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A Knowledge Update of Rarely Reported Crustacean Species, Rissoides pallidus (Giesbrecht, 1910) (Stomatopoda, Squillidae), Caught in the Strait of Sicily Waters (Central Mediterranean Sea)

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07 August 2023

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08 August 2023

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Abstract
The mantis shrimp Rissoides pallidus (Giesbrecht, 1910) is among the rarely reported crustacean species in the Central Mediterranean Sea. In December 2020, during a trawl survey off Mazara del Vallo harbour (Strait of Sicily), two specimens of R. pallidus were captured on coastal detritus and coastal terrigenous mud bottoms at about 132 and 152 m depths. This current note, therefore, updates the existing knowledge of R. pallidus in the Strait of Sicily. Additional information specific to biometrics, bottom types, depth preference, habitats, and geographic distribution of this crusta-cean species are provided.
Keywords: 
Subject: Biology and Life Sciences  -   Aquatic Science

1. Introduction

The Strait of Sicily is considered a very important biogeographical area [1,2] and remains representative as a barrier to some species [3,4], whereas some others an “ecological corridor” [5,6,7]. These features make it a biodiversity and productivity hotspot of marine edible resources, which are exploited by national and international fleets [8,9,10,11]. Despite that stomatopod crustaceans occupy some space within the Mediterranean waters, there belong to the fauna that has been studied less [12]. Not only is the commercial interest for Stomatopods amply minimal, information regarding the majority of its species are not always available. For instance, the stomatopod genus Rissoides comprise 5 species [13] mainly distributed in the shallow waters along the burrows or crevices on different types of substrate [14]. Among these, only the Rissoides desmaresti (Risso, 1816) and Rissoides pallidus (Giesbrecht, 1910) appear recorded in the Mediterranean Sea [15]. These stomatopod species show a patchy distribution with low densities. In particular, R. pallidus is rarely recorded, though believed to be widespread in the Mediterranean, noting the records shown from the Levant [16] to the western Alboran Sea [17], as well as north-western Africa, Canary Islands, and Madeira [18,19,20]. To supplement existing information, this current note updates the existing knowledge of R. pallidus in the Strait of Sicily. Additional information specific to biometrics, bottom types, depth preference, habitats, and geographical distribution of this crustacean species is provided.

2. Materials and Methods

On December 2020, two specimens of R. pallidus (trawl haul points: 37.515°N, 12.4025°E and 37.493°N, 12.4433°E) were captured as part of the discarded fraction of a selectivity trawl survey (see [21,22] for technical details) carried out off Mazara del Vallo harbour (Northern sector of the Strait of Sicily). The depth of the sampling site ranged between 132 and 152 m. Figure 1 shows the map of how the R. pallidus has been distributed based on previous and current studies within the Mediterranean Basin.
Thereafter, biological samples were transported to the laboratory of CNR-IRBIM of Mazara del Vallo where the R. pallidus specimens were identified and biometric data were collected. Specifically, mantis shrimp individuals were photographed, weighted (accuracy 0.1 g) and measured as carapace length (CL – distance between the centre of the anterior interorbital margin and the centre of the posterior margin, excluding the rostral plate), carapace width (CW –carapace at widest point) as well as total length (TL – distance between the anterior edge of the rostral plate and posterior extremity of the telson) with the help of a calliper to the lowest millimetre. The sex of R. pallidus specimens was determined by the presence or absence of penes at the base of the pereopods on the eighth thoracic somite following the method of KUBO et al. [40]. Furthermore, a summary of published records, showing biometrics, bottom types, habitat, and depth of R. palllidus previously found within the Mediterranean Basin was carried out to enable robust comparisons of emergent data. Lastly, the geographical distribution of this uncommon species in the Mediterranean basin was mapped using Quantum GIS software (QGIS, 2020).

3. Results and Discussion

The R. pallidus specimens from the Strait of Sicily were female with 10 and 8 mm CL, 8 and 4 mm CW, and 48 and 33 mm TL, respectively (Figure 2).
As for weight, these specimens were 1.26 and 0.26 g, respectively. The biometrics of the specimens in the present note resembled those reported by previous authors [12,16,25,28,39]. For instance, Lewinsohn and Manning [16] reported TL of females 47 mm, and males 45 mm. Kocataş and Kataǧan [31] reported R. pallidus obtained from the Aegean Sea with TL of 56 mm. Indeed, the female specimens recorded in the Mediterranean showed a TL from 32 to 67 mm. From our conducted literature summary in Table 1, we can see that the R. pallidus specimens found within the Mediterranean can have a reasonable TL range of between 32 and 67 mm.
Compared to other species that belong to Squilidae, the male individuals of R. pallidus exhibits a sexual dimorphism characterized by an inflated telson carinae and tubercles, whereas the growth of the telson width resembles in both sexes [38].
Morphological characteristics were in agreement with the description provided by Manning [18] and Lewinsohn and Manning [16]. It is worth noting that, R. pallidus can sometimes be confused with R. desmaresti [12]. Nevertheless, such features that allow its recognition may occur in the colour and morphology of the body. Specifically, R. pallidus is characterized by the long antennular peduncle, lateral process of the fifth thoracic somite (that is considered laterally sharp), lateral carinae of the fourth abdominal somite (that is considered armed posteriorly) and a series of spinules on the inner margin of the basal prolongation of the uropod [16,25]. Although the colour pattern of both species closely resembled, the R. Pallidus shows a pigment that appears much less well marked, with a noticeably less pigment that is laterally placed on the abdomen, between the intermediate and lateral carina [18].
The specimens of the current study were caught in a fishing ground locally known as 'Gigibau'. This is an area of about 500 km2 with a depth range of between 100 and 170 m and 10 nautical miles (SW) from Mazara del Vallo, which equally characterized by two different biocenoses namely: coastal detritus and coastal terrigenous mud [42,43]. Concerning the habitat and geographic distribution, some previous studies have reported the occurrence of R. pallidus at different substrates, notwithstanding that the muddy areas of the deep continental shelf and upper slope seem to be the preferred habitat of this species (Table 1). The R. pallidus, similarly to the congeneric species R. desmaresti [44], might build burrows. According to Laban and Lindeboom [45], such burrows would have to avoid the catch of animals by trawls that penetrate into the sediment, and much less the depth. However, in the present study, R. pallidus specimens were caught using a trawl net in a deep water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris Lucas, 1846) fishing ground [46,47,48,49,50]. In particular, the present study asserts the occurrence of R. pallidus in the Strait of Sicily. The last record to our best knowledge about the R. pallidus specific to the Strait of Sicily appears after twenty-eight years [29].
Relevant information concerning the biology of R. pallidus appears scanty. For instance, the information about the size at maturity, and growth appears not available in the scientific literature, to our best knowledge. In particular, the females of R. pallidus might depict a similar resembling reproductive period to Squilla mantis especially during the fall and winter seasons [51]. Besides, peak abundance of R. pallidus has been reported during the autumn and winter months in the Adriatic Sea [52]. Given that, the R. pallidus specimens of this study were caught in the December month, such a catch might be linked to the feeding activity beyond the burrows prior to egg incubation [51,52].
Overall, the current note has provided an update regarding the spatial distribution of R. pallidus in the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, in order to provide a complete picture for anyone aiming to study the R. pallidus, as much relevant biological information that is available in the scientific literature has to be collected, and that is what we have attempted to do here. Despite this, much more is yet to be learned about the distribution and biology of R. pallidus. Not only that there is no commercial interest for this R. pallidus, some stomatopods to live in specific biotopes [53] - both reasons may be why the records of this species are scanty. However, as suggested by Falsone et al. [53] and Sardo et al. [55], there is need for an adequate sampling methodology, which might help overcome such a challenge. Lastly, to improve the knowledge about the spatial distribution and biological features of uncommon or threatened species, an ad-hoc research project [56,57] and a closer collaboration with fishers [58,59,60] should be encouraged.

Supplementary Materials

All emergent data are included in the main text.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the fact that individuals arrived on deck already dead.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All emergent data are included in the main text.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Map showing how the Rissoides pallidus has been distributed based on previous and current study within the Mediterranean Basin.
Figure 1. Map showing how the Rissoides pallidus has been distributed based on previous and current study within the Mediterranean Basin.
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Figure 2. Rissoides pallidus (Risso, 1816) individual caught in the Strait of Sicily: dorsal view (female specimen).
Figure 2. Rissoides pallidus (Risso, 1816) individual caught in the Strait of Sicily: dorsal view (female specimen).
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Table 1. Summary of published records, showing the biometrics, bottom types, habitat, and depth of Rissoides palllidus within the Mediterranean Basin.
Table 1. Summary of published records, showing the biometrics, bottom types, habitat, and depth of Rissoides palllidus within the Mediterranean Basin.
Reference Locality Coordinates Date Bottom Depth (m) N CL (mm) TL (mm)
Giesbrecht (1910) Gulf of Naples - - - - - - -
Forest and Guinot [23] Off Tunisia coasts - - - 170-200 - - -
Manning and Froglia [25] Gulf of Patti - 17.06.1970 - 500 1♂
1♀		 - 57 - 67
NW of Pomo 43°15'N 15°00'E 24.04.1969 - 115-132 1♀ - 56
43°22'N
15°00'E		 24.04.1969 - 115-125 1♀ - 66
43°28'N 15°10'E 28.10.1975 - 200 3♂
1♀		 - 60 – 63
West
of Pomo		 43°05'N 15°05'E 22.07.1970 epibathial muds 220 1♂ - 47
43°05'N 15°05'E 20.07.1977 - - 2♀ - 62 - 64
Incoronata Island 43°22'N 15°00'E 25.05.1969 - 125 1♂ - 66
SW of Lucietta 43°28'N 15°14'E 12.04.1973 coarse sands 133 3♀ - 52 - 68
NW of Isole Tremiti 42°11’N 15°18'E 24.02.1973 muddy sands 104 1♀ - 65
SE of Lagosta 42°29'N 17°11’E 4.07.1973 muddy sands 285 1♂
1♀		 - 52
Lewinsohn and Manning [16] Palmahim 31°56'N 34°34'E 03.05.1977 mud 80 1♂ - 45
Bardawil lagoon - 04.02.1969 - 91.5 1♀ - 47
Valladares [26] Cabo de Creus Cabo de La Nao 41°33’N 03°17’E 2.03.1977 - 290-300 3♂ 13 - 15 -
De Ranieri and Mori [27] Off Elba Island - 1985-1986 bathyal mud detritic biocoenoses 190-335 6♂
7♀		 - -
Froglia [28] Off Punta Mesco - 07.06.1975 - 435-500 1♂
1♀		 - 50
52
Gulf of Cagliari 38°53'N
9°20'E		 23.12.1985 - 650-720 1♀ - 66
39°01'N 9°17'E 02.05.1986 - 580-610 1♀ - 58
North of Sentinelle Bank 38°05'N
9°35'E		 25.07.1985 - 450-600 1♂ - 65
Off Isola del
Giglio		 - 3.04.1985 - 307 1♂
1♀		 - 62 - 68
South of Isola d'Elba - 3.04.1985 - 245 1♀ - 61
Off Anzio 41°11'N 12°39'E 04.1987 - 275 1♀ - 68
41°08'N
12°45'E		 9.04.1987 - 340 1♀ - 70
SW of Gaeta 41°02'N 13°22'E 11.05.1987 - 325 3♂ - 70 - 76
Gulf of Napoli 40°46'N 14°12'E 19.04.1986 - 218 3♂ - 70 - 73
Gulf of Salerno 40°28'N 14°42'E 4.09.1986 - 264-277 1♀ - 61
Off Capo Bonifanti 39°36'N 15°40'E 15.04.1986 - 370-403 4♀ - 57 - 68
Strait of Sicily 37°05'N
13°00'E		 06.09.1990 - 302-337 1♂ - 54
Off Malta 35°32'N
15°17'E		 02.1986 - 263 3♂ - 55 - 65
Off Gargano 42°09'N 16°10'E 21.07.1985 - 114-120 1♀ - 46
Western Pomo pit 42°50'N 14°50'E 15.05.1978 - 220 1♀ - 61
42°59'N 14°29'E 16.05.1978 - 120 3♂
5♀		 - 64 - 70
65 - 75
Abello et al. [12] Vilanova, Catalonia 41°5'N
1°45'E		 6.03.1991 terrigenous mud 110-247 1♂ 7 35
Blanes, Catalonia 41°35'N
2°48'E		 20.10.1991 terrigenous mud 110-113 1♂ 14 65
Dounas and Steudel [30] Iraklion Bay - - silty clay 190 1♀ - 32
Georgioupolis - 04.08.1991 - 105 1♂ - 38
Kocatas and Katagan [31] Datca Peninsula - 05.05.1992 mud 280 1♀ - 56
Abello et al. [12] W. Alboran Sea - 1994-1999 - 117-523 21 - -
Vera Gulf
Alacant
Eivissa Island
Valencia
Ebro delta
N. Catalonia
Biagi et al. [32] Off Tuscany and Latium coasts - 1994-1997 - - - - -
Kevredikis and Galil [34] Prassonisi - 29.10.1997 - 63-85 - - -
Sartor et al. [35] Island of Giglio, Montecristo, Pianosa - 1995-1999 - 300-650 - - -
Colloca et al. [36] Western
coasts of Italy		 - 1997-2001 detritic organogenic sediments 10-700 - - -
Ungaro et al. [37] Southern
Adriatic Sea		 - 1996-2000 - 16-588 - - -
Mori et al. [38] Tuscany Archipelago - 1994-1996 - 250-550 75♂ 8 - 16 36 - 68
84♀ 8 - 15 35 - 66
Kocak [39] Sıgacık Bay - 19.06.2008 mud 550 3♀ 11 - 12 48 - 52
Present Study Strait of Sicily (Gigibau) 37°51’N
12°40’E		 18.12.2020 coastal detritus 152 1♀ 10 48
37°49’N
12°44’E		 17.12.2020 coastal terrigenous 132 1♀ 8 33
(N: number of individuals; CL: carapace length; TL: total length; ♂: males; ♀: females, -: not available).
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