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Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Nanoscrolls: Preparation and Applications

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20 July 2023

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21 July 2023

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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) nanosheets have shown extensive applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, the low light absorption efficiency limits their application in optoelectronics. By rolling up 2D TMDCs nanosheets, the one-dimensional (1D) TMDCs nanoscrolls are formed with spiral tubular structure, tunable interlayer spacing and opening ends. Due to their increased thickness of scroll structure, the light absorption is enhanced. Meanwhile, the rapid electron transportation is confined along the 1D structure. Therefore, the TMDCs nanoscrolls show improved optoelectronic performance compared to 2D nanosheets. In addition, the high specific surface area and active edge site from bending strain of basal plane make them promising materials for catalytic reaction. Thus, the TMDCs nanoscrolls have attracted intensive attention in recent years. In this review, the structure of TMDCs nanoscrolls is firstly demonstrated and followed by various preparation methods of the TMDCs nanoscrolls. Afterwards, the applications of TMDCs nanoscrolls in the fields of photodetection, hydrogen evolution reaction, and gas sensing are discussed.
Keywords: 
Subject: Chemistry and Materials Science  -   Nanotechnology

1. Introduction

As representative two-dimensional (2D) materials, the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) nanosheets have been successfully applied in the fields of photodetection, energy storage, catalysis, and so on. Although the monolayer TMDCs nanosheets have showed excellent optoelectronic performance, their low light absorption efficiency hinders the applications in photodetection [1], because of their ultrathin thickness.
A great deal of effort has been developed to improve the light absorption of TMDCs nanosheets, such as plasma treatment, formation of van der Waals heterojunction, utilization of plasmonic effect, integration of quantum dots [2,3,4,5,6], etc. Recently, rolling up the monolayer TMDCs nanosheet to form the TMDCs nanoscroll (TMDCs-NS) has been reported as a promising method to improve their optoelectronic performance [3]. With the aid of volatile organic solvents or alkaline solution [3,7,8,9,10,11], the monolayer TMDCs nanosheets can be transformed into one-dimensional (1D) nanoscrolls with tubular and spiral structure [7,12,13]. The as-obtained TMDCs nanoscrolls (TMDCs-NS) showed enhanced light absorption due to the increased cross section. In addition, the TMDCs-NS also inherits the excellent properties from the monolayer TMDCs nanosheet [5,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Furthermore, the curved structure of nanoscroll exhibits strain, which can modulate the band gap of TMDCs nanosheet [17]. Moreover, its scrolled structure has tunable interlayer space with open ends, in which other functional nanomaterials can be encapsulated [19,20]. Therefore, the TMDCs-NS have attracted great attention in optoelectronics in recent years.
In this review, we introduce the structure, fabrication, and applications of TMDCs-NS. Firstly, the structure of nanoscrolls is demonstrated. Secondly, the preparation methods of nanoscrolls are discussed in detail. We then present the applications of TMDCs-NS in the photodetection, sensing, and hydrogen evolution reaction.

2. Structure of TMDCs-NS

Different from other 1D nanomaterials, the nanoscrolls have spiral tubular structure with weak van der Waals (vdW) interaction between adjacent layers, which are transformed from 2D nanosheet, exhibiting open ends and side edges without fusion. To date, various 2D nanosheets can be transformed into nanoscrolls, such as graphene, TMDCs, black phosphorus and h-BN [21,22,23,24,25,26]. The graphene nanoscroll was discovered in the arc discharge experiment of graphite electrode [27], and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [28]. The large scale preparation of graphene nanoscroll was proposed in 2003 and then received much attention [29,30].
Similar to graphene nanoscroll, the TMDCs-NS is also composed of monolayer TMDCs nanosheets scrolled up into Archimedean helical structure (Figure 1b) [21,31]. These TMDCs-NS has unique physical and chemical properties due to their nanoscale dimensions and high surface area-to-volume ratio, which make them useful in a variety of applications, such as energy storage, catalysis, and optoelectronics [3,11,32,33,34,35,36].
The structure of TMDCs-NS is illustrated by taking MoS2 nanoscroll as an example. By scrolling a monolayer MoS2 nanosheet (Figure 1a), the MoS2 nanoscroll is formed with an inner layer radius of Rin, an outer layer radius of Rout, and a interlayer spacing of h, as shown in Figure 1b [37,38]. The scrolling direction is usually along armchair or zigzag orientation of the MoS2 nanosheet (Figure 1c) [37]. MD simulation was performed to understand the scrolling direction of MoS2 at the molecular level (Figure 1d). The results indicate that the energy per atom of nanoscrolls along the armchair orientation is lower than those of nanoscrolls through the zigzag and chiral orientations (Figure 1e). As a consequent, the armchair orientation (Mo-S bond direction) is the dominant trend to roll up the MoS2 nanosheet into MoS2 nanoscrolls [39]. The spacing between adjacent layers of MoS2 nanoscroll also plays important role in determining its stability. As the interlayer spacing increases from 4 to 5.5 Å, the energy of each atom decreases quickly (Figure 1f). While it increases continuously as the interlayer spacing increases from 5.5 to 10 Å. The MoS2 nanoscroll is in an energy favorable state when the interlayer spacing is in the range of 4.7 ~ 6.5 Å [31,37].

3. Preparation of TMDCs nanoscrolls

In recent years, many TMDCs nanosheets have been reported to form TMDCs-NS, including MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, MoS2/WS2, etc [2,3,4,13,17,35,36,37,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54]. A number of methods have been successfully developed to prepare TMDCs-NS, such as strain-induced scrolling [54], argon plasma-assisted scrolling [2], supercritical fluid-assisted scrolling [53,55], volatile organic solvent-induced scrolling [7,8,9,17,56], alkaline droplet assisted scrolling [3,5,10,11,19], and vortex flow device (VFD) induced continuous flow [34].
Theoretical investigation indicates that there is an energy barrier between the nanosheet and nanoscroll [57,58,59]. A driving activation energy is required to initialize the scrolling automatically [60]. By scrolling or folding the nanosheet into nanoscroll, the lowest energy form is presented [60]. The barrier can be overcome with the help of external force in liquid or in air, where the TMDCs-NS is formed.

3.1. Fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls in liquid

3.1.1. Solvent evaporation to make nanoscrolls

Many organic solvents are liquid at ambient conditions with large volatility, which can be used to assist or induce the scrolling of TMDCs nanosheets [7,17,19,61,62,63], such as acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol [8,64,65,66]. In 2018, we proposed the preparation of MoS2 nanoscroll by dropping an ethanol or acetone droplet on monolayer MoS2 nanosheet [7], as shown in Figure 2. Monolayer MoS2 nanosheets were firstly obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on SiO2/Si (Figure 2a and 2b), and a drop of ethanol was deposited on the MoS2 nanosheets (Figure 2c). Due to its low surface tension, the ethanol can wet MoS2 and SiO2/Si substrates easily. During the evaporation process, a thin ethanol layer is formed near the contact line (Figure 2d). With the rapid evaporation of ethanol, a temperature gradient is generated near the contact line, creating a surface tension gradient to induce fluid flow. Such kind of fluid flow could roll up the edge of MoS2. As the contact line moves, the MoS2 nanosheet continue to be rolled up until a complete MoS2 nanoscroll is formed (Figure 2e) [7].
By dropping the mixture of ethanol and water on CVD-grown monolayer MoS2 nanosheet, Jian Zheng et al. also successfully prepared MoS2 nanoscrolls, as shown in Figure 3 [8]. Large-area monolayer MoS2 nanosheets were obtained firstly by CVD (Figure 3a). MoS2 nanoscrolls were then fabricated in short time in a mixture solution of ethanol and water with a volume ratio of 2:1 (ethanol: water = 2:1).
Due to the high temperature caused mismatch between the MoS2 nanosheet and substrate during CVD growth (Figure 3a), a strain equilibrium is balanced between them when the temperature decreased to room temperature (Figure 3b). When the mixture solution is dropped onto the MoS2 nanosheet, the ethanol intercalates between the MoS2 and substrate, and the upper part of MoS2 is detached from the substrate. In this case, the strain balance is broken (Figure 3c), and the released portion curls into a roll (Figure 3d). Due to the adhesion from substrate, the left portion remains intact [5]. With the evaporation of ethanol, the surface tension at the air-solvent-MoS2 interface is greater than that between MoS2 and substrate. As a result, the strain-adhesion balance is broken continuously, generating MoS2 nanoscroll finally (Figure 3e).

3.1.2. Alkaline droplet-assisted fabrication of nanoscrolls

For bilayer and multilayer nanosheets, it is difficult to roll them up effectively due to the strong adhesion force from the substrate. Since TMDCs nanosheets are usually grown on SiO2/Si substrate, etching the SiO2 layer beneath them could eliminate the strong adhesion from the substrate. Therefore, alkaline solution has been used to etch the SiO2 layer, and thus break the adhesion energy between the nanosheet and substrate (Figure 4). As a result, the strain equilibrium is broken, rolling up the TMDCs nanosheet from edges to form spiral nanoscrolls [3,35].
In 2020, we proposed a method to scroll MoS2/WS2 heterostructures nanosheet by using alkaline solution. Firstly, large area MoS2/WS2 heterostructures nanosheet were grown on SiO2/Si substrate by CVD (Figure 4a). Afterwards, 50μL of alkaline aqueous solution (0.1 M KOH or NaHCO3) was dropped on the nanosheets. The SiO2 layer was etched by the alkaline solution, allowing penetration of alkaline solution into the interface of nanosheet and SiO2/Si substrate (Figure 4b), which could further etch the SiO2 layer to release the edge of nanosheet. To decrease the energy form, the released edge of nanosheet tends to be scrolled (Figure 4c). With the further etching of SiO2 layer, more portion of nanosheet was released and continuously scrolled till forming nanoscroll (Figure 4c and 4d) [3]. The as-obtained nanoscroll was then rinsed with deionized (DI) water and dried with N2 for characterization and device fabrication (Figure 4d). Besides MoS2/WS2 heterostructures nanosheet, we found that the silver nanoparticles decorated monolayer MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets could also be rolled up effectively by using alkaline solution [19].
Duan et al. found that 80% of the bilayer and trilayer TMDCs heterostructure nanosheets could be transformed into 1D nanoscrolls by using mixture of ethanol and water. However, many scrolls are incompletely rolled up with tightly pinned edges, indicating the mixed solvent doesn’t work well to completely delaminate the edges of thick 2D nanosheet. While the yield of nanoscroll increased to 90% by adding 5% ammonia into the mixed solvent, with 60% of them showing closely-stacked scroll structure. The result indicated that the etching of SiO2 layer by alkaline solution played important role in peeling off 2D nanosheet from substrate even the existence of strong edge-substrate interaction [5,8].
Similarly, alkaline solution was also employed to roll up PbI2/MoS2 and BaTiO3/MoS2 nanosheets into complete nanoscroll, further confirming the importance of alkaline solution in preparation of TMDCs-NS [11,35,48].

3.1.3. Fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls by dragging water droplets

Due to the low surface tension of organic solvent, it is easily adsorbed on TMDCs nanosheets. Thus, it is inevitable to trap organic solvent into the TMDCs-NS during the scrolling process. It is known that the adsorbed organic solvent could greatly influence the properties and device performance of TMDCs nanosheets. Therefore, it is desirable to fabricate TMDCs-NS without using organic solvent. Recently, we reported an organic solvent-free method to fabricate tightly-packed TMDCs-NS [36]. Firstly, CVD-grown monolayer MoS2 nanosheets were heated at 100 °C, as shown in Figure 5a and 5b. After 3µL deionized (DI) water droplet was dropped on the MoS2 nanosheets (Figure 5c), it was dragged from one end to the other at a speed of 3mm/s (Figure 5d). Afterwards, large scale closely packed MoS2 nanoscrolls were fabricated (Figure 5e).
The detailed mechanism for the formation of nanoscrolls could be explained as follows, as shown in Figure 5f. When the monolayer MoS2 nanosheets on SiO2/Si substrate was heated at 100°C, the adhesion force between the nanosheets and substrate was weakened. Therefore, with the movement of water droplet, the scrolling occurs first at the edges of MoS2 nanosheets. Due to the hydrophobicity of MoS2 nanosheets, the low friction between water and MoS2 and the high surface tension of water contribute to the following scrolling of MoS2 nanosheets. More importantly, due to the hydrophobicity of MoS2, the water molecules were difficult to be trapped into the nanoscolls, obtaining solvent-free and closely-packed nanoscrolls [36].

3.1.4. Amine-functional amphiphilic molecule assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls

The involvement of amphiphilic molecules in the preparation of MoS2, MoSe2, and MoTe2 nanoscrolls has also been investigated [32,33,67,68]. By mixing N-(2-aminoethyl)-3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-amide (LCA) and exfoliated TMDCs nanosheets in orthodichlorobenzene (ODCB) for 24 hours at room temperature, TMDCs-NS was obtained in large scale (Figure 6a). The formation of MoS2 nanoscrolls with the help of LCA could be explained as follows. Firstly, the LCA molecules were self-assembled into fibers in ODCB. The amine group of LCA fiber has stronger interaction with edges of TMDCs nanosheets than the entire plane. Thus, the edges starts scrolling around the LCA fibers. With the gradual self-assembly of LCA fiber, the interaction of fiber with edges of TMDCs nanosheets is enhanced. In this case, the original equilibrium state of TMDCs nanosheets is broken and the nanosheet scrolls spontaneously. Therefore, TMDCs-NS was formed. By using this method, MoS2 nanoscrolls, MoS2-Ag nanoparticles nanoscrolls, and MoS2-Au nanoparticles nanoscrolls have successfully prepared [33,68].

3.1.5. Supercritical fluid assisted fabrication of nanoscrolls

Supercritical fluids (SCFs) are fluids with much more space and highly compressible than ordinary fluids above their critical temperatures and pressure [69,70]. By controlling the temperature or pressure, the density and solvent strength of SCFs can be tuned from gas-like to solid-like [33,68,71,72]. SCF has unique properties such as gas diffusivity, liquid solubility, low interfacial tension, excellent surface wettability, and high diffusion coefficient [73,74,75]. Thus, the SCFs processing have been used as a promising and effective route to exfoliate layered materials into 2D nanosheets, such as graphene, BN, and MoS2 due to their simplicity, rapidity, and short reaction time [53,55,73,76]. It has been reported that the as-exfoliated 2D nanosheets can be rolled up into nanoscrolls in order to minimize their surface energy. Therefore, MoS2 and WS2 nanoscrolls can be formed by using SCF processing of MoS2 nanosheets in 30 minutes, as shown in Figure 7 [53,73]. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the MoS2 nanoscrolls clearly show that the surfaces of the MoS2 nanosheets are not oxidized and are free of impurities [53]. Meanwhile, the lattice structure of the SCF-prepared MoS2 is essentially unchanged, making this method a convenient and efficient way to prepare nanoscrolls.

3.1.6. Shear force assisted fabrication of nanoscrolls

By using vortex flow device (VFD), MoS2 nanosheets have been successfully transformed into nanoscrolls under continuous flow [34]. In a tilted quartz tube with rapid rotation, dynamic thin film was generated in VFD, providing mechanoenergy as high shear stress during intense micro-mixing. Therefore, the MoS2 nanosheets were firstly exfoliated from bulk material due to the strong shear stress. Simultaneously, the as-exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets were rolled up in-situ to form scrolls with high yield (Figure 8a-b). At low-speed rotation (4000 rpm), the shear stress is mainly governed by the Typhoon-like toroidal flow, generating centrifugal forces on the tube wall. As a result, the MoS2 nanosheets were exfoliated firstly and then scrolled as the toroidal flow moves upwards (Figure 8c-d) [34,77,78]. As the rotation speed increased to 8000 rpm, the dominated double-helical twisted Faraday wave vortex flow cannot curl and roll up MoS2 nanosheets effectively. The morphology of MoS2 nanostructure can be changed from lamellae to scroll, by controlling the solvent selection, concentration of bulk material, and the processing parameters of VFD, including rotation speed and rotation angle. The VFD has been widely used to synthesize nanoscrolls from 2D nanosheets, such as graphite, graphene oxide, and hexagonal boron nitride [77,78,79].

3.2. Fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls in air

3.2.1. Plasma-assisted fabrication of MoS2 nanoscrolls

In 2016, Zhang et al. proposed preparation of MoS2 nanoscrolls by treating CVD-grown monolayer MoS2 nanosheets in a weak Ar plasma environment, as shown in Figure 9 [2]. Upon plasma bombardment, the top layer sulfur atoms of the MoS2 nanosheets are partially removed as the kinetic energy of Ar+ is larger than the binding energy of Mo-S bond. As a result, the MoS2 lattice is disrupted and unsaturated dangling bonds are left, leading to out-of-plane strain. Such kind of strain induces out-of-plane distortion, which rolls up the edge of MoS2 nanosheet to form nanoscrolls [2,41]. The optimum power for fabricating nanoscrolls was 25 W. If the power was too strong, short nanoscrolls were obtained. While longer time was needed to trigger the scrolling when the power was too weak. When the adjacent edges of MoS2 nanosheets are not parallel, a kink will be formed, preventing the formation of long scroll [2]. In addition, WS2 and WSe2 nanoscrolls were also prepared by treating the monolayer WS2 and WSe2 nanosheets in Ar plasma.

3.2.2. Strain-assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls

Because of the different thermal expansion coefficients of the MoS2 and SiO2, there are thermal strain gradients between the interface of CVD-grown MoS2 nanosheets and SiO2/Si substrate [41,61,80]. Upon quenching, the orientation-specific fractures are formed on CVD-grown MoS2 nanosheets due to the existed S vacancies (Figure 10a-b). Since the cooling rate of top MoS2 layer is greater than the bottom SiO2 layer, strong lattice contraction of MoS2 layer is observed due to the temperature difference, which induces self-curling at the fractures of MoS2 layer (Figure 10c). Afterwards, the curled edge continues to form scroll in order to minimize the surface energy (Figure 10d).
Table 1 summarizes the preparation methods of TMDCs nanoscrolls to show the advantages and disadvantages in detail.

4. Applications of TMDCs-NS

4.1. Photodetector based on TMDCs-NS

Compared to monolayer TMDCs nanosheet, the TMDCs-NS shows much better light absorption efficiency due to its increased thickness of spirally scrolled structure. Thus, the TMDCs-NS should exhibit excellent optoelectronic performance. Recently, the photodetection performance of TMDCs-NS has been investigated [35,83]. Photosensitivity, described by the ratio of photocurrent to dark current (PDR), is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the performance of a photodetector [3,7,19]. Figure 11a shows the PDRs of MoS2 nanosheet and nanoscroll based photodetectors under blue light irradiation with a bias voltage of 0.1 V. The PDR of nanoscroll based photodetector is about 400, which is about 100 times higher than that of nanosheet based one [7]. In addition, the response and recovery time of nanoscroll based photodetector are less than the nanosheet based photodetector. Similar enhanced PDR was also observed in the MoSe2 nanoscroll based device [54]. These results indicate that the TMDCs-NS shows much better photodetection performance than the TMDCs nanosheet, which should be attributed to the enhanced light absorption and rapid electron transportation along 1D structure [8,36]. Moreover, due to the large surface to volume ratio of MoS2 nanosheet, the adsorbates, such as O2 and H2O molecules, greatly reduce the photoresponse of MoS2 nanosheet based device. While the MoS2 nanoscroll has much smaller surface to volume ratio than nanosheet, which can decrease the influence of adsorbates on the photoresponse.
Compared to the MoS2 nanoscroll prepared by ethanol droplet (MoS2 NS-ethanol), the MoS2 nanoscroll prepared by water droplet (MoS2 NS-water) shows higher PDR (Figure 11 b) [36]. The ethanol molecules trapped in MoS2 NS-ethanol reduce the light absorption and hinder the interlayer transport of photogenerated carriers, and thus decrease the photoresponse. In addition, the ethanol can donate electron to MoS2 and thus increase the dark current of MoS2 NS-ethanol, which in turn decrease the PDR. Moreover, the MoS2 NS-water shows a slightly higher photocurrent than MoS2 NS-ethanol.

4.2. Photodetector based on TMDCs-NS composite

In bilayer WS2/MoS2 heterostructure, the carriers can be transferred from MoS2 to WS2 within 50 fs under illumination, indicating the important role of interface. However, there is only one interface in bilayer WS2/MoS2 heterostructure. The photoresponse performance of WS2/MoS2 heterostructure could be further improved if multiple interfaces can be established. By scrolling bilayer WS2/MoS2 heterostructure into WS2/MoS2 heterostructure nanoscroll, multiple hetero-interfaces are formed, which could show better photoresponse than the bilayer WS2/MoS2 heterostructure with one hetero-interface. After bilayer WS2/MoS2 heterostructure was grown by CVD, the alkaline droplet was dropped on it to roll up the bilayer heterostructure into nanoscroll [3]. As shown in Figure 12a, the PDR of bilayer WS2/MoS2 heterostructure based photodetector is ~180 under blue laser, which is much higher than that of monolayer MoS2 or WS2 nanosheets. While the PDR of WS2/MoS2 heterostructure nanoscroll based photodetector is 2700, about an order of magnitude higher than that of bilayer WS2/MoS2 heterostructure based photodetector.
By encapsulating photoactive PbI2 nanocrystals into MoS2 nanoscroll, the PDR of MoS2 nanoscroll can be enhanced by two orders of magnitude (Figure 12 b) [48]. Similarly, the PDRs of MoS2 and WS2 nanoscroll also increased by two orders of magnitude after Ag nanoparticles were trapped into nanoscroll (Figure 12c) [19]. Moreover, the photoresponsivity of MoS2 nanoscroll was also enhanced by about two orders of magnitude when BaTiO3 nanoparticles were encapsulated into it [11]. By doping WS2 nanoscroll with CdSe–ZnS quantum dots, the photosensitivity can be enhanced by 3000-fold (Figure 12d) [65]. Compared to single TMDCs nanoscrolls, the nanoscroll composite shows excellent photodetection performance [8,56], indicating it could be promising candidate for high-performance optoelectronics.

4.3. Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

The conductivity and effective active site of catalyst are two key factors to improve the hydrogen precipitation reaction (HER) [84,85,86]. TMDCs are considered as promising candidates after noble metals for catalytic hydrogen precipitation due to their good electrical conductivity and abundant active edges [51,87,88]. The introduction of small amount of MoSx greatly enhanced the HER activity of NbS2 nanoflakes [85]. The theoretical calculation indicates that Mo edge sites are identified as the catalytically active site for HER [89,90].
A number of efforts have been employed to increase the active sites and conductivity of TMDCs materials [91,92,93]. Among them, transforming the TMDCs nanosheets into nanoscrolls with active edges is of great interest in electrocatalytic HER [34]. By curling the TMDCs nanosheets to form nanoscrolls, the curled edges provide highly active edge sites for efficient catalysis. Meanwhile, the bending strain of basal plane also provides more active sites due to the scrolled structure [34,94,95,96]. In addition, the specific surface area of nanoscroll increases, converting the solution contact from single-sided contact of the nanosheet to multi-layer contact [97]. As a result, the TMDCs-NS provides higher catalytic activity and better conductivity. Thus, the HER activity of TMDCs-NS is greatly enhanced. Figure 13a shows the polarization curves of metallic WSe2 (M-WSe2) and 2H-WSe2 nanoscrolls compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The M-WSe2 nanoscroll exhibits higher HER activity, smaller overpotential and larger current densities than the 2H-WSe2 nanoscroll, attributing to its good conductivity and enhanced catalytic activity from scrolled structure [88]. Figure 13b shows the linear scanning voltammogram curves of current density and potential for Pt electrode, MoS2 sheet, MoS2 nanoscroll, MoS2 nanoscrolls@Pt, MoS2@Pt sheet, and MoS2@Pt nanoscroll [32]. The MoS2 nanosheet shows overpotential over 400 mV, while that of MoS2 nanoscroll decreases. The overpotential of MoS2 nanoscroll decorated by Pt nanoparticles (NPs) greatly decreases, indicating the important role of Pt NPs in enhancing the HER activity. By decorating Pt NPs on MoS2 nanosheet (MoS2@Pt sheet), the overpotential further decreases to around 300 mV. After the MoS2@Pt sheet was rolled up to form MoS2@Pt scroll, the overpotential is reduced to 200 mV, implying the basal plane bending of nanoscroll can further improve the HER activity.

4.4. Gas sensor

In recent years, TMDCs nanosheets have been attracted great attention for gas sensing because of their large surface to volume ratio and good electrical properties [98,99,100,101]. The TMDCs nanosheets based gas sensors show high sensitivity for trace gas molecules and good selectivity at room temperature [44,102,103,104]. However, they suffer from incomplete recovery and poor stability [105], which limit their practical applications. The TMDCs-NS has good conductivity due to its 1D structure and specific surface area from tubular structure. Meanwhile, the nanoscroll structure also provide tunable space to encapsulate functional nanomaterials for further enhanced performance. Therefore, the TMDCs-NS has been considered to present promising performance in the field of gas sensing [106].
By electrochemically exfoliating InSe crystal in electrolyte containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), the CTAB-functionalized InSe nanosheets (C-InSe) were obtained [105]. With the aid of solvent evaporation, the C-InSe nanosheets rolled up to form C-InSe nanoscroll. After the as-obtained C-InSe nanoscrolls were deposited on interdigitated electrodes (Figure 14b), they were placed into a chamber with fixed concentration of NO2 gas. An LED lamp illuminates light into the chamber through a glass cover (Figure 14a). The response of C-InSe nanoscrolls based sensor increases under light illumination (Figure 14c). The enhanced response is arisen from the increased adsorption of NO2 molecules favored by photogenerated electrons. While desorption of NO2 is observed as the light intensity increases further, which decreases the response of sensor. As the concentration of NO2 increases from 100 ppb to 25 ppm, the response of C-InSe nanosheets and nanoscrolls based sensors largely increases (Figure 14d). However, the C-InSe nanoscrolls based sensor exhibits much better response than C-InSe nanosheets based sensor, indicating the superiority of nanoscroll in gas sensing.

5. Conclusion

In this review, we summarize a series of fabrication methods of TMDCs nanoscrolls, and briefly demonstrate their applications in photodetection, HER and gas sensing (Figure 15). Compared to 2D TMDCs nanosheet, the 1D TMDCs nanoscroll presents higher light absorption efficiency and faster electron transport because of the scrolled structure. Due to their higher specific surface area and active edges, the TMDCs nanoscrolls have shown excellent performance in catalytic reaction. In conclusion, the TMDCs nanoscrolls are emerging materials with many novel physical and chemical properties that are promising for optoelectronics, catalysis, energy storage, and sensing.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51832001 and 21571101), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province in China (Grant No. BK20161543), and the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No. 15KJB430016).

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Figure 1. (a) Monolayer MoS2 nanosheet. (b) The MoS2 nanoscroll with inter core radius Rin, in outer radius Rout and interlayer spacing h. (c) The formation of the MoS2 nanoscrolls are always along the armchair direction (Mo–S bond direction) [39]. (d) The MoS2 sheets of the same size roll through the armchair (left) and zigzag (right) orientation MD simulations before (upper) and after (lower) structural relaxation [37]. (e) The relationship between unit atomic energy and simulation time of MoS2 nanoscrolls with armchair, zigzag and chiral orientation [37]. (f) The atomic energy is a function of MoS2 nanoscrolls spacing. The red area indicates the energy favorable interlayer distance [37].
Figure 1. (a) Monolayer MoS2 nanosheet. (b) The MoS2 nanoscroll with inter core radius Rin, in outer radius Rout and interlayer spacing h. (c) The formation of the MoS2 nanoscrolls are always along the armchair direction (Mo–S bond direction) [39]. (d) The MoS2 sheets of the same size roll through the armchair (left) and zigzag (right) orientation MD simulations before (upper) and after (lower) structural relaxation [37]. (e) The relationship between unit atomic energy and simulation time of MoS2 nanoscrolls with armchair, zigzag and chiral orientation [37]. (f) The atomic energy is a function of MoS2 nanoscrolls spacing. The red area indicates the energy favorable interlayer distance [37].
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Figure 2. Volatile organic solvent-assisted fabrication of MoS2 nanoscroll [7]. (a-b) CVD growth of monolayer MoS2 nanosheets. (c) A drop of ethanol is deposited on MoS2 nanosheets. (d) The edges of MoS2 nanosheets are rolled up during the evaporation of ethanol. (e) MoS2 nanoscrolls were formed.
Figure 2. Volatile organic solvent-assisted fabrication of MoS2 nanoscroll [7]. (a-b) CVD growth of monolayer MoS2 nanosheets. (c) A drop of ethanol is deposited on MoS2 nanosheets. (d) The edges of MoS2 nanosheets are rolled up during the evaporation of ethanol. (e) MoS2 nanoscrolls were formed.
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Figure 3. The mixture of ethanol and water assisted fabrication of MoS2 nanoscroll [8]. (a) CVD growth of MoS2 nanosheet. (b) Strain-balanced MoS2 on substrate. (c) After ethanol intercalation, the strain-adhesion balance between MoS2 and substrate is broken. (d) Rolling up the edge of MoS2 nanosheet. (e) The as-prepared MoS2 nanoscroll.
Figure 3. The mixture of ethanol and water assisted fabrication of MoS2 nanoscroll [8]. (a) CVD growth of MoS2 nanosheet. (b) Strain-balanced MoS2 on substrate. (c) After ethanol intercalation, the strain-adhesion balance between MoS2 and substrate is broken. (d) Rolling up the edge of MoS2 nanosheet. (e) The as-prepared MoS2 nanoscroll.
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Figure 4. Alkaline droplet-assisted fabrication of nanoscrolls [3]. (a) CVD-grown MoS2/WS2 heterostructures nanosheet on SiO2/Si substrate. (b) Etching the SiO2 layer beneath the nanosheet by dropping alkaline solution. (c) The edge of WS2/MoS2 nanosheet is rolled up due to the elimination of strong adhesion from substrate. (d) The as-formed WS2/MoS2 heterojunction nanoscroll. (e-f) Show the comparison before and after dropping the alkali solution on the MoS2/WS2 nanosheets.
Figure 4. Alkaline droplet-assisted fabrication of nanoscrolls [3]. (a) CVD-grown MoS2/WS2 heterostructures nanosheet on SiO2/Si substrate. (b) Etching the SiO2 layer beneath the nanosheet by dropping alkaline solution. (c) The edge of WS2/MoS2 nanosheet is rolled up due to the elimination of strong adhesion from substrate. (d) The as-formed WS2/MoS2 heterojunction nanoscroll. (e-f) Show the comparison before and after dropping the alkali solution on the MoS2/WS2 nanosheets.
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Figure 5. Fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls by dragging water droplet at 100 °C [36]. (a) Monolayer MoS2 nanosheet was grown by CVD at 680 °C. b. Heat the substrate and MoS2 nanosheets for 10 min. c. A drop of H2O on the MoS2 film. d. The H2O droplet was dragged across the MoS2 nanosheet on the SiO2/Si substrate by a coverslip at 3 mm/s-1; e. MoS2 nanoscroll was formed after removing the H2O droplet; f. Schematic diagram of the formation of the MoS2-NS.
Figure 5. Fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls by dragging water droplet at 100 °C [36]. (a) Monolayer MoS2 nanosheet was grown by CVD at 680 °C. b. Heat the substrate and MoS2 nanosheets for 10 min. c. A drop of H2O on the MoS2 film. d. The H2O droplet was dragged across the MoS2 nanosheet on the SiO2/Si substrate by a coverslip at 3 mm/s-1; e. MoS2 nanoscroll was formed after removing the H2O droplet; f. Schematic diagram of the formation of the MoS2-NS.
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Figure 6. Amine-functional amphiphilic molecule assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls. (a) Scheme of Amine-functional amphiphilic molecule assisted fabrication of 1T@2H MoS2 nanoscrolls [33]. (b-c) Scheme of Amine-functional amphiphilic molecule assisted fabrication of MoS2-Ag and MoS2-Au nanoscrolls [68].
Figure 6. Amine-functional amphiphilic molecule assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls. (a) Scheme of Amine-functional amphiphilic molecule assisted fabrication of 1T@2H MoS2 nanoscrolls [33]. (b-c) Scheme of Amine-functional amphiphilic molecule assisted fabrication of MoS2-Ag and MoS2-Au nanoscrolls [68].
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Figure 7. Supercritical fluid processing-assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls. FE-SEM images of (a) bulk MoS2 flake and (b–c) supercritical fluid prepared MoS2 nanoscrolls [73]. FE-SEM images of (d) bulk WS2 flake and (e–f) supercritical fluid prepared WS2 nanoscrolls [53].
Figure 7. Supercritical fluid processing-assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscrolls. FE-SEM images of (a) bulk MoS2 flake and (b–c) supercritical fluid prepared MoS2 nanoscrolls [73]. FE-SEM images of (d) bulk WS2 flake and (e–f) supercritical fluid prepared WS2 nanoscrolls [53].
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Figure 8. Shear force assisted fabrication of nanoscrolls [34]. (a-c) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of MoS2 scrolls in VFD. SEM images of the (d) MoS2 bulk material and (e) as-prepared MoS2 scrolls in VFD.
Figure 8. Shear force assisted fabrication of nanoscrolls [34]. (a-c) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of MoS2 scrolls in VFD. SEM images of the (d) MoS2 bulk material and (e) as-prepared MoS2 scrolls in VFD.
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Figure 9. Ar plasma-assisted fabrication of MoS2 nanoscrolls [2]. Schematic structures of (a) monolayer, (b) edge distortion, and (c) scrolled edge of MoS2 nanosheet under Ar plasma treatment. AFM images of (d) monolayer MoS2 nanosheet and (e) as-obtained MoS2 nanoscrolls.
Figure 9. Ar plasma-assisted fabrication of MoS2 nanoscrolls [2]. Schematic structures of (a) monolayer, (b) edge distortion, and (c) scrolled edge of MoS2 nanosheet under Ar plasma treatment. AFM images of (d) monolayer MoS2 nanosheet and (e) as-obtained MoS2 nanoscrolls.
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Figure 10. Schematic diagram of nanoscroll formed by thermal strain [81]. (a) Monolayer MoS2 nanosheets were prepared on SiO2/Si substrate by CVD. (b) S vacancy acts as crack nuclei due to the thermal strain upon quenching. (c) Self-curling at the fractures of MoS2 layer because of the temperature difference between MoS2 and SiO2 layer. (d) The MoS2 nanoscroll formed by thermal strain.
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of nanoscroll formed by thermal strain [81]. (a) Monolayer MoS2 nanosheets were prepared on SiO2/Si substrate by CVD. (b) S vacancy acts as crack nuclei due to the thermal strain upon quenching. (c) Self-curling at the fractures of MoS2 layer because of the temperature difference between MoS2 and SiO2 layer. (d) The MoS2 nanoscroll formed by thermal strain.
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Figure 11. Photodetection performance of TMDCs-NS based device. (a) Top panel: Scheme of photodetector based on MoS2 nanoscroll. Bottom panel: PDR plot of photodetectors based on MoS2 nanosheet and nanoscroll under 405 nm laser [7]. (b) The scheme of nanoscrolls made by dropping ethanol and water droplets, respectively. PDR plot of corresponding photodetectors under 405 nm laser [36].
Figure 11. Photodetection performance of TMDCs-NS based device. (a) Top panel: Scheme of photodetector based on MoS2 nanoscroll. Bottom panel: PDR plot of photodetectors based on MoS2 nanosheet and nanoscroll under 405 nm laser [7]. (b) The scheme of nanoscrolls made by dropping ethanol and water droplets, respectively. PDR plot of corresponding photodetectors under 405 nm laser [36].
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Figure 12. Photodetector based on TMDCs-NS composite. (a) Plots of the PDRs of photodetectors based on WS2/MoS2 nanosheet and nanoscroll under blue laser [3]. (b) PDRs plots of photodetectors based on MoS2 nanoscrolls and PbI2/MoS2 nanoscrolls under 405 nm lasers [48]. c. Plots of the PDRs of the MoS2 nanosheet, MoS2 nanoscroll, MoS2-Ag nanosheet, and MoS2-Ag NS under a 633 nm laser [19]. d. Photocurrent variations in hybridized WS2 nanoscroll photodetectors under different power densities of a 532 nm laser [65].
Figure 12. Photodetector based on TMDCs-NS composite. (a) Plots of the PDRs of photodetectors based on WS2/MoS2 nanosheet and nanoscroll under blue laser [3]. (b) PDRs plots of photodetectors based on MoS2 nanoscrolls and PbI2/MoS2 nanoscrolls under 405 nm lasers [48]. c. Plots of the PDRs of the MoS2 nanosheet, MoS2 nanoscroll, MoS2-Ag nanosheet, and MoS2-Ag NS under a 633 nm laser [19]. d. Photocurrent variations in hybridized WS2 nanoscroll photodetectors under different power densities of a 532 nm laser [65].
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Figure 13. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) based on TMDCs-NS. (a) HER polarization curves for M-WSe2 nanoscrolls, 2H-WSe2 nanoscrolls, and the commercial Pt/C [88]. (b) Polarization curves for Pt electrode, MoS2 sheet, MoS2 nanoscroll, MoS2 nanoscrolls@Pt, MoS2@Pt sheet, and MoS2@Pt nanoscroll [32].
Figure 13. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) based on TMDCs-NS. (a) HER polarization curves for M-WSe2 nanoscrolls, 2H-WSe2 nanoscrolls, and the commercial Pt/C [88]. (b) Polarization curves for Pt electrode, MoS2 sheet, MoS2 nanoscroll, MoS2 nanoscrolls@Pt, MoS2@Pt sheet, and MoS2@Pt nanoscroll [32].
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Figure 14. Gas sensor based on C-InSe nanoscrolls [105]. (a-b) Schematic illustration of C-InSe nanoscroll based gas sensor and test platform. (c) Response curves of C-InSe nanoscrolls sensor towards 1 ppm NO2 under blue light irradiation with different light intensities. (d) Relationship between the response of C-InSe nanosheets and nanoscrolls based sensors and NO2 concentration.
Figure 14. Gas sensor based on C-InSe nanoscrolls [105]. (a-b) Schematic illustration of C-InSe nanoscroll based gas sensor and test platform. (c) Response curves of C-InSe nanoscrolls sensor towards 1 ppm NO2 under blue light irradiation with different light intensities. (d) Relationship between the response of C-InSe nanosheets and nanoscrolls based sensors and NO2 concentration.
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Figure 15. Summary of preparation and applications of TMDCs nanoscrolls.
Figure 15. Summary of preparation and applications of TMDCs nanoscrolls.
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Table 1. The advantages and disadvantages of preparation methods for TMDCs nanoscrolls.
Table 1. The advantages and disadvantages of preparation methods for TMDCs nanoscrolls.
Methods Advantages Challenges References
In liquid Solvent evaporation to make nanoscroll Large area, large size, high productivity, short time consuming, easy to operate Solvent residue, loose nanoscrolls [6,7,8,9,17,37,39,52,56,65,82]
Alkaline droplet-assisted fabrication of nanoscroll High yield, high productivity for thick nanosheet Substrate etching, solvent residue [3,5,10,11,19,35]
Fabrication of TMDCs nanoscroll by dragging water droplet High yield, solvent-free residue, tightly packed nanoscroll Not suitable for water and oxygen sensitive material [36]
Amine-functional amphiphilic molecule assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscroll High yield, easy to operate Small dimension, solvent residue [32,33,67]
Supercritical fluid assisted fabrication of nanoscroll Simple, fast Small dimension, solvent residue [73]
Shear force assisted fabrication of nanoscroll High productivity, easy to operate Low proportion of monolayer nanosheet [34]
In air Plasma-assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscroll Simple process, high yield Small dimension, structure damage [2,4]
Strain-assisted fabrication of TMDCs nanoscroll Simple and repeatable Complex process, low productivity, incomplete nanoscroll [54]
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