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A Preliminary Study Indicating Improvement in Median Survival Time of Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients by the Application of deuterium Depletion in Combination with Conventional Therapy

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20 June 2023

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05 July 2023

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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and malignant gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy plus radiation therapy (RT), admi-nistered after debulking surgery, increased median survival time (MST) from 12.1 months with RT alone merely to 14.6 months. In this study, the action of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) on the survival of GBM patients who also received conventional therapies was investigated. Without changing the conventional treatment, the daily fluid intake of the patients was wholly replaced with DDW in 1.5-2 liters per day volume to reduce D concentration in their bodies. The primary endpoint was MST. The 55 patients involved, receiving conventional treatment and consuming DDW, showed longer MST (30 months) compared to the historical control (12.1-14.6 months). There was a massive difference between the two genders in the calculated MST values; it was 25 months in the male subgroup (n=33) and 42 months in the female subgroup (n=22). MST was 27 months without TMZ treatment (38 patients) and 42 months in the TMZ-treated group (17 patients). For the selected 31 patients, who consumed DDW in the correct way in addition to conventional treatments, MST was 30 months. Within this group, the 20 subjects who had relapsed before DDW treatment had 30 months of MST, but in those 10 subjects who were in remission when DDW treatment started, MST was 47 months. In the subgroup of patients who started DDW treatment parallel with radiotherapy, MST was 47 months again, and it was 25 months when DDW treatment started 8 weeks or later after the completion of radiotherapy. Altogether, survival times were substantially prolonged, compared to prospective clinical data of patients with primary GBM. Consequently, if conventional therapies are supplemented with D depletion, better survival is achieved in advanced stage of GBM than with the known targeted or combination therapies. Application of DDW is recommended in all stages of the disease, before surgery, parallel with radiotherapy, and repeated DDW courses are advised when remission has been achieved.
Keywords: 
Subject: Biology and Life Sciences  -   Neuroscience and Neurology

1. Introduction

Primary brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of benign and malignant neoplasms, arising from the brain parenchyma and its surrounding structures. These tumors are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in both adults and children [1,2]. The overall pooled incidence rate of primary brain tumors was found to be 10.82 per 100,000 person-years [3]. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and malignant gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors, in the USA with an annual incidence of 5.26 per 100,000 population or 17,000 new diagnoses per year, and are typically associated with a dismal prognosis and poor quality of life [4]. In glioblastoma multiforme, an aggressive primary brain tumor, the usual therapies are weakly efficient. Even the most complex approach, debulking surgery followed by irradiation plus Temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, increased median survival time to merely 14.6 months vs. 12.1 months with radiation therapy (RT) only. Moreover, progression is delayed by RT+TMZ by 6.9 months only [5]. In recurrent gliomas, the progression-free survival, and the response to TMZ are much worse [6].
Clinical complications (thromboembolic events, seizures, fluctuation of existing neurologic symptoms) are frequently seen in patients suffering from malignant gliomas. Unwanted effects due to corticosteroids and chemotherapeutic agents are also common and need to be managed properly. GBM is, despite improving therapeutic options, still very difficult to treat. Optimal management requires a multidisciplinary approach and knowledge of potential complications from both the disease and its treatment.
The possible role of naturally occurring deuterium (16.8 mmol/L in natural waters) was investigating in different studies, which revealed that deuterium depletion inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro and caused tumor regression in vivo [7,8,9,10,11,12] – appa-rently because of the significantly different chemical and physical properties of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) [13,14], and because changing D/H ratio exerts significant impact on cell physiology [15,16]. Numerous studies, conducted on different cell lines in culture media containing deuterium-depleted water (DDW), verified the determinative role of D in cell cycle regulation and tumor growth [12,17,18,19,20]. D depletion influences protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. When experimental animals were given DDW to drink, induction of the expression of c-Myc, Ha-ras, and p53 genes by carcinogen exposure was significantly inhibited [7]. Further, the apoptosis-triggering effect of DDW has been demonstrated both in vitro [17] and in vivo [21]. D as a natural cell growth regulator controls also mitochondrial oxidation-reduction balance [22,23,24]. D depletion causes disbalance between production and neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria, inducing oxidative stress which in turn induces apoptosis [22].
The clinical outcome of D depletion was investigated in prospective, phase 2, double blind [10] and retrospective human clinical studies [10,11,25,26]. For retrospective stu-dies, clinical data on the test results of the conventional therapies in patients consuming DDW were collected. Patients with early-stage breast cancer (n=158) achieved a median survival time (MST) of 217 months (18.1 years), and those with advanced disease (n=74), 52 months (4.3 years), compared to 17 months in patients not consuming DDW. Patients who took a single course of DDW (n=126) had an MST of 9 years whereas patients (n=53) who took at least two courses of DDW attained an MST of 24.4 years [25]. In another study on patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancers who consumed DDW, the MST was 25.9 months in male and 74.1 months in female patients – 2–4 times longer than it is generally observed in lung cancer patients [11,26].
It is known that median survival is longer in GBM patients who express the IDH1 (R132H) mutation compared to patients who express the wild allele [27,28]. IDH1-derived 2-hydroxyglutarate can facilitate degradation of Hif1-α and thus reduce the Warburg-effect through down-regulation of multiple genes in the glycolytic pathway [29]. Further evidence of an inhibitory effect of the IDH1 mutation on glucose intake and glycolysis was obtained recently from PET analysis [30].
Ketogenic diet has been used as complementary cancer therapy with high efficacy [31]. A synergistic interaction between the effects of the IDH1 mutation and ketogenic metabolic therapy (KMT) could simultaneously down-regulate both the Warburg-effect and the Q-effect [32] in the GBM neoplastic cell populations thus providing a novel mechanism contributing to the long-term survival of the patients [33]. Ketogenic diet can facilitate delivery of small-molecule therapeutic drugs through the blood-brain barrier without toxicity. As GBM, like most malignant tumors, is dependent on fermentation for ATP synthesis and survival, simultaneous restriction of fermentable fuels, glucose, and glutamine, while elevating non-fermentable ketone bodies, offers a non-toxic therapeutic strategy for managing GBM [34,35,36].
Based on the proved anticancer effect of DDW, we postulate that the beneficial impact of ketogenic diet in cancer treatment derives at least partly from its deuterium-depleting effect, since the mitochondria, when oxidizing fats instead of carbohydrates, produce metabolic water with as low as 118 ppm D level, due to the differences in D content of the various nutrients [37].
In this paper, we present a retrospective study, based on hospital records of 55 GBM patients between 1994 and 2020. Our aim was to investigate how DDW consumption influenced the outcome of GBM in combination with conventional therapies. These were withheld but the patients’ daily water demand was fully covered with DDW. The primary endpoint was MST.
The data indicated that D depletion, when combined with existing conventional therapies, provides severalfold increase of MST.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Population

Patients suffering from GBM and receiving conventional forms of therapy plus follow-up examinations in different hospitals throughout Hungary were involved in this retrospective study. Altogether, 55 GBM patients started consuming DDW between April 1994 and October 2020. Data collection was closed in January 2021. Some of the patients drank DDW for a too short period (less than 4 months) or in an inappropriate way (e.g., alternating DDW with normal fluids or drinking DDW in insufficient D concentration). After excluding these subjects from the study, 33 patients remained for detailed evaluation. However, 2 of them started drinking DDW years after the diagnosis, so they had to be omitted not to cause an erroneous MST. At last, 21 males and 10 females were enrolled in the detailed retrospective evaluation.

2.2. Administration of DDW

The technology of DDW and the deuterium-depleted drinking water (Preventa) production for human consumption was detailed earlier [11]. During the treatment, the patients covered their daily water demand by drinking 1.5 to 2 liters of Preventa DDW - with 85, 65, 45 and 25 ppm D concentration - instead of normal water, while their conventional therapy was also continued. Due to poor prognosis of GBM, DDW consumption in our cases typically started at 85 ppm D level, and was changed to 65, 45, and 25 ppm after every 1 to 3 months in order to maintain continuous depletion of deuterium. In cases where a longer progression-free interval was achieved, a 3 to 6 months break in DDW consumption could be introduced, followed by further DDW courses of 4 to 6 months lengths. Later, DDW application could be shortened to 3-4 months, and the breaks were prolonged accordingly. The overall duration of DDW consumption in the whole follow-up population was between 22 and 1,566 days.
The patients were continuously updated with, aware of, consented and provided access to all available information and publications regarding deuterium depletion.

2.3. Statistical Evaluation

The sole endpoint of the study was survival. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were used, and log-rank test to compare groups. All statistical computations were performed by using software SPSS v25. The study was performed retrospectively, and all statistical results were declared significant with P < 0.05.
For correlation analysis, Pearson method was used. The calculations were performed by Adware Research Ltd. (Balatonfüred, Hungary).

3. Results

3.1. Evaluation of the Whole Study Population of 55 GBM Patients Consuming DDW

3.1.1. Characteristics of the Whole Study Population

All patients involved in the analysis had a positive diagnosis of GBM before starting DDW application. The tumor was present at start in all but two subjects who were tumor free thanks to a previous operation. All of the received conventional therapies including chemotherapeutical, irradiation, surgery, targeted therapy, or a combination of these. The time between diagnosis and begin of DDW consumption was varied.

3.1.2. Median Survival Time (MST) of the Whole Study Population

The 55 patients consuming DDW, including even those whose DDW consumption lasted only for 22-123 days, showed longer MST (95% CI: 9.4 – 50.5), 30 months, compared to historical control (12.1-14.4 months) (Figure 1).

3.1.3. Differences of MSTs in the Whole Cohort by Gender

There was a massive (yet not significant, p=0.283) difference between the two genders in the calculated MST values. The median survival time was 25 months (95% CI: 15.9 – 34.0 months) in the male (33 patients) group and 42 months (95% CI: 18.3 – 65.6 months) in the female (22 patients) subgroup (Figure 2).

3.1.4. Correlation between Survival Times and Duration of DDW Consumption in the Whole Study Population

Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to test to what extent the length of using DDW and survival time taken from the start of DDW consumption are correlated. An “r” value of 0.692 was obtained (well above 0.5 from which a strong correlation is assumed), the data thus support that longer DDW consumptions result in extended survival times (Figure 3). The dots above the slope show that shorter duration of DDW consumption can also result in longer survival but may also indicate heterogeneity of the evaluated population regarding staging, size of tumor, and conventional treatment received.

3.1.5. MST in the Whole Study Population Stratified by Temozolomide Treatment

The majority of the patients had been recruited years before Temozolomide (TMZ) was registered, and access to TMZ remained limited for several years after registration. This gave an opportunity to evaluate survival in a TMZ naive and a TMZ treated subpopulation. MST in the former group (38 patients) was 27 months (95% CI: 18.8 – 35.1 months), and in the latter (17 patients), 42 months (95% CI: 14.6 – 69.3 months) with no statistically significant differences between the two (p=0.797). However, MST of both subpopulations was about 3-fold of historical control (Table 1).

3.2. Detailed Evaluation of the Selected 31 GBM Patients

The patients started consuming DDW at different times (0-542 days, median 57 days) after diagnosis, and the length of DDW consumption varied between 133 and 1,566 days.

3.2.1. Median Survival Time of the Selected 31 GBM Patients

MST of the selected 31 patients who received DDW treatment along with conventional therapies was substantially longer vs. the historical control. Their median survival time was 30 months (95% CI: 0.5 – 59.4) (Figure 4), suggesting that this subset of cases was representative for the whole set of 55 patients.

3.2.2. Calculation of MST in the Selected 31 GBM Patients Stratified by Relapse Status

The 31 cases were stratified into two categories: being in remission or having had relapse before commencing DDW consumption.
MST was 30 months in the subgroup of patients (20 subjects) who had relapse before DDW treatment, and 47 months in the subgroup of patients (10 subjects) who were in remission when DDW treatment started (and, accordingly, relapsed only later) (Table 1). However, due to small sample size, this difference was not significant (p=0.246). One patient who had no relapse was excluded from this analysis.

3.2.3. Calculation of MST in the Study Population Stratified by Radiotherapy

The subjects were stratified on the basis whether DDW treatment started together with radiotherapy (simultaneously or within 8 weeks after last radiation) or more than 8 weeks after radiotherapy was completed. MST was 47 months (95% CI: 18,8 - 75,1) in the subgroup of patients who started DDW treatment together with radiotherapy, and in the other group it was 25 months (95%CI: 14,5 - 35,4) (Figure 5). However, sample size was too small to detect significant differences (p=0.942).

4. Discussion

It has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments that naturally occurring deuterium is a core factor in cell growth, and deuterium depletion induces apoptosis in tumor cells, resulting in partial or complete tumor regression [9,12,17,21].
The subjects involved in the study were dissimilar in their stage of disease when use of DDW started, in the delay between diagnosis and start of DDW consumption, and what conventional therapies they received (a typical situation when data are collected and ana-lyzed retrospectively). To extract maximum information on how efficient DDW applied in combination with conventional therapies, first the survival of all the 55 GBM patients involved was evaluated, then (after exclusion of those with too short DDW consumption or long survival without DDW) 31 of them were analyzed in detail. All results were summarized in Table 1.
The duration of DDW consumption and length of survival showed positive correlation (r=0.692) which also supported that DDW in GBM patients had an antitumor effect indeed (Figure 3).
Survival times observed in the present study were markedly longer compared to prospective clinical data of patients with primary GBM [3,4,5,6]; suggesting that D depletion and conventional treatments together can provide longer survival in advanced GBM than any targeted or combination therapy to date.
In the light of scientific evidence on the biological effect of deuterium depletion [9,12,22,38,39] an important aim was to find the best combination of DDW and conventional therapies. The data in Table 1 show that DDW consumption enhanced the efficacy of both TMZ and radiotherapy. The 47 months’ MST of patients being in remission at the start of DDW consumption is in line with our earlier data showing that DDW increased progression-free interval and/or prevented relapse [7,10,11,25]. One protocol option re-commended is to start DDW consumption after operation, continue it during radiotherapy by consuming DDW with 85 ppm D concentration, reduce D concentration to 65 ppm 2-3 weeks after the last radiation combining with TMZ treatment applied according to the Stupp protocol [5] and after 1-3 months reduce the D concentration to 45 ppm and 25 ppm.
The substantial difference between MST of females (42.0 months) and males (25.0 months) may be due to the different expression of oncogenes in response to deuterium depletion, as it had been observed in female and male mice [7]. Also in another human study, on non-small cell lung cancer, striking difference was found between the calculated MST (males, 41.2 months; females, 107.0 months; taken from the date of diagnosis) [11].
Oral DDW treatment proved to be safe and innocuous, according to preclinical toxicology studies [40] as well as to prospective and retrospective clinical trials [8,10,25,26].
In vitro growth inhibition of tumorous cell lines under deuterium-depleted conditions, and the clinically observed prolongation of progression-free interval and prevention of relapse in breast and lung cancer patients [25,26] were in agreement. Consuming 1.5-2 liters of DDW with 105 ppm D content day by day results in inner D level decrease of about 1 ppm per. Prolonged use of DDW with the same D level leads to equilibrium. For ongoing reduction of D concentration in the body fluids, a change to DDW of 20 ppm less D content is advisable every 2-3 months The massive effects of subnatural D concentration at cellular level, including induction of apoptosis [9,12,17,20,41], and inhibition of tumor cell migration [11], may both be of importance in MST lengthening and relapse prevention observed in tumorous patients ingesting DDW [8,10].
The changes of metabolic parameters in patients applying ketogenic diet, and the beneficial antitumor effects, are well-documented [42,43,44]. The naturally low-D lipids in a ketogenic diet have significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth by preventing the cells from raising D/H ratio to the threshold.
We conclude that D-depletion offers additional benefits in addition to conventional therapies and can be integrated into standard treatment regimens for GBM. The best option for GBM patients is achieving improvement by combining DDW with conventional therapies. Application of DDW is recommended in all phases of the disease, before surgery, during radiotherapy, and in repeated DDW courses when remission has been achieved.
This retrospective study has its obvious limitations but may help with the assessment of the necessity and feasibility of prospective studies.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.S., I.S.; Methodology, G.S.; Software, A.P.; Validation, G.S.; Formal Analysis, A.P.; Investigation, G.S., B.Zs.K., I.S.; Resources, G.S., I.S.; Data Curation, A.P.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, G.S., B.Zs.K., I.S.; Writing – Review & Editing, A.P., I.S.; Visualization, B.Zs.K.; Supervision, G.S.; Funding Acquisition, G.S.

Funding

This work was sponsored by HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical approval to retrospective study is not applicable to this article

Informed Consent Statement

Verbal informed consent was obtained from the patient(s) for their anonymized information to be published in this article.

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted by HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development. HYD LLC has registered Vetera-DDW-25 deuterium-depleted medicinal anticancer drugs to treat household pets and commercialize Preventa deuterium-depleted drinking water for human consumption.

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Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier graphs of survival of the whole study population of 55 GMB patients (33 males, 22 females) showed 30 (95% CI: 9.4 – 50.5) months MST, compared to the 12.1-14.4 months MST based on historical data of GBM patients. The hash marks on the survival curve indicate when a patient was censored; the patient’s survival time exists.
Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier graphs of survival of the whole study population of 55 GMB patients (33 males, 22 females) showed 30 (95% CI: 9.4 – 50.5) months MST, compared to the 12.1-14.4 months MST based on historical data of GBM patients. The hash marks on the survival curve indicate when a patient was censored; the patient’s survival time exists.
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Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier graphs of survival in male (33) and female (22) subgroups showed 25 months (95% CI: 15.9 – 34.0) and 42 months (95% CI: 18.3 – 65.6) MST, respectively.
Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier graphs of survival in male (33) and female (22) subgroups showed 25 months (95% CI: 15.9 – 34.0) and 42 months (95% CI: 18.3 – 65.6) MST, respectively.
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Figure 3. Correlation between survival times and duration of DDW consumption in the whole study population of 55 GBM patients. The “r” value of 0.692 was obtained which indicate strong correlation between the length of DDW consumption and survival.
Figure 3. Correlation between survival times and duration of DDW consumption in the whole study population of 55 GBM patients. The “r” value of 0.692 was obtained which indicate strong correlation between the length of DDW consumption and survival.
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Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier graphs of survival in the study population of the selected 31 GBM patients showed 30 (95% CI: 0.5 – 59.4) months MST. Based on historical data of GBM patients the MST is 12.1-14.4 months.
Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier graphs of survival in the study population of the selected 31 GBM patients showed 30 (95% CI: 0.5 – 59.4) months MST. Based on historical data of GBM patients the MST is 12.1-14.4 months.
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Figure 5. Kaplan-Meier graphs of survival in patients treated with DDW and radiotherapy. MST was 47 months (95% CI: 18,8 - 75,1) in the subgroup of patients who started DDW treatment together with radiotherapy, 25 months (95%CI: 14,5 - 35,4) if DDW treatment started several months after the radiotherapy was completed.
Figure 5. Kaplan-Meier graphs of survival in patients treated with DDW and radiotherapy. MST was 47 months (95% CI: 18,8 - 75,1) in the subgroup of patients who started DDW treatment together with radiotherapy, 25 months (95%CI: 14,5 - 35,4) if DDW treatment started several months after the radiotherapy was completed.
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Table 1. Results of all GBM patients.
Table 1. Results of all GBM patients.
Group Subgroups Group Size MST (Months)
Historical control Treated with radiotherapy 12.1
Treated with radiotherapy + TMZ 14.6
All 55 patients 55 30 (95% CI: 9.4 – 50.5)
Treated without TMZ 38 27 (95% CI: 18.8 – 35.1)
Treated with TMZ 17 42 (95% CI: 14.6 – 69.3)
Males 33 25 (95% CI: 15.9 – 34.0)
Females 22 42 (95% CI: 18.3 – 65.6)
Selected 31 patients 30 (95% CI: 0.5 – 59.4)
In relapse at the beginning of DDW treatment 20 30 (95% CI: 22.6 – 37.3)
In remission at the beginning of DDW treatment 10 47 (95% CI: 0.0 – 0.0)
DDW along with radiotherapy 24 47 (95% CI: 18,8 - 75,1)
DDW after radiotherapy 7 25 (95%CI: 14,5 - 35,4)
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Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
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