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Novel Y RNA-derived fragments as a diagnostic biomarker for the identification of canine hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma

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Abstract
Keywords: Y RNA; Canine hepatocellular carcinoma, canine hepatocellular adenoma
Keywords: 
Subject: Biology and Life Sciences  -   Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Zoology

1. Introduction

Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can occur in both canine and human patients. HCAs are rare, benign tumors that derive from proliferating hepatocytes, whereas HCCs are common, malignant tumors that can develop from HCAs [1,2,3]. HCC accounts for 50-70% of hepatic tumors in dogs and is the sixth most common cancer in humans worldwide [4,5,6,7]. Canine HCC frequently occurs in patients from the age of ten years, with male sex as a predisposing factor [8,9]. Distinguishing HCA from HCC can be complicated in dogs, but correct tumor identification is crucial because the indicated treatment and prognosis differ between these two tumor types [10,11]. Therefore, there is a need for a minimally invasive diagnostic technique for differentiating HCA from HCC on a molecular basis for canine patients.
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are potentially implicated in hepatocellular tumorigenesis and may serve as a diagnostic marker for these tumors [12,13]. ncRNA categories encompass diverse transcripts, including miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and other RNA-like Y RNA fragments. Studies on miRNAs in human HCA are limited [1,14], and only one report on miRNAs involved in canine HCA [15]. miRNA involvement in HCC growth has been the subject of in-depth research in dogs and humans [15,16,17,18,19]. For example, our group has previously reported miR-1 dysregulation in canine HCC [16]. However, none of the reports on ncRNAs in canine liver tumors have addressed Y RNA.
Y RNA is first reported in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in 1981 [20]. Despite being highly conserved molecules, Y RNAs exist in all vertebrate species, and the number of Y RNA transcripts varies between species [21,22]. Y RNAs are a type of regulatory RNA that have a sequence of 80-110 nucleotides. They are identified by a stem-loop structure formed by complementary 5' and 3' ends [23,24]. Y RNAs may follow the miRNA's biogenesis pathways due to having a stem-loop structure of both Y RNAs and miRNAs [22]. Another study suggests that Y RNAs do not enter the miRNA biogenesis pathway and also do not bind to argonaut complex protein [25]. Y RNAs are transcribed by the enzyme RNA polymerase III. These RNAs are bound to the polyuridine tail of the La protein, also known as small RNA binding exonucleolytic protection factor. This binding ensures nuclear retention and safeguards them from degradation [26]. Additionally, Y RNAs are also bound to RO60, also known as SSA, which promotes nuclear export and makes them more stable [27]. Y RNA-derived fragments (YRFs) are formed as a result of the partial breakdown of Y RNAs during apoptosis, which is carried out via the caspase-3-dependent pathway [25]. YRFs have been detected in both normal and cancerous tissues [28].
The dysregulation of Y RNAs may contribute to the development of tumors, affect cell growth, and promote inflammation [29]. Y RNAs are crucial in initiating DNA replication, maintaining RNA stability, and responding to cell stress [22,30]. Y RNAs are responsible for cellular processes such as cell proliferation [22]. Y RNAs and YRFs might be involved in signaling or a gene regulation function [31,32]. Y RNAs have not previously been investigated in human or canine HCC and HCA.
Y RNAs have been found in substantial amounts in plasma and serum from human patients [33,34], other biofluids [35], and extracellular vesicles [31]. Y RNAs have been established as reliable diagnostic biomarkers for a range of human cancers, including prostate and bladder cancers, melanoma, head, and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), breast cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung cancer [29,33,34,36,37,38,39]. Regarding evidence from dogs, our group has found decreased Y RNA-fragment expression in canine mammary gland tumors [40].
Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are of potential interest for the quantification of Y RNA fragments and other ncRNAs. They are small structures released by cells to facilitate the transportation of vital components such as DNA, RNA, and proteins for effective intercellular communication [41]. EV-derived ncRNAs have great significance for the early diagnosis of HCC due to their presence in circulation at an early stage of the disease, and they also have implications for any drug delivery system used in the treatment of HCC [42,43]. Recent studies have shown that EV-derived Y RNA is abundant in human brain tumors, melanoma, and small-cell lung cancer [44,45,46]. However, EV-derived Y RNA has yet to be studied in either canine or human HCC or HCA.
Similar gene expression patterns, such as the significance of TGF-beta, seem to be evident in the development of HCC in dogs and humans [47]. That is why exploring the role of Y RNA presents a promising avenue for gaining significant insights into the development of hepatic diseases.
Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to determine relative Y RNA expression levels in dogs with HCC and HCA using qRT-PCR analysis targeting tumor tissues, plasma, and plasma EVs from clinical samples, and HCC cell lines, to evaluate Y RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for these two types of liver tumor in dogs.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Population (Clinical Samples)

The clinical samples evaluated in this study had been obtained from a population of 28 dogs (age range: 8-14 years) diagnosed histopathologically with HCA (n=15) or HCC (n=13) by a veterinary pathologist when undergoing surgery at the Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital or an affiliated clinic, between September 2012 and December 2022. The owner of each dog gave informed consent for using samples in this research. Samples were also collected from nine healthy adult laboratory beagle dogs to include as healthy controls in the evaluation provided by Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. [16].
Tumor tissue samples were collected at the time of surgery from the clinical patients, and biopsy samples were collected from the livers of healthy controls. Plasma samples were obtained from a subset of the study population (n=20; Healthy controls: n=6; HCA: n=5; HCC n=9). Full details of the HCA and HCC patients are summarized in Table 1. Tissue samples were immersed in RNAlater immediately after collection and stored at -80°C for long-term preservation. Blood samples were collected in anticoagulant-treated tubes (Terumo Venoject tubes 3.2% sodium citrate) and centrifuged at 3000*g for 10 minutes to remove the cell debris. The plasma samples were separated and centrifuged again at 16000 ✕g at 4°C to remove the debris. The supernatant was transferred to new Eppendorf tubes and stored at -80°C as plasma samples.

2.2. Cell Lines and Cell Culture

In this study, we evaluated two HCC cell lines, 95-1044 (a fast-proliferating cell line) and AZACH (an intermediate-proliferating cell line) [16,48]. Cell lines were preserved using a CultureSure freezing medium and stored in liquid nitrogen (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan). D-MEM medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri), 5% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts), 5% L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich), and 3.5 μg/mL spectinomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) were used to culture the cells. All cells were cultured in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C. Cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 0.25% trypsin or 0.1% EDTA were applied for detaching the cells. Cells were counted using an automated cell counter (LUNAII, Logos).

2.3. EV Isolation

The Total Exosome RNA and Protein Isolation Kit (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to isolate EVs from plasma, following the manufacturer’s protocol. In brief, 300 μl plasma samples were mixed with a half volume of 1X PBS. 90 μl of exosome precipitation reagent was then added, and the resultant mixture was vortexed thoroughly and centrifuged at 10,000*g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the tube was centrifuged again at 1000✕g for 30 seconds to remove the residual reagent. Finally, the pellet was reconstituted in 150 μl 1X PBS and stored at -80°C for further analysis.

2.4. RNA Isolation of Clinical Samples and HCC Cell Lines

A mirVanaTM RNA Isolation Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to extract total RNA from tissues and cells in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. A mirVana PARIS Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to isolate total RNAs from plasma samples and EVs. Before extraction, 5 μl (5 femtomoles) of synthetic cel-miR-39 was added to every plasma and plasma EV sample for normalization. Briefly, each tissue sample or the relevant HCC cell preparation was mixed with the required amount of lysis buffer. A 300 µL aliquot of each plasma sample was mixed with an equivalent amount of 2x denaturation solution. A 1:10 ratio of a miRNA homogenate additive was added to the tissue or cell lysate, then kept on ice for 10 min. A 600 µL Acid-phenol: chloroform (Ambion®) was added to the tissue, cell lysate, or plasma, with subsequent thorough vortex-mixing and then centrifugation at 15000✕g for 5 min at room temperature. The supernatant was then collected carefully in an Eppendorf tube, to which a 1.25-fold amount of molecular-grade ethanol (99.9% in purity) was added (and the amount recorded), and the tube contents were filtered using centrifugation. In the final step, total RNA was obtained as sediment in the tube using an elution solution pre-heated to 95°C. The NanoDrop 2000c spectrophotometer was used to measure the concentration of total RNA (Thermo Fisher Scientific). To evaluate the quality and integrity of RNA, an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer was utilized (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The cells and tissues had RNA Integrity Numbers ranging from 8.5 to 9.5.

2.5. ncRNAs Selection and qRT-PCR

Y RNA was selected based on a previously published NGS dataset (SRA: PRJNA716131) for canine mammary gland tumors [40]. The qRT-PCR protocol was described previously [49,50,51]. Briefly, 2 ng (for tissues and cell lines) or 1.25 µl (for plasma and plasma EVs) of total RNA were reverse transcribed to cDNA using the TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with a T100 thermal cycler, following the manufacturer’s protocol. For qRT-PCR, a TaqMan First Advanced Master Mix Kit and a Quant Studio 3 real-time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were applied. Each experiment was conducted two times to ensure accuracy. To evaluate the expression level, the 2−ΔΔCT method was used. RNU6B was used as an internal control for tissues and plasma, miR-16 was for the plasma, and miR-186 was for EVs [52]. The TaqMan primer sequences are as follows; 5´-GGCTGGTCCGAGTGCAGTGGTGCTTAC-3´ YRNA fragments (Ensembl ID: ENSCAFT00000034244.1).

2.6. Statistical Analysis

GraphPad Prism 9 (https://www.graphpad.com/) was used for statistical analysis and graph visualization. A Mann–Whitney U test and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to assess the qRT-PCR results where applicable. ROC curves and AUCs were plotted using Wilson/Brown method. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Expression of Y RNA Using qRT-PCR

3.1.1. Relative Expression in the Clinical Tissue Samples

The relative expression of Y RNA was investigated in HCA and HCC tissue samples. YRNA was significantly decreased in HCC [fold change (FC) =0.43, P=0.008] versus healthy controls (Figure 1A,B). In addition, Y RNA was preferentially decreased in HCC (FC=0.39, P=0.001) versus HCA. However, the Y RNA expression level did not significantly differ between healthy controls and HCA. Thus, the expression profile for Y RNA in HCC differed to those in healthy controls and HCA.

3.1.2. Relative Expression in Plasma

We evaluated the expression of the selected Y RNA in plasma samples. Y RNA was significantly decreased in HCC (FC=0.02, P=0.002) and significantly increased in HCA (FC=2.50, P=0.002) versus Healthy controls (Figure 2). Furthermore, Y RNA expression was decreased in HCC (FC=0.009, P=0.030) versus HCA. Taken together, our findings indicate that Y RNA expression may differentiate HCC and HCA from Healthy controls and HCC from HCA.

3.1.3. Relative Expression in Plasma EVs

In plasma, the relative Y RNA expression was significantly decreased in HCC (FC=0.21, P=0.001) versus Healthy controls (FC=0.21, P=0.001), and HCA (FC=0.06, P=0.001) [Figure 3]. However, Y RNA expression did not significantly differ between HCA and Healthy controls. Thus, Y RNA expression could distinguish HCC and HCA from Healthy controls. The Y RNA expression profile in plasma was consistent with that in clinical tumor tissue samples.

3.1.4. Relative Expression in Canine HCC Cell Lines

The relative expression of Y RNA was evaluated in a fast-proliferative 95-1044 and intermediate-proliferating AZACH cell lines. Y RNA was significantly decreased in 95-1044 (FC=0.03, P=0.0002) and AZACH (FC=0.24, P=0.0007) cells versus normal liver tissue (Figure 4). In addition, Y RNA was significantly decreased in 95-1044 cells (FC=0.15, P=0.004) versus AZACH cells. Our results thus suggest that Y RNA expression is substantially decreased in fast-proliferative HCC cell lines, which is consistent with the results for clinical tumor tissue samples.

3.2. Diagnostic Value of Y RNA

Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and areas under the curve (AUCs) were generated to investigate the diagnostic value of Y RNA. In plasma analyses, Y RNA yielded AUCs of 0.920 (P=0.028) and 1.00 (P=0.004) for HCA and HCC, respectively, when evaluated against Healthy controls (Figure 5A,B). Y RNA also differentiated HCC (AUC=1.00, P=0.004) from HCA in plasma samples (Figure 5C). In plasma EV analyses, Y RNA significantly distinguished HCC (AUC=0.963, P=0.003) from Healthy controls (Figure 5D).and from HCA (AUC=1.00, P=0.005; Figure 5E); however, it could not distinguish HCA from Healthy controls (AUC=0.833, P=0.088; Figure S1). In summary, Y RNA could discriminate HCC and HCA from Healthy controls and HCC from HCA in plasma and plasma EVs.

4. Discussion

ncRNAs play a pivotal role in HCC development and progression, and evidence exists to support their utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for this disease [53,54,55]. Among ncRNAs, miRNAs have showed similar expression patterns in extensive studies on human and canine HCC [15,16,17,18,19]. miRNAs are less studied in human HCA [1,14], and have featured in only one study in canine HCA, in which dysregulation was found [15]. In contrast, Y RNA-derived fragments have not previously been studied in human or canine HCC or HCA, and here we report original findings (to our knowledge) on Y RNA expression in these two types of liver tumors in canine patients.
In key findings, Y RNA expression was significantly decreased in canine HCC tumor tissue versus healthy controls, and HCA tumor tissue, and the same pattern was noted in plasma EV samples. In plasma samples, Y RNA was significantly decreased in canine HCC and significantly increased in HCA versus Healthy controls. We also investigated Y RNA in two canine HCC cell lines and found it was significantly decreased in fast-proliferating 95-1044 cells and intermediate proliferating AZACH cells versus normal liver tissue. ROC analyses revealed that Y RNA could distinguish HCC from the Healthy controls and HCA patients in plasma and plasma EV analyses.
Altered Y RNA and YRFs expression levels are potentially implicated in carcinogenesis, and there is evidence that they act as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for several cancers [29,36,56]. Oncologists focussing on the human prostate have found that RNY1, RNY3, RNY4, and RNY5 are downregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma versus normal tissue and benign prostate hyperplasia [36]. These Y RNAs (RNY1, RNY3, RNY4, and RNY5) are reportedly similarly downregulated in human bladder cancer versus normal urothelial bladder tissue and act as a prognostic indicator for this condition [37]. RNY3P1, RNY4P1, and RNY4P25 show significantly higher expression in stage 0 human melanoma than at more advanced stages [33]. YRNA1 and YRNA5 are downregulated in human HNSCC, for which YRNA1 is regarded as a potential biomarker [29]. Deep sequencing and bioinformatics analysis-based study has reported that dysregulated Y RNAs are also abundant in serum of human breast cancer patients [34]. YRNA-RNY1 is downregulated in human lung cancer patients compared to normal patients, whereas YRNA-RNY1 is found to be upregulated in lung cancer patients suffering from tuberculosis compared to normal controls [38]. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, hY3 and hY4 show altered expression compared to normal renal tissue [39]. hY1 and hY3 RNA are highly abundant and upregulated in colon cancer patients than in healthy controls [57]. A set of Y RNAs ( hY1, hY3, and hY4) are shown an increase in human cervix cancer [57]. We are currently compiling evidence that Y RNA is substantially decreased in metastasized canine mammary gland tumors versus those classified as benign mixed tumors [40]. A recent study revealed that hY4 RNA fragments are upregulated in human small-cell lung cancer-derived EVs and it inhibits tumor development by inhibiting MAPK/NF-kB signaling [44]. Deep sequencing-based studies have shown that EV-derived Y RNAs are abundant in human melanoma [45]. Y RNAs are also found to be abundant in human brain tumors-derived EVs [46]. RNY4 fragments are highly abundant in non-Hodgkin lymphoma-derived EVs [58]. hY5 RNA is shown to be enriched in blood cancer-derived EVs (K562 cells, and myelogenous leukemia) [59]. Overall, the findings in this study are consistent with several reports on human cancer and canine MGT, indicating that Y RNA expression is decreased in malignant tumors (such as canine HCC) relative to benign tumors (such as canine HCA) and healthy controls.
A recent study revealed that canine HCA transforms into HCC, which means recurrence may occur [60]. Therefore, this study demonstrated that Y RNA has a high potential for distinguishing canine HCA from HCC. We believe these findings provided insights into comprehending the knowledge of differential diagnoses among hepatic diseases.
The functional roles of Y RNA in canine HCC and HCA and its participation in the relevant underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we have demonstrated the aberrant expression of this ncRNA in canine HCC and HCA patients. We posit that Y RNA might be involved in cancer malignancy through its downregulated expression in HCC. Y RNA could be a biomarker distinguishing malignant tumors (HCC) from benign tumors (HCA) and tumor-free patients. However, this study still has some limitations. First, we need to validate Y RNA in a large cohort sample to strengthen our findings further. Second, the roles of Y RNA in canine HCC development need to be investigated in a bio-functional study.
Pet dogs have great potential utility for comparative oncology clinical trials, partly because they maintain an intact immune system and experience natural co-evolution of the tumor microenvironment [61]. Humans and dogs are known to develop cancer through aberrations occurring for the same genes [62]. Therefore, this study has great potential to enhance our understanding of the expression of Y RNA in hepatic diseases.

5. Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report on Y RNA in canine HCC and HCA. This ncRNA has distinctive characteristics and differentiates malignant tumors (HCC) from benign tumors (HCA). Notably, its expression pattern is consistent across clinical samples and cell lines. Y RNA shows great potential as a biomarker for differentiating HCC from HCA. Our findings provide significant insights into how Y RNA contributes to the progression of hepatic disease in dogs. Further research is required to fully elucidate the role of Y RNA in the development and progression of canine HCC and HCA.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at the website of this paper posted on Preprints.org.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, N.U., M.N.H. and N.M.; methodology, N.U., M.N.H., M.A. and N.M.; validation, N.U., M.N.H., M.A. and N.M..; formal analysis,., M.N.H. and N.M.; investigation, N.U. and M.N.H.; resources, N.U., N.M.; writing—original draft preparation, N.U., M.N.H. and N.M.; writing—review and editing, N.U., M.N.H. and N.M.; supervision, M.N.H. and N.M.; project administration, M.N.H. and N.M.; funding acquisition, N.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant nos. 20K21375).

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Approval No. KVH220001) and was conducted in accordance with the regulations of this committee and Kagoshima University.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

All data are provided in the article.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Nobuhiro Nozaki and Ms. Ayako Masuda for assisting with experiments, and Dr. Henry Smith (Co-chair of the Veterinary Special Interest Group in the European Medical Writers Association), of the Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, for his help with the English editing of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The relative expression of Y RNA in HCA and HCC tissue samples using qRT-PCR. The relative expression level of Y RNA in HCA (n=15) and HCC (n= 13) versus normal liver tissue (n = 9). The Y-axis represents relative noncoding RNA expression levels in log10 units. One-Way ANOVA (nonparametric) was performed, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Differences were considered significant when the p-value was < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Ctrl: Control; HCA: Hepatocellular adenoma; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Figure 1. The relative expression of Y RNA in HCA and HCC tissue samples using qRT-PCR. The relative expression level of Y RNA in HCA (n=15) and HCC (n= 13) versus normal liver tissue (n = 9). The Y-axis represents relative noncoding RNA expression levels in log10 units. One-Way ANOVA (nonparametric) was performed, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Differences were considered significant when the p-value was < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Ctrl: Control; HCA: Hepatocellular adenoma; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Figure 2. The relative expression of Y RNA in HCA and HCC plasma. The relative expression level of Y RNA in plasma HCA (n=5) and HCC (n= 7) versus Healthy controls (n = 6). The Y-axis represents relative noncoding RNA expression levels in log10 units. One-Way ANOVA (nonparametric) was performed, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Differences were considered significant when the p-value was < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Ctrl: control; HCA: Hepatocellular adenoma; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Figure 2. The relative expression of Y RNA in HCA and HCC plasma. The relative expression level of Y RNA in plasma HCA (n=5) and HCC (n= 7) versus Healthy controls (n = 6). The Y-axis represents relative noncoding RNA expression levels in log10 units. One-Way ANOVA (nonparametric) was performed, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Differences were considered significant when the p-value was < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Ctrl: control; HCA: Hepatocellular adenoma; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Figure 3. The relative expression of Y RNA in HCA and HCC plasma EV samples. The relative expression level of Y RNA in plasma HCA (n=5) and HCC (n= 9) versus Healthy controls (n = 6). The Y-axis represents relative noncoding RNA expression levels in log10 units. One-Way ANOVA (nonparametric) was performed, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Differences were considered significant when the p-value was < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Ctrl; control, HCA; Hepatocellular adenoma, HCC; Hepatocellular carcinoma, EVs; Extracellular vesicles.
Figure 3. The relative expression of Y RNA in HCA and HCC plasma EV samples. The relative expression level of Y RNA in plasma HCA (n=5) and HCC (n= 9) versus Healthy controls (n = 6). The Y-axis represents relative noncoding RNA expression levels in log10 units. One-Way ANOVA (nonparametric) was performed, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Differences were considered significant when the p-value was < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Ctrl; control, HCA; Hepatocellular adenoma, HCC; Hepatocellular carcinoma, EVs; Extracellular vesicles.
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Figure 4. The relative expression of Y RNA in HCC cell lines. The relative expression level in HCC-1044 (n=6) and AZACH (n= 6) versus normal liver tissue (n=9). The Y-axis represents relative noncoding RNA expression levels in log10 units. The Mann-Whitney U test was performed. Differences were considered significant when the p-value was < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).
Figure 4. The relative expression of Y RNA in HCC cell lines. The relative expression level in HCC-1044 (n=6) and AZACH (n= 6) versus normal liver tissue (n=9). The Y-axis represents relative noncoding RNA expression levels in log10 units. The Mann-Whitney U test was performed. Differences were considered significant when the p-value was < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).
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Figure 5. Diagnostic potential of Y RNA as a biomarker. A-B. ROC curve (plasma) of Y RNA for differentiating HCA (n=5) and HCC (n=7) group from Healthy controls (n=6). C. ROC curve of Y RNA for differentiating HCC (n=7) from HCA (n=5). D. ROC curve (plasma Evs) ) of Y RNA for differentiating HCC (n=9) from Healthy controls (n=6) E. HCC (n=9) versus HCA (n=5). Ctrl: control; HCA: Hepatocellular adenoma; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; EVs: Extracellular vesicles.
Figure 5. Diagnostic potential of Y RNA as a biomarker. A-B. ROC curve (plasma) of Y RNA for differentiating HCA (n=5) and HCC (n=7) group from Healthy controls (n=6). C. ROC curve of Y RNA for differentiating HCC (n=7) from HCA (n=5). D. ROC curve (plasma Evs) ) of Y RNA for differentiating HCC (n=9) from Healthy controls (n=6) E. HCC (n=9) versus HCA (n=5). Ctrl: control; HCA: Hepatocellular adenoma; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; EVs: Extracellular vesicles.
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Table 1. HCA and HCC patient information.
Table 1. HCA and HCC patient information.
Number Age Disease Sex Neutered Breed Tissue Plasma
P1 11 Y 3 M HCA M Yes Crossbreed 15 5
P2 8 Y 1M HCA F Yes Miniature dachshund
P3 10 Y 7 M HCA M Yes Toy poodle
P4 12 Y 2 M HCA F Yes Shiba
P5 11 Y 6 M HCA M No Miniature dachshund
P6 12 Y 3 M HCA M No Miniature dachshund
P7 11 Y 9 M HCA M No Crossbreed
P8 13 5 M HCA F Yes Miniature dachshund
P9 14 Y HCA M No Golden retriever
P10 9 Y 2 M HCA F Yes Toy poodle
P11 13 Y HCA F Yes Jack Russell terrier
P12 11 Y 1 M HCA M No Miniature dachshund
P13 12 Y 2 M HCA M No Crossbreed
P14 12 Y 3 M HCA M No Crossbreed
P15 10 Y 7 M HCA M No Shiba
P16 12 Y 3 M HCC F No Chihuahua 13 9
P17 11 Y 3 M HCC F Yes Miniature dachshund
P18 14 Y HCC F Yes Crossbreed
P19 10 Y 8 M HCC M Yes Shiba
P20 11 Y 7 M HCC M Yes Welsh corgi
P21 10 Y 9 M HCC F No Crossbreed
P22 10 Y 3 M HCC F No Beagle
P23 10 Y 9 M HCC F No Yorkshire terrier
P24 11 Y 6 M HCC M No Shiba
P25 12 Y HCC F No Miniature schnauzer
P26 11 Y 10 M HCC M No Yorkshire terrier
P27 13 Y 10 M HCC F No Shetland sheepdog
P28 11 Y 7 M HCC M Yes Crossbreed
※ P; Patient, HCA; Hepatocellular adenoma, HCC; Hepatocellular carcinoma. ※ F; Female; M; Male.
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Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
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