1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

Figure 1. Research area.

Figure 1. Research area.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Composition and Vegetation Structure around Wild Tetragonula Laeviceps Hive

The comprehension and delineation of vegetation's composition and structure assume paramount significance in order to facilitate the preservation of stingless bee habitats within the community. According to the findings of our comprehensive investigation, a total of 237 plant species belonging to 75 distinct families have been successfully identified. These species encompass a diverse array of botanical life, with a grand total of 8480 individuals being classified into various growth forms, including trees, poles, shrubs, seedlings, and ground vegetation. The analysis of vegetation was conducted by considering various parameters, such as density (D) and relative density (RD), frequency (F) and relative frequency (RF), dominance (D) and relative density (RD), and the importance value index (IVI).

3.1.1. Tree

From the careful examination and analysis of the vegetation data encompassing various sub-districts, a total of 52 distinct tree species belonging to 25 diverse families have been successfully identified. Within the realm of arboreal taxonomy, it is noteworthy that the tree classification encompasses a quintet of preeminent botanical species. These include the esteemed Arenga pinnata, commonly referred to as the Aren palm, the venerable Tectona grandis, known colloquially as teak, the illustrious Ficus annulata, more commonly recognized as the kiara fig, the distinguished Swietenia mahagoni, widely acknowledged as mahogany, and lastly, Gnetum gnemon, commonly referred to as melinjo. The findings pertaining to the botanical examination within the arboreal classification in the vicinity of indigenous colonies of stingless bees are duly illustrated in Figure 2.

According to Figure 2, there are noticeable variances between each species' relative density levels. The total number of members of each species found throughout the entire plot area is represented by relative density. With a relative density of 14.69%, the weren (Arenga pinnata) species has the highest value in the tree category. It is followed by the mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), teak (Tectona grandis), melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), and kiara (Ficus annulata) species.

The tree species with the highest relative frequency is Aren (Arenga pinnata), followed by mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), teak (Tectona grandis), melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), and kiara (Ficus annulata) at 12.31%, 6.54%, 6.96%, and 2.84%, respectively. The tree species with the highest relative dominance value is Aren (Arenga pinnata), followed by kiara (Ficus annulata), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), teak (Tectona grandis), and melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) at 13.75%, 7.86%, 4.92%, and 3.97%, respectively. Aren (Arenga pinnata) has the greatest importance value index (IVI), followed by mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), teak (Tectona grandis), kiara (Ficus annulata), and melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) at 31.50%, 19.19%, 18.89%, and 17.09%. The Aren (Arenga pinnata) species has the highest overall values for RD, RF, RD, and IVI in the tree category with an RD of 14.69%, RF of 14.23%, RD of 15.64%, and IV of 44.56%.

Different plants predominate in each sub-district. By examining the IVI value, it is possible to identify the predominant plant species in a given area. When relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance are added up, the result is the IVI, which is a measurement of how dominating a species is in its ecosystem. Table 1 shows the prevalent plant information for each sub-district.

Table 1. Comparison of dominant tree species by sub-district.

Table 1. Comparison of dominant tree species by sub-district.

No.	Sub District	Dominant Tree	INP
1	Tanjungkerta	Jati (Tectona grandis)	52,89%
		Kelapa (Cocos nucifera)	49,80%
		Sengon (Albizia chinensis)	35,43%
		Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni)	28,54%
		Aren (Arenga pinnata)	22,27%
2	Cisitu	Aren (Arenga pinnata)	62,38%
		Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni)	46,91%
		Sobsis (Maesopsis eminii)	29,77%
		Mangga (Mangifera indica)	21,93%
		Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum)	18,79%
3	Darmaraja	Aren (Arenga pinnata)	86,61%
		Kiara (Ficus annulata)	59,51%
		Sempur (Dillenia obovata)	34,55%
		Tisuk (Hibiscus macrophyllus)	30,93%
		Kedoya (Dysoxylum amoroides)	16,19%
4	Buah Dua	Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon)	74,74%
		Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni)	32,81%
		Nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens)	30,07%
		Kiara (Ficus annulata)	27,28%
		Aren (Arenga pinnata)	14,78%

As seen in Table 1 above, the Aren tree may be found in every sub-district. The family Arecaceae includes the Aren tree (Arenga pinnata). Aren is a plant that can thrive in a variety of soil types, including clay, limestone, and sand. However, overly acidic soils are not suitable for this plant's growth. The delicious liquid called "nira," which may be discovered in the flower stem of Aren, gives the plant its economic value. Its fruit can also be used to make kolang kaling. As a result, the neighborhood has transformed Aren into a farmland [12]. Bees can find food in the nectar and pollen found in its blossoms. Because Aren trees contain nira, a pleasant liquid, honeybees are drawn to them. Stingless bees can find food and places to nest in the research area's abundance of Aren trees. Compared to dead trees or other objects, these bees tend to favor living trees as nesting places [13].

3.1.2. Vertical Plants

A total of 77 species of columnar plants from 29 families were discovered using the vegetation analysis. Awi bitung (Dendrocalamus asper), awi gombong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), banana (Musa paradisiaca), and tisuk (Hibiscus macrophyllus) are the five species that predominate in the category of columnar plants. Figure 3 displays the findings of the vegetation study for the category of columnar plants around the stingless bee nests.

According to Figure 4.3, the species Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea had the highest relative density in the category of columnar plants, with a relative density of 20.88%. This species was followed by Musa paradisiaca at 13.29%, Swietenia mahagoni at 9.54%, Dendrocalamus asper at 4.30%, and Hibiscus macrophyllus at 3.05%. Swietenia mahagoni had the highest relative frequency in the columnar plant category (12.87%), followed by Musa paradisiaca (12.06%), Hibiscus macrophyllus (7.77%), Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (3.49%), and Dendrocalamus asper (1.34%).

With a relative dominance of 17.76%, Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea had the highest relative dominance in the category of columnar plants, followed by Musa paradisiaca (17.44%), Swietenia mahagoni (10.10%), Dendrocalamus asper (7.33%), and Hibiscus macrophyllus (3.44%). With an IVI of 42.80%, Musa paradisiaca had the highest importance value index (INP) among the columnar plant species, followed by Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (42.12), Swietenia mahagoni (32.50%), Hibiscus macrophyllus (14.26%), and Dendrocalamus asper (12.97%). Table 2 contains information on the main flora in each sub-district.

The banana (Musa paradisiaca) species was identified as having the greatest IVI from each sub-district, with an IVI value of 82.63% in the Tanjungkerta sub-district. The banana plant can be found all over Indonesia. Because it can survive in a variety of soil conditions, growing it is relatively simple. Only one fruit is produced by this plant before it dies; however, shoots from its stem will develop into banana offshoots [14]. Bananas are one of the food sources for stingless bees because this plant produces both nectar and pollen, according to a study by [15]. Bananas grow quite easily in a variety of soil types; thus, their availability makes them a major food source for stingless bees. According to [16], bees can use any flowering plant that produces nectar, pollen, or resin as a food source.

Along with bananas, swietenia mahagoni (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea) and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) are other dominant species that may be found in practically all sub-districts. Mahogany is a plant that adapts well to its surroundings. It belongs to the class of plants that may grow in a variety of well-draining soil types and do not require a particular type of soil to thrive. As a result, mahogany is widely available around the world. Tetragonula bees consume the pollen and resin produced by the mahogany plant, which also produces seeds. These bees make their bitter honey by combining pollen and resin. Bitter honey does not have the characteristic honey aroma; instead, it smells more like medicine. Since it has less sugar than conventional honey, the bitter flavor is more pronounced. The blossoms of mahogany trees near bee nests are the source of bitter honey [17].

Lowland bamboo species known as gigantochloa (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea) flourish in tropical and humid regions. In the Sumedang region, this plant is comparatively prevalent in agroforestry. The local population extensively cultivates it for a variety of uses, such as water pipes, traditional musical instruments, and building materials [18,19].

3.1.3. Saplings

In total, 106 sapling species from 33 families were identified using the vegetation analysis. The gigantochloa bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea), awi tali bamboo (Gigantochloa apus), common bamboo (Bambusa sp.), Bambusa tuldoides, and red calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) are the five plant species that make up the majority of the saplings. Figure 4 displays the findings of the vegetation analysis for the sapling category near the stingless bee nests.

According to the data presented in Figure 4, it is evident that the species exhibiting the highest relative density value within the sapling category is none other than the esteemed awi tali bamboo, scientifically known as Gigantochloa apus, boasting an impressive value of 11.70%. Following closely behind is Bambusa tuldoides, with a respectable relative density value of 9.72%. Notably, the red calliandra, or Calliandra calothyrsus, also makes a noteworthy appearance with a relative density value of 8.79%. Additionally, common bamboo, scientifically classified as Bambusa sp., exhibits a relative density value of 6.78%, while gigantochloa bamboo, known as Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea, showcases a relative density value of 6.55%.

The sapling category exhibits a notable relative frequency value, with the red calliandra species (Calliandra calothyrsus) taking the lead at an impressive 5.53%. Following closely behind is awi tali bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) at a respectable 3.00%. Noteworthy contributions are also observed from Bambusa tuldoides and common bamboo (Bambusa sp.), both exhibiting a relative frequency value of 2.69%. Lastly, gigantochloa bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea) makes a modest appearance with a relative frequency value of 1.58%.

The sapling category exhibits the utmost relative dominance value in Bambusa tuldoides, with an impressive value of 18.77%. Subsequently, awi tali bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) follows suit with a respectable value of 14.31%. Gigantochloa bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea) demonstrates a noteworthy relative dominance value of 12.01%. Moreover, red calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) showcases a commendable value of 9.13%. Lastly, common bamboo (Bambusa sp.) concludes this list with a noteworthy relative dominance value of 8.56%.

The sapling category exhibits a remarkable distribution of the importance value index (IVI), with Bambusa tuldoides taking the lead with an impressive value of 31.18%. Following closely behind is the esteemed awi tali bamboo, scientifically known as Gigantochloa apus, with a noteworthy IVI of 29.01%. Notably, red calliandra, or Calliandra calothyrsus, secures a respectable IVI of 23.45%. Additionally, gigantochloa bamboo, scientifically referred to as Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea, demonstrates a noteworthy presence with an IVI of 20.14%. Lastly, common bamboo, identified as Bambusa sp., exhibits a commendable IVI of 18.02%. A comprehensive compilation of the data pertaining to the dominant plant species within each sub-district is provided in Table 3.

In every sub-district, the Bambusa tuldoides species exhibited the most elevated importance value index (IVI). Specifically, this species demonstrated its prominence within the Darmaraja sub-district, boasting an IVI value of 72.53%. Bambusa tuldoides, colloquially referred to as "haur hejo," represents a taxonomically classified bamboo species within the esteemed Poaceae botanical family. The indigenous range of this particular species is primarily confined to the vast expanse of China, with additional occurrences documented in various regions of Southeast Asia as well as other countries characterized by tropical and subtropical climates [20]. This particular species of bamboo is commonly utilized for the creation of artisanal handicrafts, showcasing its versatility and cultural significance. Additionally, it is worth noting that the tender shoots of this bamboo variety hold culinary value and can be incorporated into various gastronomic delights [21].

The presence of bamboo from the Bambusa genus can be observed in every sub-district, without exception. Bamboo, a botanical entity of considerable interest, manifests as a clumping plant, characterized by the presence of multiple stems that exhibit a gradual growth pattern over time. Bamboo, a remarkably versatile botanical specimen, exhibits a remarkable capacity for acclimatization, demonstrating its ability to flourish in diverse ecological settings encompassing both arid and humid terrains. Furthermore, this resilient plant showcases its adaptability by thriving in both low-lying regions and elevated altitudes [22].

3.1.4. Seedling

Seedlings, the nascent individuals of plants, represent a pivotal stage in the life cycle of various botanical species. Upon careful examination of the outcomes derived from the meticulous analysis of the vegetation, a total of 103 distinct species of seedlings belonging to 38 diverse families have been identified. In the realm of seedlings, it is noteworthy to acknowledge the prevalence of five prominent plant species, namely, Calliandra calothyrsus, Coffea robusta, Swietenia mahagoni, Musa paradisiaca, and Hibiscus macrophyllus. The findings pertaining to the seedling category vegetation analysis in the vicinity of the stingless bee habitat are illustrated in Figure 5.

According to the data presented in Figure 5, it is evident that the species Calliandra calothyrsus exhibited the highest relative density value within the seedling category, amounting to an impressive 10.82%. Following closely behind, we observe Coffea robusta with a relative density of 10.28%. Other notable species include Swietenia mahagoni with a relative density of 5.99%, Hibiscus macrophyllus with 5.46%, and Musa paradisiaca with 4.53%. These findings shed light on the distribution patterns and relative abundance of these species within the seedling category.

The seedling category exhibited a notable distribution of relative frequency values. Remarkably, Coffea robusta emerged as the frontrunner with an impressive relative frequency of 8.04%. Following closely behind, Hibiscus macrophyllus demonstrated a commendable relative frequency of 7.77%. Equally noteworthy, Swietenia mahagoni exhibited a respectable relative frequency of 7.07%. Additionally, Calliandra calothyrsus showcased a relative frequency of 6.52%. Lastly, Musa paradisiaca, while not reaching the same heights as its counterparts, still displayed a respectable relative frequency of 5.13%.

The seedling category exhibited a remarkable distribution of the importance value index (IVI), with Coffea robusta taking the lead with an impressive IVI of 18.33%. Following closely behind is Calliandra calothyrsus with a respectable IVI of 17.34%. Notably, Hibiscus macrophyllus displayed a commendable IVI of 13.22%, while Swietenia mahagoni and Musa paradisiaca demonstrated IVIs of 13.07% and 9.66%, respectively.

The data pertaining to the prevailing flora in each sub-district can be readily observed in Table 4. Upon careful examination and analysis of the vegetation data, a total of 103 distinct species of seedlings belonging to 38 diverse families have been identified. In the realm of seedlings, it is noteworthy to mention that there exist five prominent plant species that command our attention: red calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus), Robusta coffee (Coffea robusta), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), banana (Musa paradisiaca), and tisuk (Hibiscus macrophyllus). The findings pertaining to the seedling category vegetation analysis in the vicinity of the stingless bee habitat are illustrated in Figure 5.

In every sub-district under investigation, the species that exhibited the most elevated INP (Index of Naturalness and Purity) was Calliandra calothyrsus, specifically observed in the Darmaraja sub-district. Remarkably, this particular species demonstrated an IVI value of 45.05%, signifying a substantial level of naturalness and purity within its ecological niche. Calliandra calothyrsus, a member of the esteemed Fabaceae family, is a botanical entity that warrants scholarly attention. This particular botanical specimen is renowned for its remarkable capacity for accelerated vegetative development, enabling it to attain vertical dimensions ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 meters. The distribution of this particular species is frequently observed in the geographical region of Southeast Asia, as well as in various other tropical nations [23]. Calliandra calothyrsus, a botanical specimen of considerable renown, is widely acknowledged within the scientific community for its remarkable versatility as a plant species. It has garnered significant popularity owing to its inherent capacity for easy cultivation and its remarkable ability to regenerate vigorously subsequent to pruning. Moreover, it exhibits the remarkable ability to bloom incessantly throughout the entire duration of the year, thereby bestowing upon it a profound significance in the realm of honey production [24].

Furthermore, it is worth noting the presence of the esteemed botanical entity known as Coffea robusta, a species of considerable significance, known to inhabit the geographical regions encompassing the Cisitu and Darmaraja sub-districts. Coffea robusta, a highly esteemed plantation crop, is a member of the illustrious Rubiaceae family. As per the scholarly investigation conducted by [25], it has been observed that Coffea robusta exhibits superior growth adaptability in comparison to its counterparts within the realm of coffee species. The cultivation of this particular species is extensively practiced by various communities due to its significant economic worth. It has been observed, as elucidated by [26], that Coffea robusta demonstrates a superior level of resistance when confronted with debilitating leaf rust disease in comparison to its counterparts within the coffee species. The existence of bees within coffee plantations engenders a harmonious mutualistic symbiosis, wherein both the bees and coffee plants derive substantial benefits from their interdependence. As per the scholarly work conducted by [27], it has been observed that the symbiotic relationship between bees and coffee plants exhibits a notable augmentation in coffee bean yield, approximately amounting to a 22% increase. Moreover, this harmonious association also yields honey characterized by a sucrose content of 28%.

3.1.5. Understory Plants

The topic of understory plants is indeed a fascinating subject within the realm of biodiversity. According to the findings derived from the vegetation analysis, a total of 82 distinct species belonging to 35 diverse families were successfully identified within the understory plant community. In the realm of the understory plant classification, it is noteworthy to highlight the presence of the five most prominent plant species: Achyranthes aspera, Axonopus compressus, Justicia sp., Oplismenus sp., and Synedrella nodiflora. The findings pertaining to the examination of vegetation within the understory plant classification in the vicinity of the nesting sites of untamed Tetragonula laeviceps bees are illustrated in Figure 6.

As per the findings depicted in Figure 6, the species Oplismenus sp. exhibited the most substantial relative density within the understory plant category, amounting to an impressive 21.57%. Subsequent to the aforementioned taxon, Synedrella nodiflora emerged with a relative density of 8.67%. Achyranthes aspera, Axonopus compressus, and Justicia sp. exhibited relative densities of 6.94%, 4.98%, and 3.77%, respectively.

The most notable observation in the understory plant category pertains to the species Oplismenus sp., which exhibited a relative frequency of 19.42%. Subsequently, we observed Achyranthes aspera with a relative frequency of 7.73%, Synedrella nodiflora with 6.29%, Axonopus compressus with 3.96%, and Justicia sp. with 3.42%.

The species Oplismenus sp. exhibited the most noteworthy IVI value within the understory plant category, reaching an impressive 40.99%. Following closely behind, we observed Synedrella nodiflora with a respectable IVI of 14.97%, Achyranthes aspera with a commendable 14.67%, Axonopus compressus with a noteworthy 8.93%, and Justicia sp. with a modest 7.19%. The comprehensive compilation of data pertaining to the dominant flora within each sub-district is presented in Table 5.

Upon careful examination of the aforementioned table, it becomes apparent that the Oplismenus grass species exhibits a widespread distribution across all sub-districts under consideration. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that this particular species attains the highest Index of Natural Presence (IVI) within the confines of the Buah Dua sub-district. Oplismenus, scientifically known as Oplismenus sp., represents a botanical specimen that falls within the taxonomic classification of the Poaceae family. Its distribution encompasses diverse geographical regions, including, but not limited to, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and South Africa. This particular botanical specimen exhibits a wide distribution range, primarily observed within the confines of tropical and subtropical regions. As per the scholarly work of [28], it has been observed that Oplismenus grass exhibits a remarkable propensity for swift proliferation within forested regions characterized by the presence of arboreal flora, thereby establishing its dominance over other herbaceous species. Hence, this particular species of grass possesses the inherent capability to exert dominance over the designated areas of observation.

5. Conclusions

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