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Tobacco’s Toll: Looking at the Long-Term Systemic Effects

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Multiple Organ Cross-Talk and Nutrition Metabolism in the Development and Progression of NAFLD / MAFLD

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12 July 2023

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14 July 2023

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Abstract
Tobacco use is bad for your health in many ways, not just your lungs. It affects many other parts of your body, including your nervous system. This abstract looks at the link between smoking and the nervous system and shows how smoking affects the nerve system in specific ways. There are a lot of different diseases and risks that can come from smoking. By weakening blood vessels and making it easier for blood clots to form, smoking makes the chance of having a stroke much higher. Using tobacco is also linked to a drop in brain function and memory problems, as well as a higher chance of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Also, people who smoke have a higher chance of getting multiple sclerosis, which is a long-term autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It can also cause peripheral neuropathy, which can damage nerves and cause tingling, pain, and stiffness in the limbs. Nicotine, the substance that makes tobacco addicting, changes the brain's reward circuits. This makes it hard to stop smoking because it leads to addiction. In addition to these effects on the body, smoking also has effects on the mind. It makes mood disorders like sadness and anxiety more likely, making the symptoms worse and hurting general health. Understanding the effects of smoking on the brain is important for improving overall health and getting people to stop smoking. Public health efforts, education, and targeted interventions are needed to make people aware of these risks and help them make choices about smoking that are based on accurate information. By looking at how smoking affects the brain, we can try to make people's lives better and protect their and their communities' well-being.
Keywords: 
Subject: Medicine and Pharmacology  -   Medicine and Pharmacology

Introduction

Not only does smoking hurt the breathing system, but it also has a big effect on the nervous system. The link between smoking and the nervous system is complicated and has a lot of different parts. This part will look at the specific effects of smoking on the nervous system and the complicated link between smoking and the nervous system. The nervous system is an important part of the human body. It sends and receives messages, coordinates how the body works, and helps organs and cells talk to each other. The effects of smoking on the nervous system go beyond the risks that most people know about and include a wide range of neural effects. To fully understand how bad smoking is for your health, you need to know how it affects the nervous system. Tobacco use has a lot of effects on the health of your brain, from making you more likely to have a stroke and having trouble thinking to being linked to neurodegenerative illnesses and nerve damage. Also, nicotine, which is the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, is very addicting, which makes the neurological effects of smoking even more complicated. Nicotine changes the brain's motivation circuits, which makes it hard to stop smoking 1-3.
By looking at how smoking affects the brain, we can learn a lot about the full range of health risks that come with smoking. This information shows how important it is to make people aware of the effects of tobacco on the nervous system, teach them about them, and encourage them to stop smoking. In the parts that follow, we'll talk more about the specific neurological effects of smoking, such as the increased chance of stroke, decreased brain function, link to neurodegenerative diseases, nerve damage, addiction, and effects on mental health. By learning more about these effects, we can push for better lives and encourage people to make well-informed decisions about tobacco use to protect their brain health 4-11.

Cardiovascular Impact: What Tobacco Does to Your Heart Health

People have known for a long time that smoking is a big cause of cardiovascular illnesses (CVD). Using tobacco is bad for your heart health in many ways and can lead to serious problems. This part talks about the specific effects of smoking on the heart and stresses how important it is to understand these effects to improve heart health 5-12.
1. Coronary artery disease risk goes up:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is much more likely to happen if you use tobacco, especially if you smoke. Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that are bad for your health. These chemicals damage the walls of the coronary arteries, which can cause fatty buildup and narrowing of the blood vessels. This cuts off blood flow to the heart, which makes heart attacks and angina more likely.
2. Blood pressure that is too high:
Blood pressure goes up when you smoke tobacco, both right away and over time. Nicotine in tobacco products causes epinephrine to be released, which makes blood vessels narrow and the heart beat faster. These effects make high blood pressure last longer, which is a big risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and other heart-related diseases.
3. Atherosclerosis that happens faster:
Using tobacco speeds up atherosclerosis, which is when plaque builds up in the arteries. Carbon monoxide and other harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the endothelial cells that line the vessels. This causes inflammation and the buildup of fatty deposits. Plaque builds up in the vessels, making them narrower and making it harder for blood to flow through. This makes the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease go up.
4. Risk of blood clots getting bigger:
Using tobacco makes blood clots more likely, which can block blood flow in the vessels and veins. Chemicals in tobacco smoke make the blood more likely to clot by making platelets stickier and causing more clotting factors to be made. Blood clots can stop the coronary arteries, which can cause a heart attack, or the cerebral vessels, which can cause a stroke.
5. Heart Failure and Abnormal Heart Beats:
The shape and operation of the heart can be hurt by smoking tobacco. It makes the blood less able to carry oxygen, so the heart has to work harder to get enough oxygen to the body. This extra work can cause the heart to get bigger and cause the heart to stop working. Also, smoking can change the usual beat of the heart, which can lead to arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation.
The effects of smoking on heart health are big and have a lot of different parts. Heart diseases like coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, cholesterol, blood clots, poor heart function, and palpitations are much more likely to happen to people who smoke. Understanding these benefits is important if you want to help people quit smoking and keep their hearts healthy. Tobacco use puts a lot of stress on the heart and blood vessels. Public health programs, education, and focused interventions are needed to reduce this stress and improve the heart health of people and groups as a whole.

Respiratory Implications: Understanding How Smoking Affects the Lungs

Using tobacco has serious effects on the respiratory system. It poses serious health risks and can lead to a number of respiratory diseases. This part focuses on how smoking affects the lungs and stresses how important it is to understand these effects to improve respiratory health 12-21.
1. COPD stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a worsening and painful lung disease, is mostly caused by smoking tobacco. Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that are bad for your health. These chemicals hurt the airways and lung tissue, which can lead to asthma and emphysema. COPD makes people cough constantly, have shortness of breath, wheeze, and have less lung function, all of which have a big effect on their quality of life.
2. More likely to get a respiratory infection:
People who use tobacco have a weaker immune system in their respiratory system, which makes them more likely to get lung illnesses. People who smoke are more likely to get lung diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Also, smoking makes it harder for the respiratory system to get rid of mucus and germs, which makes illnesses even more likely.
3. Cancer of the lungs:
There is a clear link between chewing tobacco and getting lung cancer. Most cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking, which is the main cause. Carcinogens and other dangerous chemicals in tobacco smoke hurt the cells that line the lungs and can cause cancerous tumors to grow. The longer and more often you smoke, the higher your risk of getting lung cancer.
4. Asthma Gets Worse:
Most asthma attacks are brought on by tobacco smoke. Exposure to secondhand smoke can make asthma symptoms worse and make asthma attacks happen more often and with more intensity in both children and adults. Active smoking also makes asthma worse in people who are more likely to get it and makes asthma medicines less effective.
5. Less lung function and breathing problems:
Lung function slowly gets worse over time for people who smoke. Tobacco smoke contains harmful chemicals that inflame and damage the airways. This makes the lungs smaller and makes it harder to breathe. People who smoke often have a persistent cough, a lot of phlegm, coughing, and lack of breath, which can make it hard to do daily things.
The effects of smoking on the lung system are big and far-reaching. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and respiratory infections are more likely to happen if you smoke. It makes asthma worse, makes the lungs work less well, and causes a wide range of breathing complaints. Understanding these effects on the lungs is important for improving lung health and getting people to stop smoking. Comprehensive public health measures, such as education, programs to avoid smoking, and access to resources to help people stop smoking, are needed to reduce the burden on the lungs caused by tobacco use and improve the general health of the lungs of both persons and communities.

Oral Health Risks: Looking at the Systemic Effects of Smoking on the Oral Cavity

Using tobacco in any of its many forms is bad for your oral health and can cause damage to your mouth. This part focuses on the specific risks that smoking poses to oral health and brings attention to the general effects of smoking 15-25.
1. Periodontal disease, or gum disease:
Gum disease, also called periodontal disease, is more likely to happen if you use tobacco. When you smoke or use smokeless tobacco, plaque and tartar build up on your teeth, which can lead to gum pain and illness. Tobacco also weakens the immune system, which makes it harder for the body to fight off bacterial illnesses in the mouth. Gum disease, which can lead to gum shrinkage, tooth loss, and bone damage, is caused by these things.
2. Mouth cancer:
Oral cancer is strongly linked to smoking, which is the most common way to use tobacco. The toxins in tobacco can cause genetic changes in the cells of the mouth and throat, which can lead to the growth of dangerous tumors. Cancer of the mouth can affect the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, and throat. It can be dangerous to your general health and even kill you if it isn't found and treated quickly.
3. Teeth that aren't white and bad breath:
When you use tobacco, your teeth get stained and change color for a long time. When you smoke, the tar and nicotine can get under the enamel and color your teeth yellow or brown. Also, smoking can cause ongoing bad breath (halitosis) because it leaves behind tobacco waste and dries out the tissues in the mouth. These worries about appearance can have an effect on self-esteem and the quality of life related to mouth health.
4. Slow Healing and Complications from Oral Surgery:
Tobacco use slows down the mending process and makes it more likely that problems will arise after mouth surgeries like tooth extractions, dental implants, and periodontal surgeries. Nicotine cuts off blood flow and oxygen to tissues, which slows down the mending process and makes infections, dry sockets, and other problems more likely.
5. Taste and smell become less strong:
When you smoke, your sense of taste and smell gets worse. Chemicals in tobacco can hurt the taste buds and scent sensors, making it harder to recognize tastes and smells. This can make food less enjoyable, make you less hungry, and hurt your total nutrition.
Tobacco use has major effects on mouth health, including gum disease, oral cancer, discolored teeth, and slower healing after oral treatments. Understanding the risks that tobacco poses to the mouth is important for improving oral health and getting people to stop smoking. Comprehensive oral health education, preventive measures, and access to programs to help people stop smoking are all important for lowering the risks to oral health that come with smoking and improving mouth health and well-being generally.

Gastrointestinal Effects: Looking into How Smoking Affects the Digestive System

Using tobacco has a lot of bad affects on many parts of the body, including the digestive (GI) system. This part talks about the specific effects that smoking has on the digestive system and points out the possible risks that come with smoking 21-31.
1. Gastrointestinal cancers are more likely to happen:
Several types of stomach cancer are more likely to happen if you use tobacco, especially if you smoke. Cancers of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and colon are much more likely to happen if you smoke. Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that are bad for your health and can damage the DNA of cells that line the digestive system. This can cause dangerous tumors to grow.
2. Acid reflux:
Using tobacco can make gastric ulcers worse and make them happen more often. Nicotine in tobacco products makes the stomach make more acid and makes less of the chemicals that protect the stomach walls. This imbalance can cause sores to form in the stomach and intestines, which can be painful and cause other problems.
3. GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease):
The signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can get worse and the chance of getting it can go up if you smoke. The lower esophageal sphincter, a muscle that keeps stomach acid from moving back into the esophagus, gets weaker when you smoke. This can cause acid reflux, heartburn, and stomach acid to come back up into the esophagus, which can be painful and may damage the esophagus over time.
4. Problems with digestion:
Using tobacco can hurt the digestive system in many ways. Smoking stops your mouth from making saliva, which is very important for breaking down food and starting digestion. When saliva production goes down, you can get a dry mouth, have trouble eating, and be more likely to have teeth problems. Also, smoking can mess up the way your bowels work, which can lead to unpredictable bowel movements and a higher risk of getting constipated.
5. Gallstones are more likely to form:
Gallstones are more likely to form in people who smoke, according to research. Chemicals in tobacco smoke can stop the gallbladder and bile tubes from working as they should, which can cause gallstones to form. Gallstones can cause a lot of pain, inflammation, and other problems, like clogged bile tubes and swollen gallbladders.
Tobacco use hurts the digestive system and makes it more likely that you will get stomach cancer, gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), digestive problems, and gallstones. Understanding these effects is very important for improving gut health and getting people to stop smoking. Comprehensive public health measures, such as education, protection programs, and access to resources to help people stop smoking, are needed to reduce the risks to the digestive system that come with smoking and improve digestive health and well-being generally.

Reproductive Health Risks: Understanding How Smoking Affects Fertility and Pregnancy Systemically

The effects of smoking on reproductive health are widespread and have a big effect on both fertility and how the baby turns out. This part talks about the specific risks that smoking poses to reproductive health. It shows how important it is for both people and couples to understand these effects 21-37.
1. Problems with Fertility:
Both men and women who smoke are less likely to have children. Smoking can throw off the balance of hormones, make it harder for men to make and move sperm, and change the way sperm look. When women smoke, it can hurt the way their ovaries work, mess up their periods, and make it harder for them to get pregnant.
2. Risk of infertility going up:
Using tobacco is linked to a higher chance of not being able to have children. Smoking can hurt the fallopian tubes, which can block them and make it less likely that the egg will be fertilized. Men who smoke can make their sperm less healthy, which makes it less likely that they will be fertilized. Getting pregnant may take longer for couples who smoke than for couples who don't smoke.
3. Problems during pregnancy:
Using tobacco while pregnant is dangerous for both the mother and the growing baby. If you smoke while you're pregnant, you're more likely to have problems like loss, ectopic pregnancy, early birth, low birth weight, and death. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are two of the harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke that can cut off the air flow to a fetus and stop it from growing and developing normally.
4. Problems at birth and during development:
When a pregnant woman is exposed to tobacco smoke, the baby is more likely to be born with birth defects or have growth problems. Children are more likely to have cleft lip and palate, heart abnormalities, breathing problems, and behavioral problems if their mothers smoked while they were pregnant. Toxins in tobacco smoke can get through the womb and hurt the baby as it grows.
5. Long-Term Effects on Health of Children:
If a woman smokes while she is pregnant, it could hurt the child's health in the long run. They are more likely to get lung diseases, asthma, allergies, and have trouble breathing. Also, if a child is exposed to secondhand smoke in the house, it can hurt his or her respiratory health and general health in the same way.
Using tobacco has major overall effects on reproductive health. It affects fertility, how a pregnancy turns out, and the long-term health of children. Couples and single people who want to start a family need to know about these risks. Comprehensive information, guidance, and help to stop smoking are very important for supporting reproductive health, avoiding infertility, and making sure that babies are healthy. For the health of people, families, and future generations, it is important to spread the word about how smoking hurts reproductive health.

Effects on the Nervous System: A Look at the Link between Smoking and Nerve Damage

Using tobacco has a lot of effects that go beyond the breathing system. This part looks at the specific effects that smoking has on the nervous system and the complicated relationship between smoking and the nervous system 11, 21, 33, 37.
1. More likely to have a stroke:
Stroke risk goes up a lot when people use tobacco, especially when they smoke. Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that are bad for your health and can damage your blood vessels. These chemicals also contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, which can cause blocks or breaks in the blood vessels that bring blood to the brain. Smoking also makes blood clots more likely, which makes the risk of an ischemia stroke even higher.
2. Having trouble thinking:
People who smoke have a higher chance of getting neurological diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia and have less brain power than people who don't smoke. People think that smoking causes amyloid plaques, which are a sign of Alzheimer's disease, to build up in the brain. Also, smoking can make your brain work less well, make it hard to remember things, and make it hard to focus.
3. Multiple Sclerosis risk goes up:
Several studies have found that people who smoke have a higher chance of getting multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been shown that smoking makes MS symptoms worse and makes them get worse over time. We don't fully understand how this link works, but it may have to do with immune imbalance and more inflammation in the brain system.
4. Damage to the nerves and neuropathy:
Using tobacco can lead to peripheral neuropathy, which is damage to the nerves in the body's edges. Smoking changes how nerves work and how blood flows, which can cause pain, tingling, and stiffness in the limbs. Damage to nerves caused by smoking can have a big effect on quality of life and how well you can do things every day.
5. Paths to Addiction and Reward:
Nicotine, the thing that makes cigarettes addicting, has a big impact on the brain's reward circuits. It makes the brain send out more dopamine, a chemical that is linked to happiness and reward. Long-term use of tobacco can cause addiction, which takes over the brain's natural reward system and makes it hard to stop smoking.
6. More likely to have mood disorders:
Depression and worry are two mood illnesses that are more likely to happen if you use tobacco. It's hard to say what the exact link is between smoking and mental health problems, because the link goes both ways. People may smoke as a way to deal with their problems, but this can make their problems worse and hurt their mental health.
Tobacco use has big effects on the nervous system. It raises the chance of stroke, hurts cognitive function, makes neurodegenerative diseases worse, causes neuropathy, changes the way the brain responds to rewards, and affects mental health. Understanding how smoking affects the brain is important for improving general health and getting people to stop smoking. Comprehensive education, support, and tailored treatments are needed to reduce the risks to the nervous system that come with smoking and to help the nervous system get healthy.

Conclusion

The bad effects of smoking on the brain are big and wide-ranging, and they affect both physical and mental health. The link between smoking and the nervous system includes a higher chance of having a stroke, a decrease in brain function, an increased risk of neurodegenerative illnesses, nerve damage, addiction, and problems with mental health. It is important for people, health care workers, and lawmakers to understand these effects. By getting the word out about the neurological risks of smoking, helping people quit smoking, and giving them support and information, we can work to reduce the number of neurological conditions caused by smoking and improve general health. When trying to stop people from smoking, we should not only think about the effects on the lungs, but also on the nervous system as a whole. By talking about how nicotine is addictive and how it affects the brain, we can give people the tools they need to make smart decisions and try to live better lives.
Public health programs should stress how important early assistance, prevention, and access to tools to help people stop smoking are. Also, putting neurological factors into methods to stop people from smoking can make them more successful at lowering the harm caused by smoking. In conclusion, it is important to have a full understanding of how smoking affects the brain if you want to promote general health and help people stop smoking. By putting the health of the nervous system at the top of tobacco control efforts, we can protect people from the terrible effects that tobacco has on the nervous system and work toward a healthy, smoke-free future.

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