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Comprehensive Evaluation and Breeding Practice of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) With Dual Ornamental and Food Phenotypes

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13 June 2023

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21 June 2023

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Abstract
Cross-field innovation in faba bean breeding has added significant value to the traditional faba bean planting industry by allowing for the selection of faba bean varieties with a dual purpose as ornaments and food. In order to improve the selection efficiency, we determined 17 phenotypes related to ‘dual purpose’ faba beans and evaluated 37 new breeding lines, which were bred for 10 years by our team, and two traditional faba bean varieties by means of an Analytic Hierarchy Process. The lines and varieties were evaluated and sorted into five grades, from which two breeding lines with excellent comprehensive phenotypes and dual ornamental and food functions were selected. The new line GS5 passed the identification of Crop Identification Committee of Chongqing Seed Industry Association on November 25, 2021 and was renamed "Doumei 1 hao" with the identification number of " 202111". The results confirmed that the comprehensive evaluation system constructed in this study can be used for the effective selection of dual-purpose faba bean lines, providing an empirical approach for strategic decision-making by breeders.
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Subject: Biology and Life Sciences  -   Agricultural Science and Agronomy

1. Introduction

At present, the cultivation area of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in China is about 13 million mus, with an annual output of about 1.8 million tons, of which approximately 10 million mus are used to produce fresh food products with an output of about 6 million tons [1] . Traditionally, faba beans have been classified into four types (food, vegetable, forage, and green manure) according to their functions [2]. Faba beans bloom in large quantities and are fragrant [3]. The flowers of faba beans are usually purple, white, or white with stripes, though rare flower colors such as red, pink, brown, and black also exist [4], which have potential ornamental value. However, few researchers have studied the ornamental function of faba beans [5] primarily because faba bean germplasms with rare flower colors are a scarce resource, and few breeders and breeding institutions in China have preserved such germplasms to develop breeding programs. Furthermore, the known faba bean germplasms with rare flower colors have low productivity, low stress resistance, and poor adaptability, and breeders have thus rarely used these germplasms in their breeding programs even when they have been available. Interestingly, the conventional faba bean varieties cultivated across the world all have infinite inflorescences whereby the flowers are hidden under the leaves, and so the overall ornamental value is unsatisfactory even if the flowers are charming. In addition, the natural outcrossing rate of faba beans exceeds 30% [6,7], further adding to the difficulty in improving faba bean varieties [8]. For these reasons, breeders have rarely focused their efforts on breeding faba bean for ornamental purposes. The availability of faba bean germplasms with finite inflorescences is crucial to the breeding of ornamental faba bean varieties. A germplasm with a finite inflorescence was originally a mutant obtained by the Swedish scientist from the local variety ‘Primus’ following γ-ray treatment [9]. Breeders believe that this type of faba bean has various advantages such as a short stalk, high harvest index, and concentrated pod setting, which are conducive to mechanized harvesting [10]. In addition, we observed that in faba bean with finite inflorescences, most of the flowers were on top of the plants and were largely visible. If rare flower color genes can be expressed in faba beans with finite inflorescences, it could be possible to breed new varieties with high yield and ornamental value. The utilization of dual-purpose varieties may have landscaping value and promote the transformation of traditional faba bean cultivation into a multifunctional industry [11].
We introduced the finite inflorescence of the faba bean germplasm ‘9913-2-1-2′ to the pink flower germplasm ‘6834-5-6′ from Qinghai University and the red flower germplasm ‘Crimson’ from Monks Farm in Colchester, Essex, England. In March 2010, in the Yongchuan District of Chongqing City, 9913-2-1-2 was used as the female parent and crossed with Crimson and 6834-5-6, and the F1 hybrid was obtained. In July 2010, in Xining City, Qinghai Province, the high-yield and chocolate spot disease-resistant faba bean germplasm ‘Su 03021′ and the ‘Yundou 147′ mutant were used as the female parents to cross with those F1 plants. After 10 years of selection across multiple generations in Chongqing (sown in autumn) and Aba, Sichuan (sown in spring), a total of 37 lines were cultivated across 674 rows of plants. A total of 1782 individual plants were selected that possessed ornamental value and that were able to complete normal growth and developmental cycles in the high altitude and cold areas in Sichuan and warm winter areas in Chongqing. However, selection was made difficult due to the large number of offspring generated. Determining a method for effectively evaluating the phenotypes of faba beans for dual purpose was thus necessary. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a systematic and hierarchical analysis method for studying multi-factor issues [12]. It combines quantitative and qualitative means to objectively and effectively reflect the effects of various factors and is widely used in the evaluation of the ornamental function of plants [13,14].
In this study, 37 new dual-purpose lines and two traditional varieties were used in the analysis. Fourteen ornamental phenotypes relating to inflorescence type, chocolate spot disease resistance, vexillum color, wing petal color, vexillum size, number of floral nodes, number of flowers at the top of the plants, length of the flower branches, number of branches on a stem, number of branches on the stem base, leaflet size, number of leaflets, plant height, and crown diameter, and three food-related phenotypes, including the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and 100-seed weight, were used to construct a comprehensive evaluation system to provide a scientific basis for the selection and breeding of new dual-purpose varieties.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant materials

Thirty-seven new faba bean breeding lines (GS1–GS37) with ornamental value were jointly bred by the Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Qinghai University and used in this study. The traditional varieties ‘Cheng hu 10′ (CK1) and ‘Yu can 1′ (CK2) were used as controls.

2.2. Experimental design

The experiment adopted a random block design with three repetitions. The area of each plot was 10 m2. At the end of October 2020, seeds were sown in rows with 50 cm spacing between rows and 10 cm spacing between plants in a row. The ornamental phenotypes were investigated in the field at the full bloom stage. At the ripening stage, 10 plants from each plot were randomly selected for indoor determination of the food-related phenotypes.

2.3. Selection of phenotypes

The descriptions, specifications, and data standards for faba bean germplasm resources [15] and the observation standards for ornamental plants [16,17] were used as references. After market investigation and consultation with experts, 17 phenotypes were ultimately selected for evaluating the breeding lines and varieties, which included inflorescence type, chocolate spot disease resistance, vexillum color, wing petal color, vexillum size, number of floral nodes, number of flowers at the top of plants, length of the floral branch, number of branches on the stem, number of branches on the stem base, leaflet size, number of leaflets, plant height, crown diameter, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and 100-grain weight.

2.4. Observation standards and methods

Inflorescence type: the flowering habit of the plants was investigated at the full bloom stage. Finite type was recorded as P1-1, and infinite type was recorded as P1-2 (Figure 1).
Resistance to chocolate spot disease: the resistance of the plants was investigated at the full bloom stage, and the resistance levels were recorded as high resistance (HR), resistance (R), medium resistance (MR), susceptibility (S), and high susceptibility (HS).
Vexillum color: at the full bloom stage, newly opened flowers were observed, and the vexillum colors were recorded as red (P3-1), pink (P3-2), light pink (P3-3), purple (P3-4), and others (P3-5), including white (P3-5-1), white with stripes (P3-5-2), brown (P3-5-3), and black (P3-5-4) (Figure 2).
Wing petal color: at the full bloom stage, newly opened flowers were observed, and the wing petal colors were recorded as red (P4-1), pink (P4-2), pink-brown (P4-3), light pink (P4-4), and others (P4-5), including white (P4-5-1), spots (P4-5-2), brown (P4-5-3), and black (P4-5-4) (Figure 3).
Vexillum size: at the full bloom stage, the product (cm2) of the length and width of the vexilla of the opening flowers was measured and calculated (Figure 4).
Number of floral nodes: at the full bloom stage, the number of floral nodes with opening flowers on the highest stems or branches was counted.
Number of flowers at the top of plants: at the full bloom stage, the number of flowers between the top of the highest stems or branches and the leaf at the highest node was counted.
Length of the floral branches: at the full bloom stage, the length (cm) from top to the lowest floral node of the highest stems or branches was measured.
Number of branches on the stems: at the full bloom stage, the number of branches on the highest stems or branches was counted.
Number of branches at the stem base: at the full bloom stage, the number of branches at the stem base was counted.
Leaflet size: at the full bloom stage, the product (cm2) of the length and width of the leaflet of the compound leaf at the first node from the top of the highest stems or branches was measured and calculated (Figure 5).
Number of leaflets: at the full bloom stage, the number of leaflets on the first node at the top of the highest stems or branches was counted.
Plant height: at the full bloom stage, the length (cm) from the cotyledon node to the growth point at the top of the highest stems or branches of the plants was measured.
Crown diameter: at the full bloom stage, the diameter (cm) of the canopy of the plants was measured.
Number of pods per plant: at the ripening stage, the number of pods per plant was counted.
Number of seeds per pod: at the ripening stage, the number of mature seeds per pod was counted.
The 100-seed weight: the weight (g) of 100 mature and dry seeds was determined.

2.5. Statistics and evaluation

Based on the previous comprehensive evaluation system constructed for ornamental plants [18,19] and the opinion of experts, the ornamental and food-related phenotypes of faba beans were classified into four constrained layers, including overall sensory evaluation (C1), floral phenotype (C2), floral branch phenotype (C3), and food phenotype (C4) (Table 1). According to the relationship between the evaluation factors, a comprehensive evaluation hierarchy structure for faba bean lines was constructed (Table 1), including the target layer (T), constraint layer (C), and standard layer (P). SPSSAU software was used in organizing the phenotypic data, computing statistics, calculating the weight value of each evaluation factor according to the method reported by Deng et al. [20], constructing a comprehensive evaluation system for dual-purpose faba bean lines by means of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, and ranking the lines.
According to the degree of contribution of each evaluation factor to the performance of dual-purpose faba bean lines, the 1–9 ratio scale[21] was used to compare the importance of any two evaluation indexes, and T-C and C-P matrices were constructed (Table 2). The consistency test showed that the CR values of the random consistency ratio were all less than 0.1, indicating that the constructed judgment matrix met the mathematical theoretical requirements, the relationship between the evaluation factors was reasonable, and the consistency was satisfactory.

3. Results

3.1. Scoring standards

Based on the phenotypic data collected during the period between 2009 and 2021 from various faba bean genetic populations created by the Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Qinghai University, the observed phenotypic data in our study, and the opinions of experts, we set up scoring standards (Table 3) for evaluating the performance of dual-purpose varieties, which was used as the basis for converting the phenotypic data of each line (Table 4) (Table 5).

3.2. Weight of the evaluation factors

According to the judgment matrix and consistency test (Table 2), the final weight of each factor (Pi) to the total target layer (T) was calculated (Table 6). The result showed that the type of inflorescence (the weight was 16.41%) had the greatest effect on the performance of the dual-purpose faba beans, followed by chocolate spot disease resistance (12.79%), vexilla color (11.63%), wing petal color (9.08%), number of flowers at the top of the plants (6.49%), vexilla size (6.45%), length of the floral branch (5.37%), plant height (4.74%), crown diameter (1.19%), number of pods per plant (3.65%), number of seeds per pod (4.16%), and 100-seed weight (4.70%), of which inflorescence type, chocolate spot disease resistance, vexilla color, and wing petal color accounted for 49.91% of the total weight value, indicating that these four phenotypes were crucial for the selection of dual-purpose faba beans.

3.3. Comprehensive evaluation of dual-purpose faba bean lines

The product of each phenotypic score of each line (Table 5) and their weight to the target layer (Table 6) were added together to obtain the comprehensive score of each line (Table 7). Breeding lines with scores <4, 4–4.999, 5–5.999, 6–6.999, and ≥7 were ranked as 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 grades, respectively. None of the lines reached grade 9. Two lines were excellent (grade 7), accounting for 5.13% of the evaluated materials, and had finite inflorescences, high resistance to chocolate spot disease, and dual functions as ornaments and food, and were expected to become new varieties. GS5, one of the two lines scored as grade 7, obtained the highest score and showed very high ornamental performance (Figure 6) compared with the traditional varieties. It attracted most of the attention of the visitors. Fourteen lines were good (grade 5), accounting for 35.90% of the materials. They had finite inflorescences, and in terms of chocolate spot disease resistance, flower phenotypes, floral branch phenotypes, and food related phenotypes of the lines, they each had at least one phenotype with a low score. Seventeen lines were of medium grade (grade 3), accounting for 43.59% of the materials. Among the overall sensory evaluation, floral phenotypes, floral branch phenotypes, and food-related phenotypes of the lines, at least two phenotypes showed low scores. Four lines were poor (grade 1), accounting for 10.26% of the evaluated materials. They had infinite inflorescences, and at least two phenotypic traits among chocolate spot disease resistance, floral phenotype, floral branch phenotype, and food-related phenotypes were scored low. Both of the traditional faba bean varieties ‘Cheng hu 10′ (CK1) and ‘Yu can 1′ (CK2) were ranked grade 1, which confirmed that the traditional varieties had almost no ornamental function.

3.4. Breeding practice

On November 25, 2021, GS5 passed the identification of crop Identification Committee of Chongqing Seed Industry Association and was renamed “Doumei 1 hao” with the identification number of “202111”. The field test results showed that this variety is both ornamental and seed value. The growth stages was about 180d, the plant height was 74.5cm, and each plant had 4.3 branches. The flower color is pink, bright, definite inflorescence, the flowering period is about 40d, has high ornamental value; the middle and upper part bear pods, 11.4 pods per plant, the number of pods per plant is 2.2, the 100-grain weight of fresh grains is 130.2g. No obvious disease was found in the field. According to the yield measurement in the field. the cultivation density was 13492 plants /666.7 m2, and the fresh grain yield was 410.3. Kg /666.7m2, which was 3.9% higher than the control “chenghu 18”.

4. Discussion

As the technologies in various traditional fields mature, revolutionary technological innovations often appear at cross-field junctions [22]. Cross-disciplinary research has a great effect on scientific and technological innovation [23]. Developing faba bean lines with both ornamental and landscape functions represents a cross-field innovation in faba bean breeding. Over a period of 10 years, we achieved a breakthrough in developing a batch of new faba bean lines and genetic materials with ornamental value. Effectively selecting from a large number of target materials is a challenge faced by all breeders. The construction of a comprehensive evaluation system is thus necessary for the selection and breeding of new faba bean varieties for both ornamental and food applications.
In this study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to analyze 17 phenotypes of dual-purpose faba bean breeding lines to clarify the key phenotypes for selection, of which inflorescence type obtained the greatest weight, followed by chocolate spot resistance, vexilla color, and wing petal color. The 37 faba bean lines with dual functions and two traditional varieties were classified into five grades, and two lines with excellent phenotypes and dual functions were selected. The results showed that the comprehensive evaluation system constructed in this study could effectively select new faba bean varieties for dual purposes, thus providing a scientific basis for assisting breeders in making selection decisions.
When comparing the importance of the phenotypes, the resistance to chocolate spot disease was of high priority in this study, as the occurrence and prevalence of chocolate spot disease severely restricts the development of the faba bean industry in southwestern China. Once faba bean plants are moderately infected with chocolate spot disease, their leaves appear burnt and the growth and development of the plants are severely restricted, leading to significant damage to productivity and ornamental performance. Therefore, improving the resistance to chocolate spot disease has always been one of the most important goals in faba bean breeding in southwestern China [24]. In other areas, the importance of disease and insect resistance in the breeding of dual-purpose faba bean varieties can be adjusted to appropriate levels according to the local conditions. In this study, the calculated weighting of chocolate spot disease resistance was 12.79%, which ranked second in importance. This ensured that the two excellent faba bean lines selected under the conditions of this study possessed a suitable level of resistance to chocolate spot disease.
Although none of the lines in this study reached grade 9, this does not mean there is no superior faba bean germplasm. In the faba bean breeding populations we developed for selecting dual-purposes varieties, a batch of individual plants and rows with red vexilla and wing petals and good food-related performance was found and preserved. For example, GS2020-23-31 was evaluated using the same system and showed a comprehensive score of 7.033, thus reaching a superior grade. Its ornamental performance was better than that of the pink flowers (Figure 7). However, it still needs purification and propagation, and as it had not yet reached the required standard as a new line, it was not included in this study. Nevertheless, its position in the evaluation system has been noted, and this individual plant may be used as a benchmark for scientists wishing to breed dual-purpose faba bean varieties.
Esthetic sense is highly variable [25]. We tended to give a high score to faba beans with bright colors, such as red and pink, though the other colors were not necessarily unattractive. This is one of the shortcomings of the Analytic Hierarchy Process; that is, the selection of qualitative phenotypes cannot satisfy everyone [26]. Therefore, it is recommended that breeders retain or select germplasms with excellent food traits and pure white, brown, and black flowers to meet niche market and gardening requirements.

Author Contributions

JZ was responsible for the study design. JC and MY performed to the tests and investigations referred to in the manuscript. YL, WL, and CT analyzed the data. All the authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript, and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Utilization for Special Crops Germplasm Resource in the Southwest Mountains,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Co-construction by the Ministry and Province), the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA- Food Legumes（CARS-08）, the Jiangjin Experimental Station of National Germplasm Resources (NEAS 025GR05), the Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau (cstc2021jscx-gksbx0011), and the Research and demonstration on integrated innovation of new peanut and bean varieties with Sichuan-Chongqing characteristics (2020YFQ0044).

Data Availability Statement

All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/supplementary material.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, the National Industrial Technology System and Yong chuan Science and Technology Bureau for the financial assistance in this research. We also thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Types of faba bean inflorescences.
Figure 1. Types of faba bean inflorescences.
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Figure 2. Vexillum colors of faba bean flowers.
Figure 2. Vexillum colors of faba bean flowers.
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Figure 3. Wing petal colors of faba bean flowers.
Figure 3. Wing petal colors of faba bean flowers.
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Figure 4. Schematic diagram for measuring the vexillum length and width.
Figure 4. Schematic diagram for measuring the vexillum length and width.
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Figure 5. Schematic diagram for measuring the length and width of the leaflets.
Figure 5. Schematic diagram for measuring the length and width of the leaflets.
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Figure 6. Comparison of the ornamental effect between GS5 (left) and CK2 (right) in the field.
Figure 6. Comparison of the ornamental effect between GS5 (left) and CK2 (right) in the field.
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Figure 7. Comparison of the ornamental effect between GS2020-23-31 (left) and GS2 (right) in the field.
Figure 7. Comparison of the ornamental effect between GS2020-23-31 (left) and GS2 (right) in the field.
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Table 1. Hierarchical structure of the phenotypic evaluation factors of the dual-purpose faba bean lines.
Table 1. Hierarchical structure of the phenotypic evaluation factors of the dual-purpose faba bean lines.
T Target layer C Constraint layer P Standard layer
Comprehensive evaluation of ornamental and food phenotypes of Faba bean C1 Integral sense P1 Inflorescence type
P2 Chocolate spot disease resistance
C2 Floral phenotype P3 Vexillum color
P4 Wing petal color
P5 Vexillum size
P6 Number of floral nodes
P7 Number of flowers at the top of the plant
C3 Floral branch phenotype P8 Length of floral branches
P9 Number of branches on the stem
P10 Number of branches on the stem base
P11 Leaflet size
P12 Number of leaflets
P13 Plant height
P14 Crown diameter
C4 Grain phenotype P15 Pods per plant
P16 Seeds per pod
P17 100-seed weight
Table 2. Judgment matrix and consistency test.
Table 2. Judgment matrix and consistency test.
Hierarchical model Matrix Consistency test
T-(C1-C4) T C1 C2 C3 C4 Λmax=4, CI=0, RI=0.89, CR=0
C1 1.00 0.78 1.41 2.33
C2 1.29 1.00 1.79 3.03
C3 0.71 0.56 1.00 1.67
C4 0.43 0.33 0.60 1.00
C1-(P1,P2) C1 P1 P2 Λmax=2, CI=0, RI=0, CR= 0
P1 1.00 1.28
P2 0.78 1.00
C2-(P3-P7) C2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Λmax=2, CI=0, RI=1.12, CR=0
P3 1.00 1.28 1.79 3.03 1.79
P4 0.78 1.00 1.41 2.33 1.41
P5 0.56 0.71 1.00 1.67 1.00
P6 0.33 0.43 0.60 1.00 0.60
P7 0.56 0.71 1.00 1.67 1.00
C3-(P8-P9) C2 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 Λmax=7, CI=0, RI=1.36, CR=0
P8 1.00 1.28 9.00 1.79 3.03 1.12 4.55
P9 0.78 1.00 7.14 1.41 2.33 0.88 3.45
P10 0.11 0.14 1.00 0.20 0.33 0.13 0.50
P11 0.56 0.71 5.00 1.00 1.67 0.63 2.50
P12 0.33 0.43 3.00 0.60 1.00 0.37 1.49
P13 0.89 1.14 8.00 1.60 2.67 1.00 4.00
P14 0.22 0.29 2.00 0.40 0.67 0.25 1.00
C4-(P15-P17) C4 P15 P16 P17 Λmax=3, CI=0, RI=0.52, CR=0
P15 1.00 0.88 0.78
P16 1.14 1.00 0.88
P17 1.29 1.13 1.00
Table 3. Scoring standards for the evaluation factors of dual-purpose faba bean lines.
Table 3. Scoring standards for the evaluation factors of dual-purpose faba bean lines.
Phenotype Score
9 7 5 3 1
Inflorescence type Determinate (D) Indeterminate (Ind)
Chocolate spot disease resistance HR R MR S HS
Vexillum color Red (R) Pink (P) Light pink (lP) Purple (PP) Other colors (O)
Wing petal color Red (R) Pink (P) Pink with brown (PB) Light pink (lP) Other colors (O)
Vexillum size ≥5 3.96–4.99 3.04–3.95 2.24–3.03 <2.24
Number of floral nodes ≥5 4–4.99 3–3.99 2–2.99 <2
Number of flowers at the top of the plant ≥10 8–9.99 6–7.99 4–5.99 <4
Length of floral branches ≥20 16–19.99 12–15.99 8–11.99 <8
Number of branches on the stem ≥4 3–3.99 2–2.99 1–1.99 <1
Number of branches on the stem base ≥4 3–3.99 2–2.99 1–1.99 <1
Leaflet size <6 6–9.99 10–14.99 15–20.99 ≥21
Number of leaflets <0.99 1–1.99 2–2.99 3–3.99 ≥4
Plant height ≥100 80–99.99 60–79.99 40–59.99 <39.99
Crown diameter ≥40 30–39.99 20–29.99 10–19.99 <9.99
Pods per plant ≥20 15–19.99 12–14.99 9–11.99 <8.99
Seeds per pod ≥5 4–4.99 3–3.99 2–2.99 <2
100-seed weight ≥90 70–89.99 50–69.99 30–49.99 <30
Table 4. Phenotypic data of faba bean lines.
Table 4. Phenotypic data of faba bean lines.
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17
GS1 Ind MR R R 2.6 5.2 0 22.6 0 1.5 8.7 5.6 135.3 15.6 7.6 1.2 82.6
GS2 D S P PB 3.6 5.2 8.8 16.2 3.2 2.5 16.3 3.5 83.4 45.3 12.5 2.1 37.7
GS3 D S lP lP 5.1 2.5 6.5 8.5 2.5 2.4 17.5 3.3 35.2 28.8 10.6 2.3 37.9
GS4 Ind S R R 2.0 5.1 0 20.3 0 2.7 12.1 5.8 125.5 26.7 6.9 1.8 56.8
GS5 D MR P P 3.3 3.2 8.5 18.2 3.6 2.5 17.3 3.4 85.5 43.2 14.3 2.2 45.3
GS6 Ind HS R R 2.7 5.3 0 19.3 0 2.6 13.3 5.7 113.4 25.4 6.5 1.3 63.3
GS7 D HS P P 3.3 3.5 8.7 17.8 3.0 2.5 20.5 3.2 72.3 44.3 10.4 1.5 29.8
GS8 D MR PP O 3.4 3.5 9.2 16.5 4.0 2.7 22.4 3.7 101.2 46.8 15.8 1.3 55.9
GS9 D MR lP PB 3.3 3.5 8.3 17.2 4.0 3.5 25.8 3.1 103.5 52.3 21.1 2.1 36.5
GS10 D S lP O 5.5 2.7 5.5 10.5 2.5 2.2 20.2 3.6 45.3 19.5 9.2 2.0 53.0
GS11 D S O O 3.6 2.8 10.2 14.6 1.5 0.8 8.9 2.5 65.3 8.5 12.6 1.4 60.4
GS12 D S P P 3.0 3.5 10.0 16.0 2.3 1.8 5.5 1.7 70.5 26.7 11.9 2.4 25.8
GS13 D HS P O 4.4 4.0 9.5 16.2 3.0 2.7 18.6 3.3 55.8 19.3 9.3 1.4 32.6
GS14 D S P O 3.5 4.2 8.8 16.5 2.4 3.6 21.5 3.5 48.2 18.7 14.2 1.3 28.6
GS15 D S P P 3.5 3.5 10.5 17.6 3 1.5 22.7 2.4 73.5 26.1 17.1 2.2 26.8
GS16 D HS P P 3.7 2.7 3.8 11.9 2.8 1.3 17.6 3.5 52.3 19.1 9.5 2.5 27.2
GS17 D HS R R 2.9 2.5 8.2 12.7 2.5 1.4 20.2 3.6 43.6 25.5 9.1 2.1 33.7
GS18 Ind MR lP P 3.9 5.3 0 20.3 0 3.7 9.5 5.5 133.5 45.9 12.1 2.4 42.2
GS19 Ind S lP lP 3.3 5.5 0 22.4 0 1.6 13.4 5.8 157.6 26.7 10.4 2.5 38.7
GS20 D S lP P 3.7 3.2 8.4 15.2 3.2 2.5 21.7 3.4 72.5 33.4 10.2 1.7 42.5
GS21 D HS P R 2.9 3.5 6.2 13.2 1.3 2.5 15.8 3.5 50.7 12.1 5.7 2.3 29.7
GS22 D HS P P 2.8 4.0 8.8 17.2 2.9 2.4 24.6 3.2 68.5 32.8 11.8 1.3 49.3
GS23 Ind MR P PB 2.5 5.0 0 22.5 0 2.1 10.8 5.6 112.5 43.5 14.3 1.7 41.7
GS24 D S P O 3.8 4.1 8.5 15.2 3.5 1.2 16.5 3.2 66.8 30.4 10.6 2.4 45.6
GS25 D MR PP O 4.5 2.2 9.5 13.6 2.5 3.7 23.2 4.0 60.5 28.2 12.5 1.8 42.5
GS26 D HS P R 2.8 3.5 9.3 13.5 2.1 1.5 19.5 3.5 63.6 23.1 7.6 2.4 48.6
GS27 D R O O 2.9 3.5 10.2 18.5 3.3 2.5 23.5 1.5 90.2 47.3 11.5 1.6 82
GS28 D S P PB 3.0 3.5 8.5 15.5 2.4 2.1 5.5 2.6 70.5 22.4 14.2 1.9 35.6
GS29 Ind MR P P 3.3 5.1 0 21.5 0 2.2 12.5 6.0 110.5 42.7 12.3 2.1 43.3
GS30 D MR O O 3.7 3.5 8.2 17.5 3.3 2.9 21.6 3.4 78.5 36.4 13.4 1.4 42.1
GS31 Ind S P R 2.2 5.0 0 23.5 0 1.8 8.5 6.0 128.6 27.1 4.5 1.9 81.4
GS32 Ind S lP PB 3.7 5.0 0 21.5 0 2.4 12.4 5.5 118.7 37. 2 12.5 2 44.7
GS33 D S PP O 3.6 4.2 10.5 20.6 4.2 4.5 21.5 3.6 105.5 42.6 14.9 1.8 51.4
GS34 D S P R 2.9 3.5 6.7 14.8 1.9 2.3 23.7 3.4 63.8 28.5 8.8 2.2 28.7
GS35 Ind MR P P 3.2 5.5 0 22.4 0 2.7 12.6 5.8 135.9 30.2 15.2 2.1 45.5
GS36 D S lP PB 5.2 2.5 6.5 19.5 2.5 1.6 20.4 3.5 78.5 19.2 9.2 1.3 44.7
GS37 D MR P P 3.3 2.3 8.5 15.3 2.3 1.5 19.5 3.7 70.5 22.7 9.8 1.4 44.1
CK1 Ind HS PP O 3.4 5.1 0 20.5 0 2.9 22.4 6.0 110.3 36.4 8.2 1.5 98.7
CK2 Ind MR O O 3.5 5.1 0 21.2 0 5.7 17.6 5.8 115.6 47.8 13.1 1.5 83.7
Table 5. Score of the phenotypes of the faba bean lines.
Table 5. Score of the phenotypes of the faba bean lines.
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17
GS1 1 5 9 9 3 9 1 9 1 3 7 1 9 3 1 1 7
GS2 9 3 7 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 9 5 3 3
GS3 9 3 5 3 9 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 3
GS4 1 3 9 9 1 9 1 9 1 5 5 1 9 5 1 1 5
GS5 9 5 7 7 5 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 9 5 3 3
GS6 1 1 9 9 3 9 1 7 1 5 5 1 9 5 1 1 5
GS7 9 1 7 7 5 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 9 3 1 1
GS8 9 5 3 1 5 5 7 7 9 5 1 3 9 9 7 1 5
GS9 9 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 7 1 3 9 9 9 3 3
GS10 9 3 5 1 9 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5
GS11 9 3 1 1 5 3 9 5 3 1 7 5 5 1 5 1 5
GS12 9 3 7 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 9 7 5 5 3 3 1
GS13 9 1 7 1 7 7 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 1 3
GS14 9 3 7 1 5 7 7 7 5 7 1 3 3 3 5 1 1
GS15 9 3 7 7 5 5 9 7 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 3 1
GS16 9 1 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
GS17 9 1 9 9 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3
GS18 1 5 5 7 5 9 1 9 1 7 7 1 9 9 5 3 3
GS19 1 3 5 3 5 9 1 9 1 3 5 1 9 5 3 3 1
GS20 9 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 1 3
GS21 9 1 7 9 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 1
GS22 9 3 7 7 3 7 7 7 5 5 1 3 5 7 3 1 3
GS23 1 5 7 5 3 9 1 9 1 5 5 1 9 9 5 1 3
GS24 9 3 7 1 5 7 7 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3
GS25 9 5 3 1 7 3 7 5 5 7 1 1 5 7 5 1 3
GS26 9 1 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3
GS27 9 7 1 1 3 5 9 7 7 5 1 7 7 9 3 1 7
GS28 9 3 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 9 5 5 5 5 1 1
GS29 1 5 7 7 5 9 1 9 1 5 5 1 9 9 5 3 3
GS30 9 5 1 1 5 5 7 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 5 1 3
GS31 1 3 7 9 1 9 1 9 1 3 7 1 9 5 1 1 7
GS32 1 3 5 5 5 9 1 9 1 5 5 1 9 7 5 3 3
GS33 9 3 3 1 5 7 9 9 9 9 1 3 9 9 5 1 5
GS34 9 3 7 9 3 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 1 3 1
GS35 1 5 7 7 5 9 1 9 1 5 5 1 9 7 7 3 3
GS36 9 3 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 3
GS37 9 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 3
CK1 1 1 3 1 5 9 1 9 1 5 1 1 9 7 1 1 9
CK2 1 5 1 1 5 9 1 9 1 9 3 1 9 9 5 1 7
Table 6. Weight value of the evaluation factors.
Table 6. Weight value of the evaluation factors.
C Constraint layer (T-Ci) Weight P Standard layer Feature vector Weight
C1 Integral sense 29.2% P1 Inflorescence type 1.12 16.41%
P2 Chocolate spot disease resistance 0.88 12.79%
C2 Floral phenotype 37.5% P3 Vexillum color 1.55 11.63%
P4 Wing petal color 1.21 9.08%
P5 Vexillum size 0.86 6.45%
P6 Number of floral nodes 0.52 3.86%
P7 Number of flowers at the top of the plant 0.86 6.49%
C3 Floral branch phenotype 20.8% P8 Length of floral branches 1.80 5.37%
P9 Number of branches on the stem 1.40 4.16%
P10 Number of branches on the stem base 0.20 0.58%
P11 Leaflet size 1.00 2.97%
P12 Number of leaflets 0.60 1.77%
P13 Plant height 1.60 4.74%
P14 Crown diameter 0.40 1.19%
C4 Grain phenotype 12.5% P15 Pods per plant 0.88 3.65%
P16 Seeds per pod 1.00 4.16%
P17 100-seed weight 1.13 4.70%
Table 7. Comprehensive scores and grades of dual-purpose faba bean lines.
Table 7. Comprehensive scores and grades of dual-purpose faba bean lines.
Strains Score Grade Strains Score Grade Strains Score Grade
GS1 4.910 3 GS14 4.969 3 GS27 5.318 5
GS2 5.824 5 GS15 5.77 5 GS28 5.527 5
GS3 4.758 3 GS16 4.546 3 GS29 4.690 3
GS4 4.408 3 GS17 5.445 5 GS30 4.757 3
GS5 6.261 7 GS18 4.528 3 GS31 4.317 3
GS6 4.174 3 GS19 3.612 1 GS32 3.996 1
GS7 5.500 5 GS20 5.331 5 GS33 5.462 5
GS8 5.453 5 GS21 4.898 3 GS34 5.213 5
GS9 6.123 7 GS22 5.536 5 GS35 4.739 3
GS10 4.600 3 GS23 4.296 3 GS36 5.118 5
GS11 4.493 3 GS24 5.227 5 GS37 5.683 5
GS12 5.851 5 GS25 4.827 3 CK1 3.079 1
GS13 4.994 3 GS26 5.312 5 CK2 3.516 1
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