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A Proposal to Enhance Sustainability in Saudi Universities in Light of the Saudi Green Initiative
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03 July 2023
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Abstract
The development of sustainability, the improvement of the quality of life, and the protection of future generations have become of prime importance in light of climate changes and carbon emissions. Universities are at the top of institutions that should participate in creating an environmentally friendly infrastructure. This study thus aimed to explore the extent to which Saudi universities achieve sustainability in the light of the Saudi Green Initiative from the faculty members’ perspective. Hopefully, this investigation would produce a proposal to promote sustainability in Saudi universities. A questionnaire consisting of five dimensions, namely academic sustainability, community partnership, resource management, planning and administration, and innovation and leadership was developed and administered to 120 faculty members from five Saudi universities. The participants’ ratings of Saudi universities’ achievement of sustainability dimensions ranged from high to moderate. Based on the results, a proposal was offered to take sustainability in Saudi universities to a higher level.
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Subject: Social Sciences - Demography
1. Introduction
The world is facing ever-emerging crises that threaten man’s existence. Ways to prevent and overcome such crises are comprehensively addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Report [1] reveals a serious danger to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development due to multiple and successive crises, e.g., climate change. These crises and their complex interactions impact all sustainable development goals, creating occasional crises in education, the environment, peace, and security. To put the world on the correct track leading towards sustainability, concerted efforts are required worldwide.
To address these challenges, international conferences were held, e.g., the 1992 Rio Summit on Environment and Development [2], the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development [3], the 2012 Rio Summit on Sustainable Development and Green Economy [4], and the United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development [5]. The International Environmental Meeting in Stockholm, Sweden [6] acknowledged the importance of pluralism in addressing the planet’s three crises of climate, nature and pollution. These conferences have increased awareness of environmental issues and sustainability.
The energy crisis and climate changes have contributed to increasing the awareness of individuals of the concept of environmental protection and sustainability within universities. Given the important role that universities can play in achieving sustainability, many international initiatives have come to emphasize the importance of sustainability in universities, e.g., Talloires Declaration 1990, which is one of the first initiatives that called for the application of education for sustainability in universities to achieve a sustainable future. Though it only focused on the environmental, it was a good step on the track of sustainability in universities [7]. The Kyoto Declaration 1993 called universities to refine their policy of sustainable development, increase environmental awareness and ethics on and off campus, and adopt the best applications of sustainable development [8].
Given the obvious weakness in achieving sustainability in universities and the need to measure sustainability efforts within the universities and explore their orientations towards achieving green practices in their current and future work, the international measure of sustainability in universities, UI GreenMetric, was adopted by the University of Indonesia in 2010. The adoption of this measure creates competitiveness among universities regarding their green orientations across six indicators, namely setting and infrastructure 15%, energy and climate change 21%, waste management 18%, water management 10%, environmentally friendly transportation 18%, and environment-related education and research 18% [9].
By reviewing the ranking of international universities in the indicator of environment-related education and research that represents 18% of the relative weight of the UI GreenMetric [10] for the year 2022, it was found that eight out of thirty Saudi universities entered the global ranking. More specifically, out of 1050 universities included in the ranking, King Abdulaziz University ranked 38, Qassim University 153, King Faisal University 293, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University 311, King Khalid University 622, Taif University 825, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences 894, and Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University 938. Although an increasing number of Saudi universities are now seeking to achieve sustainability, they are still at an early stage of applying sustainability and they need to exert further efforts to reach a comprehensive institutional shift towards sustainability.
In conjunction with international attention, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has given sustainability considerable attention. This is evident in the launch of the Tenth Development Plan 2015-2019 by the Ministry of Economy and Planning [11]. This plan set strategic objectives for the shift towards resource sustainability and environmental protection through expanding the application of sustainable development standards in managing natural resources; using solid waste in electric power generation and water desalination; developing systems for protecting the environment from pollution by improving waste management, reducing its volume, increasing its recycling rates and safe disposal; as well as improving environmental health and protecting the natural environment and wildlife.
The Kingdom’s 2030 Vision aims to ensure the continuity of sustainable development and environmental security by preserving natural resources for future generations; reducing pollution by raising the efficiency of waste management; reducing desertification; making the best use of water resources through rationalization and the use of treated and renewable water; and protecting beaches, reserves and islands [12]. Furthermore, the Kingdom launched the National Program for Awareness and Sustainable Development “Environmental Awareness” initiative, which is one of the initiatives of the National Transformation Program 2020 [13] to promote environmental awareness and preserve the Kingdom’s natural resources.
In the same context, the Kingdom lunched the Saudi Green Initiative and the Green Middle East Initiative 2021 to play a leading role in alleviating environmental challenges and contribute to global confrontation of climate change. Based on these initiatives, the Kingdom seeks to increase the vegetation cover by planting 10 billion trees over the coming decades; increasing green spaces 12 times as the largest reforestation program in the world; reducing global carbon emissions by more than 4%; and combating pollution and land degradation to promote the quality of life [14].
In congruence with the aforementioned initiatives, the “Horizons” future plan for university education in the Kingdom [15] stressed the importance of achieving sustainability in universities regarding three basic dimensions of sustainability: social, economic, and financial. Public and private universities and research institutions are required to interact effectively with these ambitious initiatives and fulfill their duty towards the environment by encouraging innovative scientific research that addresses sustainability issues like climate change with the purpose of finding novel solutions to carbon emissions and developing environmentally friendly industries with economic value.
2. Research Questions
The study addressed the following questions:
- To what extent do Saudi universities achieve aspects of sustainability (academic sustainability, community partnership, resource management, planning and administration, and innovation and leadership) in the light of the Saudi Green Initiative?
- What is the proposed to promote aspects of sustainability in Saudi universities in the light of the Saudi Green Initiative?
3. Literature Review
Asgarova et al’s [16] study explored the social responsibility perceptions of university students in Aotearoa, New Zealand regarding social and environmental sustainability. The study relied on a thematic analysis of in-depth semi-structured interviews with 18 students. The study found a low level of activities designed to promote social and environmental sustainability. The students stressed that group work was the biggest obstacle to achieving sustainability goals. The study recommended including social and environmental sustainability topics in curricula and learning outcomes.
Saleem et al. [17] sought to understand the practices and perceptions of education for sustainable development (ESD) in university classrooms in Malaysia, and to explore how holistic, pluralistic and action-oriented approaches were linked to students’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding sustainability. The perceptions of 2678 students and 1013 teachers in four Malaysian universities were surveyed. The results revealed that comprehensive, pluralistic, and action-oriented approaches to teaching and learning ESD were widespread in Malaysian universities, with a correlation between ESD curricula and awareness of sustainability.
Al-Suwaiei and Al-Fakhry [18] studied the impact of sustainable change in achieving sustainability in Libyan universities from the perspective of faculty members. Using the descriptive analytical approach, the researchers developed a 52-item questionnaire to collect data from the participants (n = 222). A significant effect of sustainable change on sustainability in Libyan universities was found. The study recommended adopting the sustainable change model by Libyan universities because of its role in achieving and building sustainable value.
Khalidi and Muqimeh [19] assessed sustainability in higher education institutions in Algeria based on the views of faculty members. The study found that higher education institutions in Algeria did not apply sustainability. The study thus recommended that Algerian universities should develop a clear strategic vision for sustainability through the establishment of environment and sustainability committees and building on successful university sustainability experiences. Othman [20] proposed mechanisms for turning Egyptian universities into green universities to achieve sustainable development in light of the experiences of green universities in some foreign countries. The study used the comparative approach and concluded that green universities promote sustainable practices in green curricula, education and scientific research.
Kioupi and Voulvoulis [21] explored the contribution of American universities to sustainability and the development of sustainability competences in their graduates. The study proposed a six-step framework to develop university students’ sustainability competences. It also offered tools to assess the alignment of university programs’ learning outcomes (LOs) to sustainability and how to translate them into competences for sustainability. The study revealed some obstacles in existing assessment methods in terms of enabling students to develop and apply their competences, collecting data on student performance, and using collected evidence to evaluate if the students are developing the intended competences.
Hassan [22] investigated the reality of the environmental sustainability culture among university students in the light of climate changes and offered a future vision to enhance the environmental sustainability culture based on the study findings. Al-Sayed [23] surveyed the views of 181 Saudi university leaders on the most important responsibilities to be assumed by Saudi universities to achieve environmental sustainability. Based on the participants’ views, Al-Sayed offered a proposed strategy to enhance the educational responsibilities of Saudi universities towards environmental sustainability. The study produced a list of 29 responsibilities. Saudi universities were found to exercise their responsibilities towards environmental sustainability to a moderate degree. Based on the study findings, Al-Sayed presented a strategy for enhancing Saudi universities’ responsibilities to achieve the shift to sustainable environment.
Ambusaidi and Al-Dayri [24] explored the acquisition of the principles of sustainability in education by postgraduate students at Sultan Qaboos University from their perspectives. Data was collected from 206 students using a scale of 30 items. The results showed that the degree of acquisition of sustainability principles by postgraduate students was generally high. The research sustainability dimension ranked first, followed by academic sustainability and social sustainability. The study recommended offering training courses for faculty members to train them on teaching the principles of sustainability to postgraduate students. Moghaddam [25] examined the role of the university in solving environmental problems and achieving sustainability through its various activities. The study made use of German universities’ experiences in encouraging innovation in general and green innovation in particular. The study concluded that the university has a pivotal role in encouraging green innovation and supporting its practices.
Abdel-Wahhab [26] aimed to determine the readiness of Benha University - as a case study for Egyptian universities - to transition towards a sustainable green university in the light of its functional pillars. A questionnaire probed faculty members’ opinions about their university’s readiness and the dynamics of its turning into a sustainable green university. Most of the university’s pillars, whether qualifying or transformative, were given medium ratings except for the pillar of “knowledge building and green culture” that was given a weak rating. The research ended with a proposal to enhance the dynamics of the transformation of Benha University and Egyptian universities into sustainable green universities. Al-Omari and Al-Arini [27] sought to determine the administrative requirements to activate the role of university administrations in the transition towards academic, research, and social sustainability. The study recommended benefiting from global indicators and systems specialized in sustainability and developing a strategic plan for the transition towards sustainability. The most important recommendations for transforming into academic, research and social sustainability included disseminating and documenting the best experiences and practices of sustainability, and encouraging the university community to participate in research sustainability activities.
Mujahid [28] reported that universities can play a major role in supporting sustainability and promoting sustainable development through research, education, and the application of sustainability in their establishments, community service, and campus operations. The study revealed that Arab universities have made strides to achieve sustainability, but they still have a lot to do in this regard. The researcher recommended benefiting from the experiences of the Universities of Newcastle in the United Kingdom and Maribor in the Republic of Slovenia. Finally, Alsaati et al. [29] highlighted the positive role of sustainability education and how students’ knowledge of sustainability affects their awareness and behavior. The views of 500 students in different study programs in even Saudi universities were surveyed. The results showed that a high percentage of the participants heard the term sustainability in educational sources, but lacked deep knowledge of it. Students’ behaviors and lifestyles related to sustainability reflected high rates of participation in sustainability and conservation measures. The researchers stressed that promoting awareness of sustainability among students entails involving stakeholders such as schools, local governments, and municipalities. They also recommended providing courses and workshops on sustainability, and supporting student activities on and off campus to promote sustainable behavior.
4. Method
4.1. Study Population and Sample
The study population consisted of faculty members in Saudi universities in the central region, namely Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, Princess Noura bint Abdul Rahman University, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and Qassim University. The study sample consisted of 120 faculty members. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the participants.
4.2. The Research Instrument
To collect the required data, a questionnaire consisting of two parts was developed. The first part included the participants’ demographic data: university, college, and academic rank. The second part included 45 items distributed under five main dimensions: academic sustainability (10 items), community partnership (10 items), resource management (8 items), planning and administration (9 items), and innovation and leadership (8 items). The participants responded to items based on a 5-pint Likert scale ranging from 1 “Strongly disagree” to 5 “Strongly agree”.
4.2.1. Construct Validity
To establish the construct validity of the questionnaire, the questionnaire was pilot-tested on 30 faculty members from outside the study’s main sample and correlations among items and their respective dimensions, correlations among items and the total score, and correlations among dimensions and the total score were computed. Items correlated with the questionnaire’s total score with coefficients ranging from 0.56 to 0.95, and with their respective dimensions with coefficients ranging from 0.67 to 0.98. Correlations are presented in Table 2.
It is clear from Table 2 that items significantly (p = 0.01) correlated with their respective dimensions and the total score. Also correlations among dimensions and the total score, and inter-correlations among dimensions were calculated (Table 3). All correlations were significant (p = 0.01), proving the questionnaire to enjoy sufficient construct validity.
4.3. Reliability
The reliability of the questionnaire was established by the test-retest method and the internal consistency method, using the data of the pilot sample (n =30). All obtained correlations were high, which reveals the questionnaire to be quite reliable. Reliability coefficients are presented in Table 4.
5. Results
To answer the research question about the extent to which Saudi universities achieve sustainability (academic sustainability, community partnership, resource management, planning and administration, innovation and leadership) in light of the Saudi Green Initiative from the perspective of faculty members, descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) were used. To identify if a mean is high, moderate, or low, Oxford’s [33] scoring system: high (mean of 3.5 or higher), medium (mean of 2.5 - 3.4), and low (mean of 2.4 or lower) was used.
5.1. The first research question “To what extent do Saudi universities achieve aspects of sustainability (academic sustainability, community partnership, resource management, planning and administration, innovation and leadership) in the light of the Saudi Green Initiative?
5.1.1. Academic Sustainability
The results in Table 5 show that faculty members’ rating of the extent to which Saudi universities achieve academic sustainability is high (M = 4.19). That is, they highly agree that universities achieve academic sustainability. Means of academic sustainability items ranged between 4.30 and 3.98. Item 4 “The university highlights the importance of preserving the environment and sustainability awareness” received the highest rating (M = 4.30), followed by item 6 “The university offers incentives to students interested in protecting the environment and supporting green universities” (M = 4.26), and item 8 “The university integrates environmental knowledge and sustainability issues in lectures, e.g., energy consumption and water resources” (M = 4.24). Item 3 “The university holds workshops for students to achieve sustainability and recycling of food and waste,” received the lowest mean (M = 3.98), followed by item 9 “The university cooperates internationally with advanced green universities to exchange ideas and develop environmental awareness” (M = 4.13). Overall, these results reveal that Saudi universities are well-aware of their role in achieving sustainability through their curricula and educational practices.
5.1.2. Community Partnership
It can be seen from the data in Table 6 that faculty members’ rating of the community partnership dimension of sustainability is high (M = 4.23). The universities are keen to establish community partnerships, recognizing their importance in implementing sustainability initiatives and projects. They provide scientific and technical advice for environmental sectors and exert noticeable efforts to educate community members about sustainability and the preservation of the environment. This finding is in line with the study of Al-Omari and Al-Arini [27] which stressed the need to educate society about sustainability issues and challenges.
Means of the community partnership items ranged between 4.43 and 4.03. Item 19 “The university holds partnerships with local community institutions to achieve sustainability and solve environmental problems” achieved the highest mean (M = 4.43), followed by item 13 “The university encourages participation in environment-friendly events to promote green initiatives” (M = 4.35). Although item 17 “The university carries out activities and activates student clubs to promote sustainability in the university” ranked last, it received a high rating (M = 4.03). This indicates that universities are aware of the importance of community partnerships to educate citizens about sustainability to develop in them positive attitudes and behaviors towards the preservation of environmental resources. The universities are keen to provide technical consultations to local community partners, so they can play an active role in achieving various aspects of sustainability.
5.1.3. Planning and Administration
It is clear from data in Table 7 that faculty members’ rating of the resource management dimension of sustainability is moderate (M = 3.45). That is, they moderately agree that the planning and administrative performance in universities supports sustainability. Means of this dimension ranged between 3.83 and 3.45, with three items achieving high means and six items achieving moderate means. Item 22 “The administration sets plans to achieve security and safety requirements to protect buildings and facilities” received the highest mean (3.83). Item 21 “The administration implements plans to save energy and rationalize spending on campus” received the lowest rating (M = 3.45).
5.1.4. Innovation and Leadership
Means of items in this dimension ranged between 4.01 and 3.22, the highest of which (M = 4.01) was for item 36 “The university has a sustainability office to coordinate and direct sustainability in line with the university’s vision”. Item 35 “The university is interested in green training to enhance creativity” achieved the least mean (M = 3.22). Faculty members’ overall rating of the innovation and leadership dimension of sustainability is moderate (M = 3.46). This indicates that Saudi universities need to exert more efforts to achieve sustainable leadership.
5.1.5. Resource Management
Means of the resources management items ranged between 3.67 and 3.22, with item 43 “The university sets laws and regulations for the sustainability and rationalization of natural resources” receiving the highest mean (3.67), followed by item 40 “The university instills optimal investment of environmental resources in students” with a mean of 3.61. Item 45 “The university offers educational programs to reduce excessive consumption of resources” came last with a mean of 3.22. The total mean of this dimension is 3.44, which is moderate. That is, despite the continuous interest in the comprehensive development of the environment and the enactment of rules and laws aimed at the sustainability of natural resources, this development focused on the enactment of laws and legislation and the optimal investment of natural resources. It has not so far produced a special approach to the development of a culture of sustainability and resource management [30].
Table 9.
The descriptives of resource management in descending order.
| No. | items | M | SD | Agreement | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 43 | The university sets laws and regulations for the sustainability and rationalization of natural resources | 3.67 | 0.77 | High | 1 |
| 40 | The university instills optimal investment of environmental resources in students | 3.61 | 0.70 | High | 2 |
| 39 | The university encourages the rationalization of energy consumption on campus | 3.58 | 0.79 | High | 3 |
| 41 | The university demonstrates the importance of using renewable and safe energy in the long term | 3.44 | 0.80 | High | 4 |
| 42 | The university provides sufficient resources for the sustainability of the campus and its facilities | 3.38 | 0.84 | Average | 5 |
| 44 | The university provides a safe and healthy technological infrastructure suitable for achieving sustainability | 3.37 | 0.72 | Average | 6 |
| 38 | The university uses environmentally friendly green transportation | 3.28 | 0.99 | Average | 7 |
| 45 | The university offers educational programs to reduce excessive consumption of resources | 3.22 | 0.99 | Average | 8 |
| Total | 3.44 | 0.82 | Average |
Table 10.
The proposal to promote sustainability in Saudi universities.
| The Philosophy of the Proposal |
|
| The Pillars of the Proposal |
|
| The Proposal’s Objectives |
|
| Mechanisms of the Proposal |
|
| The Proposal’s Success Factors |
|
6. Discussion
This study aimed to identify the contribution of Saudi universities to achieving sustainability in terms of academic sustainability, community partnership, planning and management, innovation and leadership, and resources management in the light of the Saudi Green Initiative. Faculty members’ rating of the universities’ achievement of academic sustainability is high. This can be attributed to the academic sustainability practices in Saudi universities, e.g., integrating green knowledge in curricula; involving students in planting and sustainability programs; and educating students, faculty members and employees on the importance of conserving energy and water, recycling waste and foods, and preserving the environment. This result echoes the study of Alsaati [29] which recommended offering courses on sustainability and supporting student activities on and off campus to promote their sustainable behavior. Through curricular and extracurricular activities, universities expose students to sustainability and environmental issues. According to Asgarova [16], integration of such issues in study courses and extracurricular activities develops in students a positive attitude towards sustainability.
The faculty members’ responses showed that Saudi universities exert noticeable efforts to promote international cooperation with environmentally friendly green universities and provide students with courses and workshops to achieve university sustainability. This fining concurs with the study of Ambusaidi and Al-Dayri [24] and the study of Khaldi and Muqimeh (2022) which recommended the need to include the principles of sustainability in university functions and to benefit from the successful experiences of universities in the field of sustainability.
In regard to community partnership, universities proved to be aware of the importance of partnerships with local community institutions to educate community members to preserve the environment and sustain its resources, increase environmental awareness among segments of society to promote positive environmental behaviors, and enhance the knowledge and skills of workers in the private sectors. This result is consistent with the study of Mujahid [28] and the study of Al-Souaei and Al-Fakhry (2022) who emphasized the role of universities in supporting sustainability and its application to community service and campus operations. Saudi universities were found to support and collaborate with national initiatives that support sustainability, e.g., the “Environmental Awareness” initiative and the “National Program for Reducing Food Loss and Waste” initiative. This finding is consistent with the study of Abdel-Wahhab [26] which recommended that universities link goals of community service and environmental development to national development initiatives and goals.
There is agreement among the participating faculty members that administration in Saudi universities is keen on the achievement of sustainability in their policies and strategies, campus operations, education and research, environment and climate, and management and society. The results also revealed that administration exploits buildings, equipment, and natural assets of the university in investment activities by renting them as a kind of investment. These revenues are used to maintain and expand facilities.
The results also showed that Saudi universities have many researchers whose benefit is not limited to teaching or scientific research. Universities invest the human and intellectual capital and market it locally and globally in order to achieve financial sustainability and compensate for economic costs so that they can maintain their future production capacity. This concurs with the ESCWA’s [31] report which maintains that educational institutions should focus on compensating for their expenditure to achieve financial sustainability. The results indicated a weakness in implementing plans to save energy and rationalize campus spending. This is in line with the study of Wang et al. [32] which provided university employees with training to promote their environmental behaviors.
The results of the fourth dimension, innovation and leadership, showed that the participants agreed that the sustainability office in universities should lead sustainable development and provide technical expertise. This includes monitoring sustainability performance and communicating sustainability measures and initiatives to the community. The results also showed that universities adopt sustainability oriented perceptions towards innovation with regard to developing new competencies that support green innovation and the acquisition of innovative and environmentally friendly technologies and processes. This is consistent with Moghaddam’s (2021) study which confirmed that green innovation is one of the most modern methods that employ technology to protect the environment and achieve development.
The results revealed that there are weaknesses in Saudi universities in practicing green training to enhance creative capabilities. This finding converges with Al-Sayed’s [23] study which concluded that Saudi universities assume their responsibilities towards environmental sustainability with a moderate to a weak degree. This fining is nonetheless inconsistent with the studies of Moghaddam [25] Othman [20] which emphasized the university’s major contribution to the development of green concepts and green innovation.
The results of the fifth dimension about resource management indicated that there is agreement among the participants that universities enact laws and regulations for the sustainability and rationalization of natural resources and the optimal investment of environmental resources. Universities are concerned with biodiversity and the preservation of environmental systems through laws and regulations that aim at sustaining resources and rationalizing their consumption. This is consistent with Al-Sayed’s [23] study and Hassan’s [22] study. The results also showed that Saudi universities need to intensify their awareness and educational efforts to rationalize consumption in line with the national orientation towards the preservation of the environment. This concurs with Mujahid’s [28] study which recommended benefiting from the experiences of the universities of Newcastle in the United Kingdom and Maribor in the Republic of Slovenia in adopting international practices that guarantee the highest standards of sustainability and environmental security.
7. The proposal
The second research question “What is the proposed to promote aspects of sustainability in Saudi universities in the light of the Saudi Green Initiative?
Based on the study’s findings, the following proposal is offered to take sustainability in Saudi universities to a higher level.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
Acknowledgments
This research publication was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research: PSAU, Al-Kharj& TU, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Table 1.
The characteristics of the participants.
| Variable | Frequency | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| University | Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University | 14 | 11.7 |
| Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University | 23 | 19.2 | |
| Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University | 53 | 44.2 | |
| King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences | 20 | 16.7 | |
| Qassim university | 10 | 8.3 | |
| College | Scientific | 49 | 40.8 |
| Humanity | 71 | 59.2 | |
| Rank | Professor | 26 | 21.7 |
| Associate professor | 57 | 47.5 | |
| Assistant professor | 37 | 30.8 | |
| Total | 120 | 100.0 | |
Table 2.
Correlations among items, the total score, and dimensions.
| Item | Cor. with dimension |
Cor. with total score |
Item | Cor. with dimension |
Cor. with total score |
Item | Cor. with dimension |
Cor. with total score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.90** | 0.88** | 16 | 0.82** | 0.80** | 31 | 0.88** | 0.82** |
| 2 | 0.83** | 0.76** | 17 | 0.93** | 0.90** | 32 | 0.67** | 0.60** |
| 3 | 0.74** | 0.64** | 18 | 0.88** | 0.87** | 33 | 0.96** | 0.94** |
| 4 | 0.82** | 0.79** | 19 | 0.91** | 0.90** | 34 | 0.96** | 0.95** |
| 5 | 0.86** | 0.86** | 20 | 0.93** | 0.91** | 35 | 0.98** | 0.93** |
| 6 | 0.95** | 0.91** | 21 | 0.89** | 0.80** | 36 | 0.89** | 0.91** |
| 7 | 0.83** | 0.75** | 22 | 0.90** | 0.93** | 37 | 0.89** | 0.88** |
| 8 | 0.91** | 0.91** | 23 | 0.82** | 0.84** | 38 | 0.67** | 0.56** |
| 9 | 0.84** | 0.91** | 24 | 0.91** | 0.88** | 39 | 0.89** | 0.88** |
| 10 | 0.93** | 0.87** | 25 | 0.87** | 0.87** | 40 | 0.92** | 0.90** |
| 11 | 0.86** | 0.81** | 26 | 0.95** | 0.95** | 41 | 0.88** | 0.86** |
| 12 | 0.95** | 0.92** | 27 | 0.93** | 0.93** | 42 | 0.93** | 0.90** |
| 13 | 0.91** | 0.93** | 28 | 0.89** | 0.82** | 43 | 0.94** | 0.94** |
| 14 | 0.85** | 0.88** | 29 | 0.96** | 0.93** | 44 | 0.89** | 0.92** |
| 15 | 0.84** | 0.80** | 30 | 0.93** | 0.88** | 45 | 0.90** | 0.86** |
** Significant at the 0.01 level.
Table 3.
Dimensions’ correlations with each other and the total score.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
|
1 | |||||
|
0.919** | 1 | ||||
|
0.913** | 0.967** | 1 | |||
|
0.895** | 0.934** | 0.944** | 1 | ||
|
0.924** | 0.958** | 0.936** | 0.923** | 1 | |
|
0.959** | 0.982** | 0.979** | 0.966** | 0.973** | 1 |
** significant at the 0.01 level.
Table 4.
The questionnaire’s reliability.
| Dimension | No. of items | Alpha coefficient | Test-retest |
|---|---|---|---|
| Academic sustainability | 10 | 0.77 | 0.86 |
| Community partnership | 10 | 0.81 | 0.85 |
| Resource management | 8 | 0.79 | 0.80 |
| Planning and administration | 9 | 0.77 | 0.81 |
| Innovation and leadership | 8 | 0.80 | 0.83 |
| Total | 45 | 0.86 | 0.88 |
Table 5.
The descriptives of academic sustainability in descending order.
| No. | items | M | SD | Agreement | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | The university highlights the importance of preserving the environment and sustainability awareness | 4.30 | 0.77 | High | 1 |
| 6 | The university offers incentives to students interested in protecting the environment and supporting green universities | 4.26 | 0.80 | High | 2 |
| 8 | The university integrates environmental knowledge and sustainability issues in lectures, e.g., energy consumption and water resources | 4.24 | 0.76 | High | 3 |
| 10 | The university introduces courses concerned with building purposeful environmental ethics and values | 4.23 | 0.85 | High | 4 |
| 7 | The university is interested in spreading cultural awareness of the importance of the environment and sustainability through conferences and seminars | 4.22 | 0.65 | High | 5 |
| 5 | The university promotes a commitment to sustainability for students, faculty and alumni | 4.21 | 0.66 | High | 6 |
| 1 | The university guarantees green curricula in the study programs of all departments | 4.19 | 0.79 | High | 7 |
| 2 | The university is interested in nuclear energy research, renewable energy technology, engineering and waste recycling | 4.13 | 0.84 | High | 8 |
| 9 | The university cooperates internationally with advanced green universities to exchange ideas and develop environmental awareness | 4.13 | 0.80 | High | 9 |
| 3 | The university holds workshops for students to achieve sustainability and recycling of food and waste | 3.98 | 0.94 | High | 10 |
| Total | 4.19 | 0.62 | High |
Table 6.
The descriptives of community partnership in descending order.
| No. | items | M | SD | Agreement | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | The university holds partnerships with local community institutions to achieve sustainability and solve environmental problems | 4.43 | 0.67 | High | 1 |
| 13 | The university encourages participation in environmentally friendly events to promote green initiatives | 4.35 | 0.67 | High | 2 |
| 14 | The university participates in initiatives that support the societal sustainability | 4.30 | 0.66 | High | 3 |
| 16 | The university participates in environmental protection activities held by the local community | 4.28 | 0.65 | High | 4 |
| 15 | The university offers the expertise of faculty members to the community to benefit from | 4.22 | 0.64 | High | 5 |
| 20 | The university establishes supportive incubators for green projects on campus to communicate with external organizations | 4.22 | 0.79 | High | 6 |
| 18 | The university establishes platforms for sharing information with stakeholders and the community to support sustainability and green innovation | 4.21 | 0.67 | High | 7 |
| 12 | The university seeks to link the strategic goals of community service with the goals of green initiatives that support sustainability | 4.13 | 0.79 | High | 8 |
| 11 | The university designs campaigns to educate the community about environmental issues and the dimensions of sustainability | 4.12 | 0.74 | High | 9 |
| 17 | The university carries out activities and activates student clubs to promote sustainability in the university | 4.03 | 0.68 | High | 10 |
| Total | 4.23 | 0.69 | High |
Table 7.
The descriptives of resource management in descending order.
| No. | items | M | SD | Agreement | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22 | The administration sets plans to achieve security and safety requirements to protect buildings and facilities | 3.83 | 0.60 | High | 1 |
| 27 | The administration exploits buildings, equipment, and natural assets in investment activities | 3.70 | 0.66 | High | 2 |
| 28 | The administration expands intellectual and innovative investment by marketing intellectual and innovative products | 3.56 | 0.67 | High | 3 |
| 23 | The administration develops financial sustainability plans to enhance the efficiency of spending | 3.42 | 0.78 | Average | 4 |
| 29 | The university promotes resource efficiency and energy security | 3.41 | 0.76 | Average | 5 |
| 25 | The administration shows the importance of adopting technology in reducing waste and pollution | 3.40 | 0.77 | Average | 6 |
| 26 | The university is keen on the continuity of its plans and programs with the possibility of amending them in the light of changes | 3.38 | 0.81 | Average | 7 |
| 24 | Senior administration supports sustainability in all its dimensions and programs | 3.33 | 0.75 | Average | 8 |
| 21 | The administration implements plans to save energy and rationalize spending on campus | 3.18 | 0.78 | Average | 9 |
| Total | 3.45 | 0.73 | Average |
Table 8.
The descriptives of innovation and leadership in descending order.
| No. | Items | M | SD | Agreement | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36 | The university has a sustainability office to coordinate and direct sustainability in line with the university’s vision | 4.01 | 0.60 | High | 1 |
| 30 | The University supports innovation of best practices and developments related to sustainability | 3.86 | 0.66 | High | 2 |
| 32 | The university adopts innovative and effective methods in environmental awareness | 3.45 | 0.69 | High | 3 |
| 33 | The university encourages collaboration with other universities to develop green innovation and sustainable projects | 3.32 | 0.78 | High | 4 |
| 37 | The university benefits from successful international experiences of green innovation | 3.31 | 0.61 | Average | 5 |
| 31 | The university establishes innovation centers to incubate entrepreneurial ideas and projects | 3.30 | 0.70 | Average | 6 |
| 34 | The university is interested in applied research related to solving the problems of society and the environment | 3.26 | 0.79 | Average | 7 |
| 35 | The university is interested in green training to enhance creativity | 3.22 | 0.84 | Average | 8 |
| Total | 3.46 | 0.71 |
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