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Effects of Sodium Selenite on the Growth and Photosystem Ⅱ Activity of Arthrospira platensis

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31 August 2023

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04 September 2023

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Abstract
Arthrospira platensis is a class of microalgae with high economic value. Its high adaptability, high photosynthetic efficiency, and fast growth rate make it one of the few microalgae that can be cultivated on a large scale. Therefore, using the selenium enrichment property of Arthrospira platensis to cultivate selenium-enriched Arthrospira platensis will not only enhance the physiological efficacy of Arthrospira platensis but also increase its economic value significantly. In this study, we investigated the effects of sodium selenite on the growth and photosynthetic performance of Arthrospira platensis selenium by setting different amounts and methods of sodium selenite addition, and we explored the optimal culture conditions. The results showed that the experimental group treated with sodium selenite at 120 mg/L had the fastest growth, and the contents of soluble protein, phycocyanin, and Chlorophyll a increased by approximately 67.9%, 1.44 times, and 38.8%, respectively, compared to the control group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity increased by 1.88-fold and 65%, respectively, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were reduced by 62% compared to the control group. The results of the OJIP assay showed that the J and I points were significantly higher at the batch addition and treatment concentration of 120 mg/L, with the rate of QA being reduced and the proportion of the slowly reduced PQ pool being increased. The values of the maximum light energy conversion efficiency (Fv/Fm) per unit of reaction center were higher in both sodium selenite treatment groups than in the control group, indicating that the light energy conversion efficiency of Arthrospira was promoted under all concentration treatment conditions. The batch addition of sodium selenite at concentrations less than 120 mg/L resulted in significantly higher ABS/RC values than the control, and they were far superior to the one-time addition method. The reason for this may have been that the batch addition of sodium selenite at low concentrations increased the light absorption capacity of the unit reaction center of the Arthrospira PSII, resulting in a rise in captured light energy, a rise in the energy captured by the reaction center for electron transfer (ETo/RC), a decrease in the energy dissipated in the absorption of light energy by the reaction center (DIo/RC), and an increase in the photosynthetic performance index (PI abs).
Keywords: 
Subject: Biology and Life Sciences  -   Agricultural Science and Agronomy

1. Introduction

Arthrospira platensis is an ancient prokaryotic multicellular filamentous algae with a wide distribution range and very high economic value, and it has been widely used in many fields such as health, food, and medicine. Selenium (Se) is one of the 14 trace elements essential for animal growth and development, and its properties are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals, with important physiological functions [1]. Selenium exists in human and animal organisms in the form of selenocysteine, which enhances the activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, improves the ability of organisms to scavenge reactive oxygen species, alleviates the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation due to effective free radical oxidation, and protects the structure and function of cell membranes [2]. Both a deficiency and an excess of selenium may lead to different diseases, such as decreasing the immunity of the body or causing dense changes in cardiac muscle cells and the abnormal accumulation of lipids and calcium in living organisms. Arthrospira have an enrichment effect on metal elements which can enrich inorganic selenium and convert it to organic selenium through conversion, thus improving the efficiency of selenium utilization and physiological activity [3]. Selenium-rich Arthrospira has significantly improved its physiological efficacy compared to traditional Arthrospira. Li et al. found that selenium-rich Arthrospira were effective at improving blood phase indices in mice [4]. Dong et al. demonstrated that the consumption of selenium-rich Arthrospira improved the physiological condition of diabetic mice [5]. Gao et al. found that selenium-rich Arthrospira peptides have good antihypertensive effects [6], and studies have also reported positive effects of selenium-rich Arthrospira on anti-fatigue, the enhancement of body immunity, and tumor suppression [7,8]. Selenium in the external environment is transformed into organic selenium in algae through the enrichment and transformation of Arthrospira, and how to coordinate the relationship between selenium enrichment and algae growth was the key issue in this study.
Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters can reflect the energy conversion trajectory of plant photosynthesis [9], which is very sensitive to adversity stress. We can understand the effects of different adversity conditions on plant photosystem II (PSII) activity and the adaptation mechanism of plants to adversity by analyzing the changes in plant chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under different stress conditions (e.g., drought, high temperature, low temperature, or salt stress) [10]. Past studies have reported the effects of adversity stress on plant growth and PSII activity. Zhang et al. found that salinity stress severely reduced photosystem II performance and inhibited photosynthesis and growth development in rice [11]. Yin et al. demonstrated that high temperature stress led to a reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of PSII in tomato seedlings, and it also limited photosynthetic electron transport in plants [12]. Sun et al. found that treating grapevine roots with low temperatures caused severe damage to leaves and inhibited PSII reaction center activity [13]. Gao et al. conducted an in-depth study on the effect of salt stress on PSII activity in microalgae and found that highly concentrated salt stress conditions resulted in inhibited PSII activity and reduced rates of oxygen release, and the electron transfer rate of the algal cells decreased significantly with the increase in salt concentrations [14]. Various adversity stresses can reduce the photosynthetic activity of plants by inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport [15], which changes the photosynthetic electron transfer rate during PSII activity [16].
In summary, a plant’s PSII reaction center is one of the main targets for the action of adversity stress, and an in-depth study on the changes in plant PSII activity under adversity stress is important for analyzing the mechanisms of plant stress resistance and adaptation to adversity. At present, few studies have reported on the effects of sodium selenite on PSII activity in Arthrospira. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of sodium selenite on the biomass, chlorophyll a content, protein content, antioxidant activity, and photosynthetic activity of PSII in Arthrospira in order to obtain the best sodium selenite application method and the application amount that could best promote the growth of Arthrospira so as to obtain high-quality selenium-rich Arthrospira.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Experimental Materials

The Arthrospira platensis was harvested from the alkaline lakes of the Ordos Plateau in Inner Mongolia.

2.2. Experimental Method

2.2.1. Arthrospira Platensis Culture

Zarrouk standard liquid medium [17] was used and incubated at room temperature under artificial light with intermittent ventilation for a logarithmic growth period with a 12 h:12 h light–dark cycle.

2.2.2. Sodium selenite treatment concentrations

The experimental Na2SeO3 treatment gradient concentrations are shown in Table 1.

2.2.3. Sodium Selenite Addition Method

One-Time Addition

The algal measurements during the logarithmic growth period were taken, and the initial absorbance of the algal solution was adjusted to OD560 = 0.25. An Na2SeO3 mother liquor was added to the culture mediums once at the concentration of each selenium treatment, and the solutions were incubated in 250 mL triangular flasks. The culture conditions were as follows: artificial light at room temperature, the bottles were shaken 6–8 times per day, a 12h:12h light and dark cycle, and three parallel sets for each treatment group.

Additions in Batches

The Arthrospira were cultured under the same conditions described in 2.2.3.1, and an equal volume of Na2SeO3 mother liquor was added to the Arthrospira solutions on days 1, 5, and 7, respectively, and the final selenium concentrations were the identical to the one-time addition.

2.2.4. Arthrospira Biomass Determination

We prepared gradient concentrations of the Arthrospira solutions (the OD560 values were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9), and from each concentration of Arthrospira solution, we took 50 mL and felted it through glass a fiber membrane and then placed it in an oven at 100 ℃ overnight. The mass of the filter paper was recorded as L, the mass of the filter paper and the sample after drying the sample dry weight was recorded as A, and the sample dry weight (DW) was the difference between the values of A and L. The relationship between the Arthrospira liquid concentration (OD560) and the sample dry weight (DW) was analyzed by SPASS, and the following regression equation was obtained: W(g/L) = 0.1049 + 0.503 × OD560, and R2 = 0.9916. The Arthrospira biomasses were calculated using this formula.

2.2.5. Determination of the Soluble Protein and Phycocyanin Contents of the Arthrospira

The standard curve plotting was completed as follows: We prepared 100 μg/mL of bovine serum protein solution in six glass test tubes. Samples were taken according to Table 2 and mixed thoroughly, and 5 mL of Coomassie brilliant blue (G-250) solution was added to the test tubes, respectively. After shaking well for 5 min, the absorbance values were measured by a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 595. The protein content and the absorbance were plotted according to the linear regression equations below:
y = 0.0009x + 0.0035, R2 = 0.999, and
PC (mg/L) = 0.187 OD(620 nm) − 0.089 OD(652 nm)
where PC is the concentration of Arthrospira phycocyanin measured in mg/L.
The determination of the samples was completed as follows: We took 10 mL of sample and centrifuged it at 12000 r/min for 20 min. The supernatant was discarded, the algal sludge was collected, and phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 0.1 mol/L, pH = 7.0) was added to wash the sample 3 times. The obtained algal cells were evenly mixed with PBS (0.05mol /L, pH = 7.0), and then the extracts were centrifuged (8000 r/min for 10 min) and 5 mL of G-250 solution was added to the supernatant. The solution was mixed thoroughly and stored for 2 min. The absorbance values at wavelengths of 595 nm, 620 nm, and 652 nm were measured, and the soluble protein content was calculated according to Equation (1.1) and the phycocyanin content was calculated according to Equation (1.2).

2.2.6. Determination of Chlorophyll a Content in the Arthrospira

We took 10 mL of sample and centrifuged it (12000 r/min for 20 min). The supernatant was discarded, the algal sludge was collected, and 10 mL of 96% ethanol was added. The solution was placed in a refrigerator at 4 °C under dark conditions for 30 h. The extract was then centrifuged (10000 r/min for 8 min) and the supernatant was measured with an microplate reader (Multiskan FC, Thermo, USA) at 663 nm, with OD values of 645 nm. The concentration of chlorophyll a was then calculated according to Equation (1.3):
Chl.a = 12.7 × OD663 - 2.96 × OD645

2.2.7. Determination of the Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in the Arthrospira

Determination of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the Arthrospira was measured using the nitrogen blue tetrazolium (NBT) method [18]. 3 mL reaction solution was put in a test tube with good transparency and mixed it well. The reaction solution composition consisted of 0.05 mol/L of PBS (1.5 mL (pH = 7.8)), 130 mmol/L of methionine (Met) solution (0.3 mL), 750 μmol/L of nitrogen blue tetrazolium (NBT) solution (0.3 mL), 100 μmol/L of nitrogen blue tetrazolium (NBT) solution (0.3 mL), 100 μmol/L of disodium EDTA (0.3 mL), 20 μmol/L of riboflavin (0.3 mL), 0.05 mL of enzyme extraction solution, and 0.25 mL of distilled water. Two control tubes were set up at the same time, and in both control tubes, PBS was used instead of the enzyme extraction solution, and one of the control tubes was placed in the dark while the other control tube and each of the remaining tubes were placed under 4000 lx daylight for 20 min. After the reaction was completed, a blank control tube placed in a dark place was used as a blank for zeroing, and the OD550 value of each sample was measured. The SOD activity (U/mg protein) was calculated according to Equation (1.4):
SOD activity = ((ODck - ODs) × VT)/0.5 × ODck × W × VS × P
where ODck is the absorbance value of the light control, ODs is the absorbance value of the sample tube, VT is the total volume of the extraction solution (mL), VS is the volume of the extraction solution at the time of determination (mL), W is the biomass of the extracted enzyme solution of the Arthrospira (g/L), and P is the protein content of the Arthrospira cells (mg/L).

Measurement of Catalase (CAT)

The catalase (CAT) activity was determined using the UV spectrophotometric method [18]. We placed 0.1 mL of enzyme extract and 1.9 mL of 0.1 mol/L PBS (pH = 7.0) in a test tube, and 1 mL of 0.1 mol/L H2O2 was added to the tube. Then, counting was started, absorbance was rapidly measured at 240 nm, and readings were taken at 1 min intervals for 4 min while the control tubes were measured with PBS instead of enzyme extract. The decrease in OD240 by 0.1 per minute was used as 1 unit of enzyme activity (U/mg protein). The CAT activity (U/mg protein) was calculated according to Equation (1.5):
CAT activity = ((ODck - ODs)×VT)/0.1 × t × W × VS × P
where ODck is the absorbance value of the light control, ODs is the absorbance value of the sample tube, VT is the total volume of the extraction solution (mL), VS is the volume of the extraction solution at the time of determination (mL), W is the biomass of the extracted enzyme solution of the Arthrospira (g/L), and P is the protein content of the Arthrospira cells (mg/L).

Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA)

The thiobarbituric acid method was used to determine the MDA content [18]. We placed 1 mL of enzyme extract in a test tube and 3 mL of 0.67% thiobarbituric acid (TBA) solution was added. The absorbance of the supernatant in each tube was measured at absorbance values of 450 nm, 532 nm, and 600 nm, respectively, and 0.67% TBA solution was used as blank. The MDA content (μmol/mg of protein) was calculated according to Equations (1.6) and (1.7):
CMDA = 6.45(OD532 - OD600) - 0.56OD450 (Equation 1.6), and
MDA content = (CMDA × VT)/(W × 1000 × P)
where CMDA is the MDA concentration of the enzyme extract (μmol/L), VT is the total volume of extract (mL), W is the biomass of the Arthrospira enzyme extract (g/L), and P is the protein content of the Arthrospira cells (mg/L).

2.2.8. Measurement of the Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Parameters

The concentration of the Arthrospira was adjusted to OD560 = 0.05 and the fluorescence parameters of the chlorophyll a in the samples were determined using a plant efficiency meter (Handy PEA, Hansatech, UK) after 20 min of dark adaptation.

2.3. Data Processing

The experimental data were processed using SPSS 26.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effect of different Na2SeO3 Concentration Treatments on the Growth of Arthrospira

As shown in Figure 1, the growth of Arthrospira was promoted by the addition of the different concentrations Na2SeO3. Under the different treatment concentrations of the Na2SeO3, the biomasses of Arthrospira showed gradual increases with the increases in treatment time in the different treatment groups. The growth rates of all the treatment groups were higher than that of the control, and the biomasses of Arthrospira were highest at additions (the one-time additions) of Na2SeO3 treatment up to the fourteenth day of incubation at a selenium concentration of 120 mg/L. This increased the biomass by 25% compared to the control group, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the sodium selenite concentration between the 20 and 80 mg/L treatment groups (P>0.05). The Na2SeO3 was added in batches (Figure 1B), and the biomasses of Arthrospira increased by more than 30% compared to the control group when the concentrations of Na2SeO3 were 20–80 mg/L on the fourteenth day of incubation. The concentration of Na2SeO3 at 150 mg/L had the least effect on the growth of the algae. Comparing the growth curves of the two groups, the biomasses of each experimental group with additions in batches were higher than those of the experimental groups with one-time additions for the same treatment time.

3.2. Effect of different Na2SeO3 Concentration Treatments on the Soluble Protein Content of the Arthrospira

The changes in the intracellular soluble protein content of the Arthrospira treated with different concentrations of Na2SeO3 are shown in Figure 2. As shown in the figure, the soluble protein contents changed in a single-peak curve (one-time addition) with the increases in Na2SeO3 concentration on the fourteenth day. The protein content was highest when the exogenous Na2SeO3 treatment concentration was 120 mg/L, and the soluble protein in the cells of the samples increased by 17% compared with the control, but the differences between the treated groups and the control group were not significant (P>0.05) for each concentration (Figure 2A). When the Na2SeO3 was added in batches (Figure 2B), the changes in the soluble protein in each concentration treatment group also showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing, with the highest point appearing in the experimental group with a concentration of 120 mg/L. This group had the highest soluble protein content, with an increase of approximately 67.9% compared with the control group. The concentration of the Na2SeO3 was higher than 120 mg/L for this group and the soluble protein in the Arthrospira cells gradually decreased, but it remained significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05).

3.3. Effect of Different Na2SeO3 Concentrations on the Phycocyanin Content of the Arthrospira

The changes in the intracellular phycocyanin content of the Arthrospira treated with different concentrations of Na2SeO3 are shown in Figure 3. The changes in the phycocyanin contents with the increases in Na2SeO3 concentration were the same those shown in Figure 2 on the fourteenth day of sample treatment. The highest phycocyanin content was observed when the Na2SeO3 concentration was 120 mg/L, and the phycocyanin in the sample cells increased by 45% compared with the control, and the differences between the treatment groups and the control group were significant (P<0.05) for each concentration (Figure 3A). When the Na2SeO3 was added in batches (Figure 3B), the changes in the phycocyanin content in each concentration treatment group also showed an increasing trend, followed by a decreasing trend, and the highest point was found in the experimental group with a concentration of 120 mg/L, this group which had the highest phycocyanin content, with an increase of approximately 1.44 times compared to the control group. The phycocyanin contents in the Arthrospira cells gradually decreased as the concentrations of Na2SeO3 rose to higher than 120 mg/L.

3.4. Effect of different Na2SeO3 Concentration Treatments on the Chlorophyll a Content of the Arthrospira

The chlorophyll content in plants is closely related to their photosynthesis ability and their growth speed. The variation trend for chlorophyll a content in the Arthrospira showed a single-peak curve, which was the same as the trends for soluble protein and phycocyanin contents of the Arthrospira platensis. The peak occurred in the 120 mg/L (one-time addition) treatment group (Figure 4A), which was near double that of the control group, and the chlorophyll a contents in the 20 mg/L and 50 mg/L treatment groups were not significantly different from that of the control group (P>0.05). The chlorophyll a contents of the samples were significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to the peak for the group with the treatment concentration of 150 mg/L. The most significant increases in chlorophyll a contents were observed for the 80 mg/L and 120 mg/L Na2SeO3 treatments compared to the control group when the Na2SeO3 was added in batches (Figure 4B) (P<0.05), and the chlorophyll a contents of the samples gradually decreased when the concentrations were higher than 120 mg/L.

3.5. Effect of different Na2SeO3 Concentration Treatments on the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity in the Arthrospira

The effects of the different concentrations of Na2SeO3 treatment on the superoxide dismutase activity of the Arthrospira are shown in Figure 5. The SOD activity of the Arthrospira treated with the different concentrations of Na2SeO3 showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase in treatment concentration on the fourteenth day. As shown in Figure 5A, the highest SOD activity was observed in the experimental group when the Na2SeO3 treatment concentration was 120 mg/L (one-time addition), and the activity was nearly double that of the control group, The SOD activity was significantly higher in all treatment groups than in the control group (P<0.05), and the SOD activity of the sample treated with Na2SeO3 at a concentration of 150 mg/L was significantly lower than the peak activity (P<0.05). When the Na2SeO3 was added in batches (Figure 5B), the SOD activity increased more significantly (P<0.05) at the concentrations of 80 mg/L and 120 mg/L compared to the control group, and the SOD activity of the samples gradually decreased when the concentrations were higher than 120 mg/L, though the activity remained significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the one-time addition group.

3.6. Effect of Different Na2SeO3 Concentration Treatments on the Catalase (CAT) Activity of the Arthrospira

The variation trends of the different concentrations of Na2SeO3 treatment on the activity of catalase (CAT) in the Arthrospira (Figure 6) were consistent with those of the SOD activity, and the highest values were found in the 120mg/L treatment group. The CAT activity was significantly higher in the treatment groups (20–120 mg/L) than in the control group (P<0.05), and the CAT activity of the samples decreased gradually at concentrations higher than 120 mg/L compared to the peak activity (P<0.05).

3.7. Effect of Different Na2SeO3 Concentrations on the Malondialdehyde Content (MDA) in the Arthrospira

The results of the different Na2SeO3 treatments on the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the Arthrospira are shown in Figure 7. The MDA content of the Arthrospira treated with different concentrations of Na2SeO3 on the fourteenth day showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing with the increases in treatment concentration. The experimental group with the lowest MDA content was found at the concentration of 120 mg/L (for both the one-time addition and batch addition), and the MDA contents decreased by 25% (one-time addition) and 62% (batch addition) compared with the control group, respectively. The MDA contents were significantly lower in all treatment groups (20–150 mg/L) compared to the control group (P<0.05).

3.8. Effect of different Na2SeO3 concentrations on the chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic curves of the Arthrospira

The changes in the chlorophyll a fluorescence of the Arthrospira cells treated with different concentrations of Na2SeO3 are shown in Figure 8. The O-J-I-P curves of each treatment group at the different treatment concentrations (one-time addition, Figure 8A) essentially overlapped, and the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity between the samples was not significantly different from that of the control group (P>0.05). The shapes of the curves changed more significantly under the different concentration gradient treatments when the Na2SeO3 was added in batches (Figure 8B). The relative fluorescence intensity changes in the groups did not show significant differences at point O, but the fluorescence values of the treated group with treatment concentration of 120 mg/L were higher than those of the other treated groups at points J and I (P<0.05).

3.9. Comparison of the Parameters of the Fluorescence Induction Kinetic Curves of the Arthrospira at Different Concentrations of Na2SeO3

For the chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic curve parameters, the maximum light energy conversion efficiency per unit reaction was expressed using Fv/Fm. The Fv/Fm values for each treatment group increased significantly compared to the control group after fourteenth day of incubation at the different Na2SeO3 treatment concentrations (one-time addition, Figure 9L). The Fv/Fm values reached their highest at the treatment concentration of 120 mg/L, and the values increased by approximately 9% (Figure 9L) and 10% (Figure 9R) compared to the control group, respectively. The values of the light energy absorbed per unit of reaction center (ABS/RC) were higher in all treatment groups than they were in the control group, with the highest ABS/RC value in the experimental group treated at a concentration of 120 mg/L (an increase of approximately 2% compared to the control group). The change in light energy absorption in the reaction center of each Na2SeO3 concentration treatment group showed a single-peak curve, and the absorbed light energy reached its peak at the treatment concentration of 120 mg/L when the Na2SeO3 was added in batches (Figure 9R) (an increase of 20.7% compared to the control group). When the concentrations of Na2SeO3 were higher than 120 mg/L, the ABS/RC values gradually decreased.
The one-time additions of the different Na2SeO3 treatment concentrations had no significant effects on the heat dissipation (DIo/RC) in the photosystem II reaction centers (Figure 9L). The DIo/RC values showed gradual decreases with the increases in Na2SeO3 concentrations using batch additions (Figure 9R), and they were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of the control group when the treatment concentrations were 80–120 mg/L. When the treatment concentration was 150 mg/L, the DIo/RC value of the reaction center increased by 7.5% compared to the control group, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). The values of energy captured by the Arthrospira PSII reaction center for QA reductions (ETo/RC) were progressively higher than those of the control group for the one-time additions of the different Na2SeO3 treatment concentrations, and the experimental group treated with 120 mg/L had the highest ETo/RC values, with increases of approximately 3% compared to the control group (Figure 9L). The highest ETo/RC values were reached at treatment concentrations of 120 mg/L when the Na2SeO3 was added in batches (Figure 9R), with an approximately 6% increase compared to the control. The highest values of the photosynthetic performance index (PI abs) for the PS II reaction centers were achieved by the 120 mg/L (one-time addition) and 120 mg/L (batch addition) treatment groups, with increases of approximately 4% and 14%, respectively, compared to the control group.

4. Discussion

4.1. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the Growth, Chlorophyll a and Protein Contents of the Arthrospira

In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous selenium on the growth and photosynthetic performance of Arthrospira platensis by setting different concentrations of sodium selenite additions and using different addition methods, and we investigated the optimal culture conditions for selenium-rich Arthrospira platensis. The results showed that the growth of Arthrospira was promoted by the different concentrations of Na2SeO3 and the addition methods. Na2SeO3 additions at concentrations of 50–120 mg/L had good promotion effects on the growth of the Arthrospira. Under the same treatment conditions, the biomasses of each treatment group with the batch additions were higher than those of the one-time additions. The reason for this may be that the fractionated addition mitigated the effects of the high exogenous selenium concentrations on the Arthrospira metabolism, which improved the adaptability of the algae to the exogenous selenium treatment. The chlorophyll a and protein contents of the Arthrospira increased significantly (P<0.05) compared with the control group when the concentrations of the Na2SeO3 treatments were 80–120 mg/L, and the contents decreased when the concentrations were higher than 120 mg/L, which showed the phenomena of low promotion and high inhibition. The causes of these phenomena were related to the high concentration of exogenous selenium inhibiting the synthesis of Arthrospira cellular proteins and chlorophyll a or accelerating the degradation process. It was shown that the appropriate concentration of exogenous selenium would promote the growth of Arthrospira while high concentrations of exogenous selenium stress increased the chlorophyllase activity and promoted the degradation of chlorophyll, and the decreases in chlorophyll contents would lead to decreases in the photosynthetic capacity of the Arthrospira, resulting in the inhibition of growth [19]. A similar phenomenon was found by Gong et al. [20]in their study on the effect of salt stress on the photosynthesis of Arthrospira.

4.2. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Arthrospira

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are the body’s primary substances for scavenging free radicals, and they play crucial roles in the oxidative and antioxidant balances in the body [21]. SOD can catalyze the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and H2O2. Catalase (CAT) is a cytoplasmic antioxidant enzyme commonly found in living organisms, and its main function is to catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 into O2 and H2O. CAT can protect the integrity of the cell membrane system and a cell’s structure [22] and delay cellular senescence, as well as tissue browning [23]. CAT and SOD are both important scavengers of reactive oxygen species in living organisms, which is essential for plants to cope with adverse environmental stresses [24]. They are also key regulators of reactive oxygen species homeostasis in plant cells [25]. The concentrations of Na2SeO3 in the range of 20–120 mg/L had good promotion effects on the SOD and CAT activity in the Arthrospira, and the enzyme activities of the batch addition treatments were higher than those of the one-time additions. This phenomenon indicated that the low concentrations of Na2SeO3 could promote the antioxidant capacity of a cell, which was beneficial to the growth of the algae cells. However, the enzyme activity gradually decreased at Na2SeO3 concentrations higher than 120 mg/L. This indicated that too-high concentrations of Na2SeO3 stress led to reduced defense abilities of the antioxidant enzyme systems in the Arthrospira cells, as well as the excessive accumulation of H2O2 and the oxidation of the cell membranes by the ROS and the formation of lipid peroxidation products, which damaged the Arthrospira cells. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the final breakdown product of membrane lipid peroxidation, and changes in MDA contents can reflect the extent of tissue damage during lipid peroxidation and scavenging of the reactive oxygen species in the body [27]. Under the same concentration treatment conditions, the MDA contents of each treatment group with the batch additions were lower than those of the one-time addition treatment groups, and the concentrations of Na2SeO3 between 20 and 120 mg/L effectively inhibited increases in the reactive oxygen contents of the Arthrospira, with the most significant was at the concentration of 120 mg/L. When the concentrations of Na2SeO3 were higher than 120 mg/L, the MDA contents of the Arthrospira cells increased significantly compared to the other treatment groups. This indicated that the appropriate low dosage and addition of Na2SeO3 could inhibit lipid peroxidation. Excessive concentrations of Na2SeO3 exhibited certain levels of toxicity, which increased the contents of the reactive oxygen species in the algae cells, thus disrupting the dynamic balance of reactive oxygen species production and removal in the algae cells and exceeding the defense limits of the antioxidant enzymes, as well as accumulating a large amount of reactive oxygen species, which led to a gradual increase in the MDA content.

4.3. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence of the Arthrospira

Photosystem II (PSII) plays an important role in photosynthesis in the absorption, transfer, and conversion of light energy, and it is closely related to adversity stress. Changes in PSII reaction center parameters under adversity stress reflect a plant’s response to adversity, and these are important for analyzing the mechanisms of a plant’s regulation and adaptation to adversity conditions [28]. There were no significant differences in the fluorescence values of the treatment groups for the one-time addition treatment (P>0.05). The chlorophyll fluorescence intensities at different Na2SeO3 concentrations were higher at the J and I points of the treated groups than in the control group for the batch addition treatments, and the fluorescence values of the treatment group with the concentration of 120 mg/L were higher than those of the other groups at the J and I points, but the differences between the treatment groups were not significant (P>0.05). The rise in values at the J points indicated increases in the rates at which QA was being reduced, and the rises in the I-point values indicated increases in the proportion of slowly reduced PQ pools, suggesting that excessive Na2SeO3 concentration stress restricted electron transfer from QA to QB. The maximum light energy conversion efficiency (Fv/Fm) values per unit of reaction center were higher in each treatment group than in the control group, which indicated that the light energy conversion efficiency of the Arthrospira was promoted under all concentration treatment conditions. These results were consistent with the results for the growth rates and chlorophyll a and protein contents of the Arthrospira. The absorbed light energy values per reaction center (ABS/RC) for each concentration treatment group using the one-time additions of Na2SeO3 were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the ABS/RC values were significantly higher than the control when the concentrations were less than 120 mg/L. The reason for this may have been due to the fact that the addition of Na2SeO3 in batches at low concentrations increased the light absorption capacity of the PSII unit reaction centers. It may also have been due to the synthesis of pigments being promoted, which led to the captured light energy being increased. Therefore, the energy captured by the reaction center for electron transfer (ETo/RC) also increased, and the energy dissipated in the absorption of the light energy by the reaction centers (DIo/RC) decreased and the photosynthetic performance index (PI abs) improved. Conversely, treatment with high concentrations of exogenous Na2SeO3 degraded or inactivated the reaction centers and increased the heat dissipation energy (DIo/RC), which reduced the energy used for electron transfer (ETo/RC) and reduced the photosynthetic performance index (PI abs).

5. Conclusions

The addition of exogenous Na2SeO3 in batches was superior to the one-time addition method in terms of the growth, accumulation of organic materials, and improved antioxidant activity of Arthrospira. The treatment with suitable low concentrations of Na2SeO3 improved the maximum light energy conversion efficiency (Fv/Fm), light energy absorption (ABS/RC), energy of electron transfer (ETo/RC), and photosynthetic performance index (PI abs) per unit of reaction center of the Arthrospira. Therefore, the appropriate addition method and concentration of exogenous selenium can promote the growth, organic materials accumulation, antioxidant activity, and photosynthetic performance of Arthrospira.

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Figure 1. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the growth of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch additions.
Figure 1. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the growth of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch additions.
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Figure 2. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the content of soluble protein of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch additions. Note: data with different lowercase letters in the legend indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
Figure 2. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the content of soluble protein of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch additions. Note: data with different lowercase letters in the legend indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
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Figure 3. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the content of phycocyanin of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch additions.
Figure 3. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the content of phycocyanin of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch additions.
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Figure 4. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the content of chlorophyll a of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch additions.
Figure 4. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the content of chlorophyll a of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch additions.
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Figure 5. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the superoxide dismutase activity of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), Batch addition.
Figure 5. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the superoxide dismutase activity of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), Batch addition.
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Figure 6. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the catalase activity of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), Batch addition.
Figure 6. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the catalase activity of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), Batch addition.
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Figure 7. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the malondialdehyde content of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), Batch addition.
Figure 7. Effect of Na2SeO3 on the malondialdehyde content of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), Batch addition.
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Figure 8. Effect of different Na2SeO3 concentrations on the chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetic curves of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch addition.
Figure 8. Effect of different Na2SeO3 concentrations on the chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetic curves of Arthrospira platensis. (A), one-time addition; (B), batch addition.
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Figure 9. Comparison of the parameters of the fluorescence induction kinetics curves of the Arthrospira platensis. at different Na2SeO3 concentrations L, one-time addition; R, batch addition.
Figure 9. Comparison of the parameters of the fluorescence induction kinetics curves of the Arthrospira platensis. at different Na2SeO3 concentrations L, one-time addition; R, batch addition.
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Table 1. Concentrations of Na2SeO3.
Table 1. Concentrations of Na2SeO3.
Experimental group CK 1 2 3 4 5
Na2SeO3 concentration (mg/L) 0 20 50 80 120 150
Note: three parallel samples were set for each experimental group.
Table 2. The drafting of the standard curves using the Coomassie brilliant blue method.
Table 2. The drafting of the standard curves using the Coomassie brilliant blue method.
Tube number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Standard protein solution (mL) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Distilled water content (mL) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
Protein content (ug) 0 20 40 60 80 100
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Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
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