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10-Port MIMO Inverted-F Antenna for LTE Bands 42/43/48/49 Bands Smartphone Applications

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28 August 2023

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29 August 2023

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Abstract
This paper presents a design and performance analysis of a 10-element 5G massive MIMO antenna array for sub-6GHz mobile handsets, specifically for LTE bands 42 (3400-3600 MHz), 43 (3600-3800 MHz), 48/49 (3550-3700 MHz) applications. The proposed antenna array consists of 10 closely spaced linearly polarized inverted-F antennas with a compact size of 20 × 9 mm2 of a single element. The proposed antenna array provides high gain, high efficiency, and low correlation between the antenna elements, which results in improved channel capacity, increased data rate, and enhanced signal quality. The performance of the antenna array is evaluated in terms of the radiation pattern, gain, efficiency, and correlation coefficient. The simulation and measured results show that the proposed antenna array achieves an approximate peak gain of 3.1 dBi at the resonance frequency, a total efficiency of 65 %, and a low correlation coefficient of 0.06 between the antenna elements. Therefore, the proposed 5G massive MIMO antenna array is a promising candidate for sub-6 GHz mobile handsets, particularly for LTE bands 42/43/48/49 applications.
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Subject: Engineering  -   Telecommunications

1. Introduction

The demand for faster data speeds, lower latency, and better coverage has increased as a result of the quick development of mobile communication services. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays are projected to be used in fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks to meet these requirements because they can considerably boost the system’s capacity and spectral efficiency. Massive MIMO antenna arrays are difficult to integrate into mobile phones due to space constraints, and intricate antenna design. Small, multi-standard compliant antenna systems that support a wide range of wireless protocols would be very useful for future portable gadgets. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) aerial technology has become essential for the development of portable devices because of its ability to increase data throughput without increasing the power and bandwidth [1].
Due to their success without requiring more power or better spectrum efficiency, MIMO LONG-TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) systems have attracted a lot of attention. In a situation with severe fading, a multiple antenna system can often be used in MIMO mode or diversity mode [2]. There is currently a need for antennas with a wider bandwidth compact MIMO aerial with excellent isolation for 5G applications as a direct result of the development of new technologies and applications [3]. The next generation of high-bit-rate wireless communications will benefit from MIMO RF systems reduced multipath fading and increased channel capacity. Although important for the tiny size of today’s mobile designs, the physical structure must also effectively utilize the available space for these future ideas [4]. Due to the limited space allotted for smartphone antennas, it is technically difficult to construct a massive MIMO antenna system with less return loss or coupling [5].
In the latest research, many decoupling methods have been presented to enhance isolation for the MIMO system, including, parasitic element [6], the neutralization line (NL) method [7], etching slot technique [8], decoupling of ground branch technique [9,10] structures of metamaterial [11], and decoupling networks [12]. Several strategies have been proposed by researchers to limit mutual coupling between the radiators, including the use of a defective ground plane [13], structures with electromagnetic bandgap [14], and a perpendicular feeding network [15]. In order to achieve effective isolation, parasitic F-shaped stubs were utilized in [16] between the radiating patches. For the minimization of mutual coupling, a two-element MIMO aerial was equipped with an electric-LC resonator [17]. For improved isolation between the MIMO antennas, a stub followed by rectangular gaps in the ground plane was used in the design of the antenna [18]. In [19], a dual-band 8 × 8 antenna array is designed, in which a decoupling stub is used to reduce mutual coupling. To acquire enhanced isolation balanced antenna elements are used [20].
MIMO technology is used by LTE to increase the effectiveness of radio spectrum usage, and it is anticipated to be a crucial component of LTE networks [21]. MIMO systems were originally used in a common mobile phone network called HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access). Shortly later, this technology was first employed as the foundation for the LTE standard [22]. The 3400-3800 MHz band, which unites LTE bands 42 (3400-3600 MHz) and 43 (3600-3800 MHz), has received recognition from many countries as a pioneer in the development of 5G massive MIMO. A decision by the European Union (EU) to prioritize the development of the 3400-3800 MHz spectrum is one example [23]. China is looking into using the sub-6GHz and 3400-3600 MHz bands for 5G [24], and Korea’s decision to conduct their exploratory research in the 3400–3700 MHz band [25]. The next 5G multiband communication will require more than LTE bands 42 and 43.
The F-shaped MIMO antenna not only meets mutual coupling requirements but also those for lower size and operating frequency range in addition to WiMAX applications [26]. A planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with an inverted-T-shaped open-slot is introduced. The proposed PIFA operates with a wide bandwidth of 78% due to the multimode technology [27]. A defected ground structure-based F-shaped patch antenna with LC analytical modelling is presented in this work. The proposed DGS antenna is working between 3.4-3.6 GHz over -10 dB impedance bandwidth in [28]. A new design of MIMO antenna array for fifth generation (5G) mobile handsets is proposed. The configuration of the design consists of eight planar-inverted F antenna (PIFA) elements located at different corners of the smartphone printed circuit board (PCB) [29]. The proposed inverted-F Antenna is compared in Table 1, which shows that the proposed antenna has high gain from the table and also high bandwidth from those whose resonance is 3.5 GHz which shows the novelty of proposed design.
Taking into consideration the previous analysis of the problems of MIMO antenna structures in 5G, a MIMO antenna array is presented for the upcoming 5G mobile handset applications. The proposed antenna array functions in the sub-6 GHz’s 5G bands. The design of the article is arranged as follows. Section 2 clears the structure of the designed MIMO antenna array. In Section 3, the simulated results are explained and compared with measurement setup of the proposed MIMO antenna array such as antenna efficiency, radiation pattern, ECC, and S-parameter are described in detail. Section 4 brings the article to a conclusion.

2. Methodology

The front view of a single element in a ten-port massive MIMO antenna is shown in Figure 1, along with its complete detailed dimensions. The compact size of each array element is 20 × 9 m m 2 at 3.6 GHz, printed symmetrically on the long side of "Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm)". The thickness of the substrate is 0.79 m m , its dielectric constant ( ϵ r ) is 2.2, and the loss tangent ( t a n δ ) is 0.0009. The main PCB has dimensions of 150 × 70 × 0.79 m m 3 . The 50 Ω microstrip-line feeds are printed on the main PCB to excite the inverted-F radiator. On the back side of the substrate, two types of slots were applied, the one is ground cut with length = 10 m m to achieve a wideband (to cover LTE 42 and LTE 43), and the isolation cut with a length of 8 m m is imprinted to achieve better isolation. Additionally, in Figure 1 and Figure 2 the detailed dimensions of the 10 × 10 massive MIMO antenna are clearly mentioned inside the view. The simulation tool used for the simulation of a proposed massive MIMO antenna design was CST Microwave Studio.
The dimensions pw 1 , pw 2 , pw 3 , pl 1 , pl 2 , pl 3 , pl 4 , and p l 5 represent the widths and lengths of patch stubs in an inverted-F antenna. And, fl, fw are the length and width of the 50 Ω feedline. The dimensions gcw 1 , gcw 2 , gcl 1 , and gcl 2 show the width and length of ground slots, whereas gap 1 and gap 2 are the separations between ground slots. A gap 3 is the distance of the topmost slot from the upper corner and gap 4 is the distance of the bottom slot from the lower corner. For better understanding, maintaining the minimum distances between each antenna will offer the most elements that’s why such acceptable isolation is obtained of the 10 × 10 MIMO antenna. All parameters and dimensions of a planar inverted F-shaped antenna are mentioned herein from Figure 1 and Figure 2 in Table 2.
Figure 1 showed the magnified view of the Ant1. The F-shaped monopole element is kept farther apart so that the gap (g) between two F-shaped elements i.e., from the bottom of the inverted F-shaped to the top of it, is maintained as g = 22 m m . fl = 16.5 m m and fw = 2.43 m m are the length and width of the microstrip-line feed respectively which is printed on the main system PCB. The lowest horizontal arm of the inverted F-shaped monopole antenna has a gap pl 2 = 1.785 m m with the feedline. The fabricated prototype is presented in Figure 3.

3. Results and Discussions

Figure 3 shows the back and front view of the prototype, as well as the proposed 10-element 5G MIMO antenna, which has been constructed and tested. All 10-element antenna feeding points are directly coupled through the ground plane to the 50 Ω SMA connectors. The next subsections detailed the measured and simulated results as well as the performance matrices of the proposed 5G MIMO antenna.

3.1. S-PARAMETERS

Figure 4 shows the measurement of s-parameters of the proposed Ant1. The graph shows that the proposed Ant1’s reflection coefficient is better than -6 dB (VSWR 3:1). The simulated and measured results of Ant1 have shown desirable fractional bandwidths of 19.97% (3380 - 4130 MHz) which covers the LTE bands, such as LTE 42, LTE 43 and LTE 48/49 respectively. It is supposed to discuss the simulated and measured results of the first five antennas that are on the right side as mentioned in Figure 3, except the ECC and radiation pattern.
The simulated results of the designed MIMO antenna array from antenna 1 to antenna 5 as in the sequence of Figure 3 are depicted in Figure 5. From Figure 5, the simulated reflection coefficients are shifted to a higher frequency of around 100 MHz. According to analysis, the reflection coefficient is significantly better than -6 dB for all operational bands (3:1 VSWR, voltage standing wave ratio) and covers LTE bands 42, 43, and 48/49, respectively. Throughout the entire investigation, there was a significant correlation found in the simulation setup. The suggested antenna has demonstrated desirable measured -6 dB impedance bandwidths of 750 MHz. It can be demonstrated that the magnitude of isolation has a value of less than -10.03 dB throughout all the working bands of various antenna pairs. Figure 6 illustrates the simulated coupling isolation between different antennas of a designed prototype, which is much lower than -10.03 dB, which is a good consideration. This demonstrates that our suggested design’s coupling isolation between the antennas is better to demonstrate for future applications.

3.2. Diversity Gain and Envelop Correlation Coefficient

Investigating the diversity and multiplexing performances is crucial since, in addition to reflection, isolation, and radiation performances, diversity and multiplexing applications are the principal uses for the MIMO antenna. This section investigates the envelope correlation coefficients (ECCs) of various antenna pairs to assess and validate the diversity performance of the proposed MIMO antenna array [30]. The precise algorithm used to calculate the ECC has been made clear in [31]. Figure 7 demonstrates the proposed MIMO antenna’s simulated diversity gain.
Figure 8 shows the simulated ECC of the proposed antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna’s ECC was determined using the data from the S-parameters. It can be seen in Figure 8 that the calculated ECC values in LTE bands 42, 43, and 48/49 were less than 0.19, which is significantly better than the required ECC value of less than 0.25. The proposed MIMO antenna array has desirable diversity capabilities since lower ECC values will result in higher diversity gain.

3.3. Gain of an Antenna and Current Distribution

Figure 9 shows the simulated and measured gain of a single element of the proposed 5G MIMO antenna array. The minimum and maximum simulated gain of the proposed 5G MIMO antenna is 1.8 dBi and 5.09 dBi which covers the necessary LTE bands 42, 43, and 48/49 bands, respectively. However, the maximum and minimum values of measured gain 4.8 dBi and 1.9 dBi are suitable for the suggested design and cover the necessary bands.
Figure 10 shows the current distribution of a proposed antenna, there is a maximum charge density due to the slot in the ground which is a necessary part to achieve the desired frequency band for LTE 42, 43, and 48/49.

3.4. Radiation Pattern, Measurement Setup, and Comparison Table

The radiation pattern is the performance matric of an antenna that shows the power distribution in a 3D pattern. There are 10 antennas on a proposed PCB prototype with a similar shape but have a different pattern of each antenna, it is due to the current distribution effect of the adjacent antenna. Figure 11 (a) to (e), shows the e and h plane cuts off the 3D pattern of the first 5 antennas on the right side from Figure 3 in simulated and measured scenarios. Similarly, Figure 11 (f) to (j), shows the e and h plane cuts off the 3D pattern of the other 5 antennas on the left side from Figure 3 in both simulated and measured scenarios. Figure 11 shows that there is approximately no difference in the h plane, but the e plane is inverted of opposite antennas.
Figure 12 is taken from the anechoic chamber while measuring the antenna gain and radiation pattern, the antenna is mounted on the turn table to move the antenna at 360-degree elevation and 180-degree azimuth, and the wide-band horn antenna is used as a receiver. the proposed 10 port massive MIMO antenna array is compared with some renowned articles in Table 3. The fractional bandwidth is 19.9%, the ECC is 0.19 that’s quite better to show good isolation.

4. Conclusion

The main target of this article is to design a 5G massive MIMO antenna array that can provide a high gain, high efficiency, and a minimum coefficient of correlation joining the antenna section. The suggested antenna array is anticipated to raise data rates, increase channel capacity, and improve signal quality in order to fulfill the needs of 5G wireless networks. The radiation pattern, gain, efficiency, and correlation coefficient are used to assess how well the planned antenna array performs. According to the simulation results, the suggested antenna array has a low correlation coefficient between the antenna elements, a peak diversity gain of 9.5 dBi, and a total efficiency of 67 %. In conclusion, the suggested 10-element 5G massive MIMO antenna array is a potential option for mobile devices operating below 6 GHz, especially for LTE bands 42/43/48/49 applications. The system capacity and spectral efficiency of 5G wireless networks can both be greatly increased by the suggested antenna array. The proposed prototype is compared with some MIMO antennas for smartphones literature in Table 2.

References

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Figure 1. (a) Dimensions and geometry of front view of the proposed MIMO antenna design (b) dimensions of top layer.
Figure 1. (a) Dimensions and geometry of front view of the proposed MIMO antenna design (b) dimensions of top layer.
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Figure 2. (a) Dimensions and geometry of back view of the proposed MIMO antenna configuration (b) dimensions of bottom layer.
Figure 2. (a) Dimensions and geometry of back view of the proposed MIMO antenna configuration (b) dimensions of bottom layer.
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Figure 3. Fabricated prototype (a) Back view (b) Front view.
Figure 3. Fabricated prototype (a) Back view (b) Front view.
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Figure 4. Measured reflection coefficient S 1 , 1 of antenna 1.
Figure 4. Measured reflection coefficient S 1 , 1 of antenna 1.
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Figure 5. Simulated reflection coefficients of Ant 1 to Ant 5.
Figure 5. Simulated reflection coefficients of Ant 1 to Ant 5.
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Figure 6. Simulated transmission coefficients (coupling) between different antenna pairs.
Figure 6. Simulated transmission coefficients (coupling) between different antenna pairs.
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Figure 7. Simulated Diversity Gain of proposed antenna.
Figure 7. Simulated Diversity Gain of proposed antenna.
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Figure 8. Calculated values for the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) based on simulated s-parameters in the LTE bands 42, 43, and 48/49.
Figure 8. Calculated values for the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) based on simulated s-parameters in the LTE bands 42, 43, and 48/49.
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Figure 9. Simulated and Measured Gain of a Single Element.
Figure 9. Simulated and Measured Gain of a Single Element.
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Figure 10. Current distribution of a proposed antenna at resonance.
Figure 10. Current distribution of a proposed antenna at resonance.
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Figure 11. Measured and simulated radiation pattern of 10 port MIMO antenna array.
Figure 11. Measured and simulated radiation pattern of 10 port MIMO antenna array.
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Figure 12. Measurement Setup of a Proposed Antenna.
Figure 12. Measurement Setup of a Proposed Antenna.
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Table 1. Comparison of a single Inverted F-shaped Antennas in MIMO.
Table 1. Comparison of a single Inverted F-shaped Antennas in MIMO.
Ref. No. Dimension ( m m 2 ) Resonance Freq. (GHz) Bandwidth (MHz) Gain (dBi)
[26] 31×28 3.5 1350 4.5
[27] 15×6.2 4.5 2000 not mentioned
[28] 19.3×6.2 3.5 250 not mentioned
[29] 26×12 3.55 600 not mentioned
Proposed 20×9 3.6 700 5.1
Table 2. Parameters of a Proposed Antenna.
Table 2. Parameters of a Proposed Antenna.
Parameter Value ( m m ) Parameter Value ( m m ) Parameter Value ( m m )
S l 150 S w 70 gap 22
fl 16.5 fw 2.43 p w 1 3.5
p w 2 7 p w 3 5 p l 1 9
p l 2 1.785 p l 3 1 p l 4 1
p l 5 1 gap1 12.8 gap2 15
gap3 9.15 gap4 15.15 gcw1 9.99
gcw2 8 gcl1 1.5 g c l 2 1.7
Table 3. Performance comparison of various state-of-the-art 5G antennas.
Table 3. Performance comparison of various state-of-the-art 5G antennas.
Reference Bandwidth (GHz) Isolation (-dB) ECC Total Efficiency (%) Radiator size in ( λ 3 ) Impedance Bandwidth (%) Peak Channel Capacity ( b p s / H z )
[Proposed] 3.4-3.6, 3.6-3.8 (-6dB) >10 <0.19 >67 0.17 × 0.05 × 0.01 19.9 45 (10 × 10)
[32] 3.4-3.6, 5.15-5.92 (-6dB) >12 <0.1 >50 0.17 × 0.05 × 0.01 19.71 38.8 (8 × 8)
[33] 3.4-3.6, 4.8-5.1 (-6dB) >12 <0.1 40-85 0.17 × 0.03 × 0.01 11.77 38.5 (8 × 8)
[34] 2.49-2.69, 3.4-3.8 (-6dB) >10.5 <0.2 44-66 0.02 × 0.17 × 0.01 18.59 38.3 (8 × 8)
[35] 3.35-3.82, 4.79-6.2 (-6dB) >10.5 <0.12 >43 0.17 × 0.03 × 0.01 41.77 37.6 (8 × 8)
[36] 3.4-3.8, 5.15-5.92 (-6dB) >12 <0.15 41-79 0.13 × 0.04 × 0.01 25.11 29.5 (6 × 6)
[37] 3.4-3.6, 3.6-3.8 (-10dB) >20 <0.01 >87 0.11 × 0.04 × 0.02 11.11 81 (18 × 18)
[38] 3.4-3.6, 4.8-5 (-10dB) >16.5 <0.01 82-85 0.16 × 0.07 × 0.01 9.79 Not Mentioned (4 × 4)
[39] 3.3-3.8, 4.8-5, 5.15-5.35, 5.72-5.85 (-10dB) >15 <0.02 >70 0.16 × 0.07 × 0.01 24.02 Not Mentioned (4 × 4)
[40] 3.1-3.85, 4.8-6 (-10dB) >17 <0.06 65-71 0.20 × 0.05 × 0.01 36.17 39 (8 × 8)
[41] 3.3-4.2, 4.8-5.0 (-6dB) >10 <0.12 53.8-79.1 0.21 × 0.07 × 0.01 28.10 39.5 (8 × 8)
[42] 2-2.4, 5.8-6.1 (-6dB) >48 <0.12 70-84 0.24 × 0.108 × 0.001 15.38 39.5 (12 × 12)
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