymes (cellulases, xylanases, etc.), single cell protein, prebiotic oligosaccharides, xylitol, and others. In addition, it has been used as carrier matrices for microorganisms in biotechnological processes [65].

The key proposed by Cherubini (2010) is through the integration of green chemistry into biorefineries, and the use of low environmental impact technologies, future sustainable production chains of biofuels and high-value chemicals from biomass can be established. This bio-industry aims to be competitive in the market and lead to the progressive replacement of oil refinery products [67].

In this way, in Brazil, especially brewery industry, the possibilities arising from the development of biorefineries and the efficient use of biomass and agricultural/agro-industrial residues (straws, bagasse, sawdust, etc.) point to the bigger economic potential of these facilities for Brazil, the country which still has a great technological demand in the chemical and agro-industrial sectors, despite to occupy a prominent position in agribusiness and the production of biofuels. Add to this the fact that product diversification will positively impact the various production chains involved, reflecting benefits for society, in the generation of jobs and income, conquering foreign markets, reducing imports, etc. Therefore, new technological and economic frontiers have been opened for agribusiness and the other sectors involved. The country should prepare itself, investing in RD&I, to participate effectively in those opportunities that are in rapid development.

Open innovation models may be used to develop third-generation biorefineries focusing on organizational and institutional economics and economic optimization of alternative conversion technologies [68]. Brazil can develop innovative triple helix models of collaboration between research organizations, institutions, and private companies to anchor biorefinery complexes and expand the relationship between farmers and farmers organizations, cooperatives and professional bodies and related existing policies to promote alternative conversion technologies both within the biomass sector and between other resources (alternative energy production, petrochemical plants, etc.).

Celtic renewables is a Scottish company that has the mission to re-establish, at a global scale, the Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) fermentation process, utilizing local low-value materials to produce low-carbon, high-value, sustainable products. Since 2005, the company is innovating, enhancing, and optimizing patented technology in terms of science, engineering, and manufacturing excellence, to develop world-leading biorefineries in key locations that will grow local economies and shareholder value. Its commitment is to work with strategic partners to create an environmentally and socio-economically viable industry that displaces fossil fuel derivatives. In 2015, they scaled up the technology that produced ABE from the whisky bagasse, taking it from the original lab scale to a viable commercial pilot scale. They won several awards, and in 2017 they make history by powering the world´s first-ever car filled with biobutanol derived from local whisky production residues.

For the BSG a lot of possibilities can be applied based on the alternative routes shown. So, the biorefinery concept can easily be applied in the beverage industry, but some financial support is necessary to scale up the potential technologies.

Through technological mapping, it can be seen that the technological development of the sector is in its embryonic stage, and lacks of further technological developments, either by companies or research institutions. The number of articles published reveals that research institutions are playing their part and publishing in different sectors where this type of technology can be applied.

However, in Brazil, investment mechanisms like the Lei do Bem do not suffice for technology investment on BSG conversion and integration with chain supply and value routes. Applied and basic research from academia is needed in the development of new ecological biomass economics and enabling technological platforms, both for State and Industry segments. The triple helix model must be enhanced to facilitate the economic development of BSG conversion.

Also, breaking down the search results, using cluster analysis within the data from Figure 6, based on concepts associated with each patent, it is possible to demonstrate technical innovations related to BSG biomass. Table 4 shows patents related to materials and chemical compounds rather than fuel and animal feedstock.

This selection of inventions is intended to exemplify some of the technical innovations in the last five years regarding BSG biomass. JP2019017370 treats BSG by alkalizing it and acidifying the resulting BSG extract. It is possible to isolate β-glucan and oxidized derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids through a more economically viable route, rather than using specific microorganisms or enzymes. Material fabrication as EP3235870 uses BSG and polylactic acid to create biomass plastic granules and EP3235875 is a method to manufacture a bio-plastic composite containing BSG. CN113896778 is a preparation method for BSG modified protein for food, nutrition, materials, and biopharmaceutical fabrication. IN201711031489 consists of the BSG treatment with Micrococcus luteus for low-cost production of canthaxanthin and xanthophyll pigments.

The food industry has now diverse BSG-derived food supplies of protein and fiber. EP3500112 produces BSG-based protein powder with high digestibility. CN113912667 claims a process involving mechanical pretreatment, homogenization, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and acid precipitation of BSG protein with good emulsibility, foam characteristics, and oil retention properties. WO2021/023597 is a method for obtaining fiber-rich or protein-rich fractions from BSG. EP3750409 is a method for reducing BSG microorganisms such as Bacillus Cereus and Enterobacteriaceae for the food industry. WO2021/023597 is a method to stabilize, liberate and separate food-grade BSG fibers and protein. US20190254315 uses infrared radiation to reduce BSG moisture content for economical storage and transport.

5. Conclusions

Brewers’ spent grains (BSG) are known to be a very versatile lignocellulosic material. The biomass conversion routes already implemented and under development showed excellent alternative routes to propose new destinations for this abundant residue. The main outcome of BSG disposal in beer industries is its displacement as animal feeding. Advanced technology demonstrated the possibility to generate interesting bioproducts derived from BSG. Another important aspect that connects all of this system is the arising of new industrial management practices. In this context, the biorefinery concept showed up and can be applied in the beverage industry, but some R&D is necessary to scale up the potential technologies.

In this study, the patents found on the Brazilian patent database (from INPI), both under analysis or available for licensing already indicate possibilities for biorefinery models toward fuel and high-value low-volume products, favoring territorial biorefinery models and many chain supply possibilities with other than BSG substrates in the food industry. The appropriation of such models by the Brazilian brewing sector is possible due to technologies already available as shown by the technologies prospected by the patent forecasting. Moreover, industrial property protection for the development of new technical solutions is open, since not all routes discussed for BSG processing were found in the patent analyses. The exponential growth found in research in this field is strong enough to allow further industrial development.

According to Geum et al. one of the main challenges of roadmapping lie in the uncertainties of target technologies [47]. Through the technological roadmap study presented, the development of a brewing process connected with a sustainable biorefinery, aligned with a model of circular economy, is in its embryonic stage in Brazil and, in a correct proportion, around the world as well. There is a lack of further technological developments either by companies or research institutions. The number of articles published reveals that research institutions are playing their part and publishing in different sectors where this type of technology can be applied. However, there is a lack of investment for the technology to leave the universities and research institutes, testing environment, and actually, reach those who will benefit from the purpose for which it was created.

The “Lei do Bem” in Brazil is an alternative for large companies to be able to reduce tax rates and invest in new routes to take advantage of technologies. Brazil can develop innovative triple helix models of collaboration between research organizations, institutions, and private companies to anchor future sustainable biorefinery complexes.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.B.W.E. and G.F.G.; methodology, R.B.W.E. and G.F.G.; data curation, writing—original draft preparation, visualization, R.B.W.E., A.A.C., P.G.B.D.N and G.F.G.; writing—review and editing, R.B.W.E. and G.F.G.; supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, G.F.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research presented was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Brazilian Foundation for the Coordination and Improvement of Higher Level or Education Personnel (Capes) and the University of Brasília (UnB).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Nor applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Nor applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank IQ/UnB, DPI/ UnB, DPG/UnB and the Federal District Research Foundation (FAPDF – Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal Edital 3/2021) for the financial support (the post-doctoral project) that enabled the strengthening and collaboration between Brazilian and Portuguese research groups. In memory of a great scientist, prof. Dr. Mario Costa (IST-ULisboa), who received with enthusiasm the idea behind this project and made it real, providing all his expertise and the experimental conditions to develop it. May he rest in peace.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. A number of Registered Beer Companies and the Volume of produced beer in Brazil per year. Adapted from references [4] and [5].

Figure 2. Monitoring over time (2001-2021) publications related to brewers’ spent grains research.

Figure 3. Scientific production by country related to brewers’ spent grain research. (Web of Science, 2022).

Figure 4. Scientific production by the top 15 universities related to brewers’ spent grain research (Web of Science, 2022).

Figure 5. Comparison between patent filings and scientific articles published by year (Web of Science and Orbit Intelligence).

Figure 6. Technological domain with patent families from the research with brewers’ spent grains (BSG).

Figure 7. Distribution of patent families according to IPC classification.

Figure 8. Diagram of the brewing process connected to the biorefinery system induct to present the different possibilities for brewers’ spent grain (BSG) conversion. (*Catalyst: enzymatic or chemical (homogeneous or heterogeneous)).

Table 1. Brewers’ spent grains (BSG) applications by scientific literature.

Application	TRL^a	References ^b
Animal feed	9	[18,10]
Syngas production by gasification	6-7	[21,22,23]
Pyrolysis	7-8	[24,25,26]
Bioethanol, Biobuthanol	6-7	[27,28,29]
Enzymes production, Enzymatic hydrolysis	5-6	[30,31,32,33]
Cellulose and derivatives	5-6	[34,35]
Carbonaceous materials – absorptive properties	5-6	[36,37,38]
Polimeric materials	2-3	[39,40,41]

^a Proposed by the authors based on references 42 to 44. ^b Reformulated based on [15].

Table 2. Keyword combinations used and result obtained for research articles and patents.

Research	Keyword	Boolean operator	Keyword	Boolean operator	Keyword	Research Articles - Web of Science	Patents - Orbit^a
1	spent	AND	grain*	AND	brew*	1089	143
2	spent	AND	grain*	AND	beer	217	82
3	bagasse	AND	malt	-	-	58	46
4	bagasse	AND	malt	AND	brew*	21	10
5	bagasse	AND	malt	AND	beer	6	10
6	brew*	AND	residue*	AND	malt	94	60
7	brew*	AND	residue*	AND	bagasse	40	25
Combination	1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7					1236	295

^aThe patents addressed to the inventor “Oleg Ivanovich Kvasenkov” were removed from the patent research since they are not related to the scope of this study.

Table 3. Technological forecasting results by INPI database.

Code	Title^a	Application date (d/m/y)	Status
PI 9302590-4	Process for obtaining briquettes or pelleted barley bagasse and product obtained by the process	30/07/1993	Revoked
PI 9700063-9	Malt bagasse industrialization process	02/01/1997	Revoked
PI 0000814-1	The improved drying process for malt bagasse, and hydrolyzed malt bagasse and pelleted thus obtained	09/03/200 0	Revoked
PI 0005374-0	Process for obtaining pelleted product	13/11/2000	Granted in 26/01/2016
PI 0104799-0	Processing of residues extracted from the production of beer for human feeding, resulting in product and industrial food application	08/08/2001	Archived
C1 0000814-1	Improved malt bagasse drying process	24/10/2001	Revoked
PI 0204191-0	Installation and process for composting production to animals from brewery waste	09/10/2002	Archived
PI 0804169-5	Process for obtaining activated carbon and their uses	26/09/2008	Revoked / Under recourse analysis
PI 1101711-2	Process ethyl hexanoate production by biotechnological route using synthetic medium and agro-industrial residues and their use	25/04/2011	Grated in 11/03/2014 – Green Patent
BR 10 2013 031848 5	Production of microbial dextranase by solid-state fermentation using malt bagasse as a substrate and/or support	11/12/2013	Archived
BR 10 2018 073305 2	Hydrolysis of cassava peel and husk using amylolytic enzymes produced by the fungus	12/11/2018	Published / Pending analysis
BR 10 2018 076458 6	Process of transformation of organic waste from the aquaculture industry by insects	19/12/2018	Archived

^a The patent titles were translated by the authors; they originally are registered in Portuguese.

Table 4. Selected patents from the cluster analysis (concept terms: spent grain powder, spent grain protein, brewers’ spent grain; patent status: live or in analysis), from 2016 to 2021.

Patent Title	Patent Number
Functional spent grain protein and extraction method thereof	CN113912667
Method for producing a composition comprising β-glucan and an oxidized derivative of unsaturated fatty acid from brewer’s grain	JP2019017370
Bio-plastic composite containing brewer’s spent grains and a method for making the same	EP3235875
Brewer’s spent-grain based protein powder	EP3500112
Composition consisting of brewer’s spent grains and polylactic acid and a method for making the same	EP3235870
Methods and apparatus for producing protein and fiber concentrates from spent grain	WO2021/023597
Modified spent grain protein and preparation method and application thereof	CN113896778
A method for reducing an amount of microorganisms in brewers’ spent grains	EP3750409
Method of reducing moisture in brewers’ spent grain	US20190254315
Low-cost production of canthaxanthin and xanthophyll pigments using micrococcus luteus and brewer’s spent grain	IN201711031489
Methods and apparatus for producing protein and fiber concentrates from spent grain	WO2021/023597

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