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Plants Profile of Sultan Khail Valley, Hindukush Range of Pakistan: Floristic Composition, Biological Spectrum and Its Seasonal Variation
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20 September 2023
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the floristic composition, life form, and leaf size spectrum of vegetation, seasonality, and habitat condition of the Sultan Khail valley, Hindu Kush range, Pakistan. Regular trips were arranged during 2017–2019 to collect plant specimens and prepare a checklist of the flora of the area. The life form and leaf size spectrum of vegetation were determined. The plant species were also classified based on their habitat. The area is home to 332 species belonging to 234 genera and 96 families. Asteraceae (32 species) was the dominant family in the area, followed by Rosaceae (28 species) and Lamiaceae (21 species). Therophytes were found to be dominant in the area, followed by phanerophytes, while microphylls were the dominant leaf size class, followed by nanophylls. Seasonal variation in life forms showed that the spring, autumn, and winter seasons' flora was dominated by phanerophytes, while therophytes were dominant in the summer season. Seasonal variation in leaf size spectra showed that microphylls were dominant in the spring and summer, while in the autumn and winter seasons, nanophylls were dominant. The highest numbers of species were found in dry places, followed by forests. The flora of the study area is diverse. The habitat condition of the area is dry. The area's phytoclimate is thero-phanerophytic. The flora of the area is subjected to severe anthropogenic stress and needs proper conservation.
Keywords:
Subject: Biology and Life Sciences - Other
1. Introduction
Flora is an assembled checklist of all plant species growing in a particular geo-graphical region [1]. The floristic composition of a region represents the type, number, composition, population size, and distribution of plant species. For the study of biodiversity and understanding the prevailing climate, the knowledge of the flora of any area is important [2] and offers an effective starting point for more systematic studies [3]. A Floristic inventory is a taxonomic analysis of a major division of flora in a given area [4]. Floristic diversity describes physiognomy and ecological relations in a variety of environments [5]. The life form of the plant is defined as the form that the vegetative body of the plant takes as a result of all life processes affected by the climate, whereas the biological spectrum is the proportion of various life form classes combined [6]. The life form reflects the adaptation of plant species to particular ecological conditions. Species that have identical morphological characteristics are grouped under the same life form in response to environmental factors [7]. Life form and leaf size spectra are the key physiognomic features that indicate the micro and macroclimatic state and association of plants, as well as the anthropogenic disturbance in a specific region [8]. Comprehensive life form research gives an idea of the physiological processes of plant communities [9]. The leaf size spectrum also provides an understanding of the floristic version, which is useful for exploring plant relationships about dominant climatic features and for studying flora at the local level [10]. The physiognomic properties of plants, such as life form and leaf size spectra, have been frequently used in vegetation research [7]. The life form represents climate adaptability and, therefore, the entire vegetation will be an indication of the dominant climate in particular [11]. However, biotic impacts such as overgrazing, agricultural operations, trampling, and deforestation may alter the percentage of different life forms [12]. Various researchers have investigated the floristic and biological spectrum in Pakistan and abroad [6,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. However, no such work has been conducted in the Sultan Khail valley, Dir Upper, Pakistan. The present study aimed to explore the floristic inventory, ecological characteristics, and biological spectrum of vegetation in the Sultan Khail valley and Hindu Kush range of Pakistan. Such information is scanty, and so no such study is conducted in the target area. This study provides baseline information on the flora of the area and will be helpful for further research in the fields of forestry, taxonomy, ecology, ethnobotany, and conservation of vegetation.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Study Area
The beautiful Sultan Khail valley is situated in Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It lies in Pakistan's subtropical dry temperate zone [21]. It lies between 34°59’339", 35°59’870" North latitude and 71°00’176", 72°00’036"East longitude. The area is mostly dominated by hills and mountains that are a part of the Hindu Kush range of Pakistan. The altitude of the area varies from 1015 meters to 3230 meters. The highest peak in the valley is Shekly Top. The valley is bordered by the rivers Panjkoro and Nehag Dara in the East, Dir Lower (Maidan) in the West, Jelar Valley in the South, and Kair Dara in the North (Figure 1). The climate of the study area is influenced by various topographic and ecological variables. Spring, summer, autumn, and winter are the four distinct seasons of the year in the area. The winter season is very cold and severe and starts in the middle of November when the temperature falls abruptly. The summer season in the valley is typically moderate, with June and July being the hottest months of the year. The average maximum temperature reaches 35.5 C to 35.9 C in June and July, while in January the mean minimum temperature falls below zero (-1.3) degrees centigrade. The relative humidity is moderately high throughout the year. The area receives maximum rainfall in February (6.7mm), March (8.2mm), and August (8.6mm). Snow usually begins to fall in the upper parts of the valley in December and gradually descends as the temperature decreases in January and February. Depending on elevation, snowmelt starts in the valley in March and continues into April [22].
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
From 2017 to 2019, regular trips were arranged in different seasons of the year to conduct data for the preparation of a floristic checklist of Sultan Khail valley, Dir Upper, Pakistan. The collected specimens of plant species were preserved and identified with the help of the flora of Pakistan, compiled in alphabetical order, and deposited at the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Islamia College, and Peshawar, Pakistan. The collected plant species were divided into different life form classes [23,24] using the formulas:
Plant species were also classified based on their habitat [16].
3. Results
3.1. Floristic Diversity
The flora of Sultan Khail Valley is found to be diverse and home to 332 species belonging to 234 genera and 96 families (Table S1). Gymnosperms (8 species, 3 families) and pteridophytes (22 species, 6 families) were less prevalent in the area. Angiosperms were represented by 302 species belonging to 215 genera and 87 families, including dicots (275 species, 76 families) and monocots (27 species, 11 families). Asteraceae was the dominant family in the area (32 species, 9.7%), followed by Rosaceae (28 species, 8.5%), Lamiaceae (21 species, 6.4%), Fabaceae, and Poaceae (12 species, 3.6%) (Figure 2). In gymnosperms, Pinaceae was the leading dominant family while Dryopteridaceae was the richest family of Pteridophytes (Table 1). The herbaceous flora was dominant (220 species, 66.3%), followed by shrubs (54 species, 16.3%), and trees (48 species, 14.5%) (Table 1).
3.1. Subsection
3.2. Raunkiaer Life Form and Leaf Size Classification of Vegetation
In the present study area, therophytes (126 species, 38.0%) were found dominant, followed by phanerophytes (104 species, 31.3%) and hemicryptophytes (58 species, 17.5%) (Table 2), indicating that the phytoclimate of the area is of the thero-phanerophytic type. The results of leaf size spectrum of vegetation revealed that the area was dominated by microphylls (107 species, 32.2%), while megaphylls and aphyllous were the least abundant leaf size classes (Table 2).
3.2.1. Seasonal Variation in Life Form and Leaf Size Spectra of Vegetation
Seasonal variation in life form reveals that Phanerophytes (104 species, 41.4%) dominated the spring flora, followed by Therophytes (80 species, 31.9%), and Hemicryptophytes (38 species, 15.1%). In summer, therophytes (109 species, 35.4%) were the most abundant life form class, while in autumn and winter, phanerophytes were dominant (Figure 3). Seasonal variation in leaf size spectra shows that microphylls were dominant in the spring (34.3%) and summer (31.2%) seasons, while in autumn and winter, nanophylls were dominant (Figure 4).
3.3. Habitat Types
The plants species were also classified on their habitat. The results revealed that the maximum number of species (92 species) was found in dry places, followed by forests (83 species), and moist places (78 species) (Figure 5).
4. Discussion
The total number of wild and cultivated plants species found in any geographical area is called the floristic composition. Floristic study provides baseline information for further detailed taxonomical and ecological research and planning for sustainable management and conservation of plants resources [25]. The flora of Sultan Khail valley is found to be diverse as compared to other areas [16,17,26,27] and homed to 332 species belonging to 234 genera and 96 families. Gymnosperms and pteridophytes were less predominant in the area. Asteraceae was the dominant family in the area with 32 species (9.7%) followed by Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae. A similar study was conducted by [11] in the Riyadh region Saudia Arabia and Asteraceae (17.4%) was reported as the most widespread family, followed by Poaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae, while [18] reported 154 plant species from Karkhasa (Baluchistan) with Asteraceae being the predominant family, followed by Poaceae. [17], explored the flora of Takht Bhai and listed 140 species, 63 families. Asteraceae was found to be the dominant family in the area, followed by Poaceae and Solanaceae, while [28] conducted similar research in Lajbouk (Dir Lower). [16] reported 250 species within 77 families, in which Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the leading dominant families. Our findings strongly coincide with those of [6], who found Asteraceae as a dominant family followed by Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, and Poaceae in Jammu and Kashmir. Similarly, [29] also found Rosaceae, the largest family, followed by Asteraceae and Lamiaceae in the Keran Valley, in the northwestern Himalaya. The dominance of Asteraceae families in the target area as well as in the world represents its wide range of ecological amplitude [11,30,31]. In the present study area herbaceous flora was dominant, followed by shrubs and trees. The dominance of herbaceous flora is due to the overexploitation of trees and shrubs species by the inhabitants of the valley, due to which the population of trees and shrub species is decreasing day by day. Similar findings were also reported by [3] while exploring the flora of Swat Ranizai, [32] from district Nowshera, [33] from Ghalegay Hills, Swat, [34] from Karak, [35] from darra Adam Khel, [36] from Miandam, Swat, [16] from Jelar Valley, and [18] from Baluchistan.
The biological spectrum is an indicator of the physiognomy of flora, vegetation and their relation to the prevailing climatic conditions of the region [37,38,39]. In the present study area, therophytes were found dominant, followed by phanerophytes (Table 3.2), indicating that the phytoclimate of the area is thero phanerophytic type. Normally therophytes are the indicators of arid phytoclimate [40], hemicryptophytes of temperate region [6] while, chamaephytes are the indicator of high altitudinal zones and arctic regions [41] while Phanerophytes are the indicators of moist regions [42]. The dominance of therophytes in the area reflects that the flora is under heavy biotic pressure such as deforestation, overgrazing, and overexploitation [26] of the plants species for fuel, timber, medicinal purposes, and agricultural practices [43]. [11] conducted a similar study, and therophytes and chamaephytes were reported dominant. [44], conducted similar research and found therophytes dominant, followed by phanerophytes, and stated that the environmental condition of the area is dry and hot. Similar results were also reported from Koont [45], Gadoon, Swabi by [46]. The present findings are strongly supported by [16,28,29] who reported the dominance of therophytes in the area and stated that the flora is under heavy biotic pressure such as deforestation, overgrazing, and overexploitation of the plants species for fuel, timber, and medicinal purposes.
Leaf size is also an important physiognomic trait that influences different functions of plants, such as photosynthesis and transpiration. The knowledge of leaf size among plants species may help to know about the physiological processes of plants and their communities [9]. The results revealed that the vegetation of Sultan Khail valley is dominated by microphylls, while megaphylls and aphyllous were least contributed leaf size classes in the area (Table 3.4). The present findings are in line with [34,47] who also reported microphylls and nanophylls as the dominant leaf size classes. Our results are strongly supported by [16] who reported microphylls as dominant, followed by nanophylls and mesophylls, in Jelar Valley. The present findings are also in line with [43,48], who reported the same leaf size classes dominant in Kashmir and Quetta. Seasonal variation in leaf size spectra shows that in the spring and summer seasons, microphylls were dominant, while in the autumn and winter seasons, nanophylls were dominant.
Seasonal variation in life forms shows that phanerophytes dominated the spring flora. In summer, therophytes were the most abundant life form class, while in the autumn and winter seasons, phanerophytes were dominant. The seasonal variation in life forms is due to the presence of short-lived species. The present findings are line with [12,35,37], [16,28,49]. The difference in seasonal variation of leaf size classes is due to the presence of geophytes and short lived therophyte species; however, altitude also plays an important role in the distribution of leaf size classes, as reported by [16,28,48,50]. The habitat condition of the area is mostly dry as maximum numbers of species were found in dry habitat followed by forests. Various researchers such as [16,51,52] also conducted similar studies. They classified plants species based on habitat types. Therefore, our findings are in correlation with them.
5. Conclusions
From the present study, it is concluded that the flora of the Sultan Khail valley is diverse. The phytoclimate of the area is of the therophytic type. The vegetation of the investigated area is under heavy biotic pressure in the form of grazing, fuel wood collection, medicinal plant collection, timber smuggling to other areas, and some natural phenomena such as soil erosion and land sliding, due to which the vegetation of the area is decreasing day by day and needs proper conservation. The habitat condition of the area is mostly dry, as the maximum numbers of species were found in dry habitats. This study provides baseline information on the flora of the Sultan Khail valley, and further studies will be needed to assess the conservation status of wild flora and obtain quantitative information on vegetation.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Khaista Rahman and Naveed Akhtar; Data curation, Khaista Rahman,; Formal analysis, Naveed Akhtar,; Funding acquisition, Khaista Rahman; Investigation, Khaista Rahman; Methodology, Khaista Rahman and Naveed Akhtar; Project administration, Naveed Akhtar; Software, Khaista Rahman, Supervision, Naveed Akhtar; Validation, Khaista Rahman, Naveed Akhtar; Visualization, Khaista Rahman, Naveed Akhtar; Writing—original draft, Khaista Rahman; Writing—review & editing, Naveed Akhtar. Both the authors approved the final submission this manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments
This article is a part of the Ph.D. research project of Mr. Khaista Rahman (Ph.D. scholar). The authors are thankful to the local inhabitants of Sultan Khail valley for their cooperation during data collection. Special thanks are also due to the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the initiation of laptop and fee reimbursement schemes for M.Phil/Ph.D. scholars from rural areas.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Location map of Sultan Khail valley, Dir Upper, Pakistan, representing detailed information such as sampling sites, elevation range, boundaries and area in Km2.
Figure 1.
Location map of Sultan Khail valley, Dir Upper, Pakistan, representing detailed information such as sampling sites, elevation range, boundaries and area in Km2.
Figure 2.
Top twelve plant families and their contribution to species in the study area.
Figure 3.
This figure represents the seasonal variations in life form and Leaf size spectrum of vegetation of Sultan Khail valley, Hindu Kush range of Pakistan.
Figure 3.
This figure represents the seasonal variations in life form and Leaf size spectrum of vegetation of Sultan Khail valley, Hindu Kush range of Pakistan.
Figure 4.
This figure represents seasonal variations in leaf size spectra of vegetation of Sultan Khail valley, Hindukush range of Pakistan.
Figure 4.
This figure represents seasonal variations in leaf size spectra of vegetation of Sultan Khail valley, Hindukush range of Pakistan.
Figure 5.
Classification of plants species of Sultan Khail valley, Dir Upper Pakistan based on their habitat.
Figure 5.
Classification of plants species of Sultan Khail valley, Dir Upper Pakistan based on their habitat.
Table 1.
This table represents floristic composition of the valley, biological spectrum, seasonality and habitat conditions of Sultan Khail valley, Hindukush range of Pakistan.
Table 1.
This table represents floristic composition of the valley, biological spectrum, seasonality and habitat conditions of Sultan Khail valley, Hindukush range of Pakistan.
| S. no. | Taxon | Habit | Life form | Leaf form | Habitat | Seasonality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |||||||
| Pteriddophytes | ||||||||||
| 1 | Adiantaceae | |||||||||
| 1 | Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp-Rc | + | + | + | + | |
| 2 | Adiantum incisum Forssk. | H | Hem | Lep | Mp-Rc | + | + | + | + | |
| 3 | Adiantum venustum D.Don. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 2 | Aspleniaceae | |||||||||
| 4 | Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp-Rc | + | + | + | + | |
| 5 | Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffmann. | H | Hem | Lep | Wp | + | + | + | - | |
| 6 | Asplenium trichomanes L. | H | Hem | Lep | Mp-Rc | + | + | + | + | |
| 7 | Ceterach dalhousiae (Hk.) C. Chr. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 3 | Cystopteridaceae | |||||||||
| 8 | Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. | H | Geo | Mic | Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| 4 | Dryopteridaceae | |||||||||
| 9 | Dryopteris odontoloma (Moore.). | H | Hem | Lep | Mp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 10 | Dryopteris serrato-dentata (Bedd.) Hayata. | H | Hem | Lep | Mp-Rc | + | + | + | - | |
| 11 | Dryopteris sieboldii L. | H | Hem | Lep | Wp | + | + | + | - | |
| 12 | Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn. | H | Hem | Lep | Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 13 | Polystichum discretum (D. Don) J. Sm. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp-Rc | + | + | + | + | |
| 14 | Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp-Rc | + | + | + | + | |
| 15 | Polystichum wilsonii Christ. | H | Hem | Nan | Wp-Rc | + | + | + | + | |
| 5 | Equisetaceae | |||||||||
| 16 | Equisetum arvense L. | H | Hem | Lep | Wp | + | + | + | - | |
| 17 | Equisetum ramossimum Desf. | H | Geo | Aph | Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 6 | Pteridaceae | |||||||||
| 18 | Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. | H | Geo | Mic | Wp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 19 | Pteris cretica L. | H | Hem | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 20 | Pteris vitata L. | H | Hem | Mic | Mp-Rc | + | + | + | + | |
| 21 | Onychium Contiguum Wall ex. Hope | H | Geo | Mic | Wp | + | + | + | - | |
| 22 | Cheilanthes pteridioides (Reichard.) C. Chr. | H | Hem | Nan | Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| Gymnosperm | ||||||||||
| 1 | Cupressaceae | |||||||||
| 23 | Cupressus sempervirens L. | T | Phen | Lep | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 24 | Juniperus communis L. | S | Phen | Lep | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 2 | Pinaceae | |||||||||
| 25 | Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. | T | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 26 | Pinus roxburghii Sargent | T | Phen | Nan | Drp-Rp | + | + | + | + | |
| 27 | Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson. | T | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 28 | Abies pindrow Royle. | T | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 29 | Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex. D. Don) G. Don | T | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 3 | Taxaceae | |||||||||
| 30 | Taxus wallichiana Zucc. | T | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| Angiosperm | ||||||||||
| Monocotyledonae | ||||||||||
| 1 | Alliaceae | |||||||||
| 31 | Allium cepa L. | H | Geo | Mes | CU | + | + | - | + | |
| 32 | Allium sativum L. | H | Geo | Mes | CU | + | + | - | + | |
| 2 | Amaryllidaceae | |||||||||
| 33 | Narcissus tazetta L. | H | Geo | Mic | G | + | - | - | + | |
| 3 | Araceae | |||||||||
| 34 | Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott | H | Geo | Mes | Mp-Sp | + | + | - | - | |
| 35 | Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. | H | Geo | Mes | F | + | + | + | - | |
| 36 | Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth | H | Geo | Mes | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 4 | Asparagaceae | |||||||||
| 37 | Asparagus gracilis Royle | S | Ther | Lep | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 5 | Colchicaceae | |||||||||
| 38 | Colchicum luteum Baker. | H | Geo | Nan | Drp | + | - | - | + | |
| 6 | Commelinaceae | |||||||||
| 39 | Commelina benghalensis L. | H | Ther | Mic | Mp-Sp | - | + | - | - | |
| 7 | Cyperaceae | |||||||||
| 40 | Cyperus rotundus L. | H | Ther | Nan | Mp | + | + | - | - | |
| 8 | Liliaceae | |||||||||
| 41 | Gagea elegans Wall. ex Royle | H | Geo | Nan | Af-Drp | + | - | - | - | |
| 42 | Polygonatum verticillatum All. | H | Geo | Mic | Mp | + | + | - | - | |
| 43 | Tulipa stellata HK. | H | Geo | Lep | Af | + | - | - | - | |
| 9 | Orchidaceae | |||||||||
| 44 | Aristida cyanantha Nees ex steud. | H | Hem | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 10 | Poaceae | |||||||||
| 45 | Apluda mutica L. | H | H | Nan | Af-Drp | - | + | - | - | |
| 46 | Avena fatua L. | H | Ther | Mic | Af | + | + | - | - | |
| 47 | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | H | H | Lep | Drp-Af | - | + | + | - | |
| 48 | Dicanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. | H | Hem | Nan | Af | + | - | - | + | |
| 49 | Hordeum vulgare L. | H | Hem | Mic | Af | + | - | - | + | |
| 50 | Oryza sativa L. | H | Ther | Mic | CU | - | + | + | - | |
| 51 | Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. | H | Ther | Nan | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 52 | Sorgham helipense (L.) Persoon | H | Hem | Mic | Af | + | + | - | - | |
| 53 | Themeda anathera ( Nees) Hack. | H | Hem | Nan | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 54 | Triticum aestivum L. | H | Ther | Mic | CU | + | - | - | + | |
| 55 | Zea mays L. | H | Ther | Mes | CU | - | + | - | - | |
| 56 | Cenchrus ciliaris L. | H | Ther | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 11 | Smilacaceae | |||||||||
| 57 | Smilax glaucophylla Klotzsch. | C | Phen | Mes | Epi | + | + | + | + | |
| ii. Dicotyledonae | ||||||||||
| 1 | Acanthaceae | |||||||||
| 58 | Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees | H | Hem | Mes | Wap | + | + | + | - | |
| 2 | Aceraceae | |||||||||
| 59 | Acer Caesium Wall ex Brandis | T | Phen | Mac | G | + | + | + | + | |
| 3 | Amaranthaceae | |||||||||
| 60 | Achyranthes bidentata Blume. | H | Ther | Mic | Wap | + | - | - | + | |
| 61 | Alternanthera pungens Kunth. | H | Ther | Mic | Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 62 | Amaranthus caudatus L. | H | Cham | Mic | Wap | - | + | + | - | |
| 63 | Amaranthus spinosus L. | H | Therer | Mic | Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 64 | Amaranthus viridis L. | H | Therer | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 4 | Anacardiaceae | |||||||||
| 65 | Pistacia chinensis Bunge. | T | Phen | Mic | F-G | + | + | + | + | |
| 66 | Rhus punjabensis J. L. | T | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 5 | Apiaceae | |||||||||
| 67 | Aegopodium burttii Nasir. | H | Hem | Mic | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 68 | Bupleurum atroviolaceum (O.E.Schulz) Nasir | H | Ther | Mic | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 69 | Bupleurum falcatum L. | H | Ther | Mic | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 70 | Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC. var. ramosum Nasir | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 71 | Chaerophyllum Reflexum Aitch. | H | Hem | Mic | Rc | + | + | - | + | |
| 72 | Coriandrum sativum L. | H | Ther | Lep | CU | - | + | + | - | |
| 73 | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | H | Ther | Nan | CU | - | + | + | - | |
| 74 | Scaligeria indica Wolff | H | Cham | Nan | F | + | + | - | - | |
| 6 | Apocynaceae | |||||||||
| 75 | Nerium oleander L. | S | Phen | Mes | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 7 | Araliaceae | |||||||||
| 76 | Hedera nepalensis K. Koch. | C | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 8 | Asclepiadaceae | |||||||||
| 77 | Oxystelma esculentum R. Br. | H | Cham | Lep | Drp | - | + | + | + | |
| 78 | Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Brown | S | Cham | Mes | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 79 | Periploca aphylla Dcne. | S | Phen | Aph | Rp | + | + | + | + | |
| 9 | Asteraceae | |||||||||
| 80 | Anaphalis boissieri E. Georg. | H | Ther | Nan | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 81 | Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. | H | Hem | Nan | Af-Drp | + | + | + | - | |
| 82 | Anaphalis nepalensis (spring). Hangs.-Mazz | H | Ther | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | - | |
| 83 | Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims.) C.B. Clarke. | H | Geo | Mes | Af-Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 84 | Artemisia absintnium L. | H | Cham | Nan | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 85 | Artemisia biennis Wild. | H | He | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | - | |
| 86 | Artemisia dubia Wall.ex Besser | H | Cham | Lep | Drp | + | + | + | - | |
| 87 | Artemisia santolinifolia Turez ex Krasch | H | Cham | Nan | Rp-G | - | + | + | - | |
| 88 | Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. | H | Ther | Nan | Drp | + | + | - | + | |
| 89 | Aster flaccidus Bunge | H | Ther | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | - | |
| 90 | Aster mulliuscus Wall. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | - | - | - | |
| 91 | Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merrill & Scheriff | H | Ther | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 92 | Calendula arvensis L. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | - | - | - | |
| 93 | Cirsium falconeri (Hook. F.) Petrak | H | Ther | Mes | Drp | + | + | - | + | |
| 94 | Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. | H | Ther | Mes | Drp | + | + | - | + | |
| 95 | Conyza canadensis (L.) Corgn. | H | Ther | Nan | Mp-Wap | + | + | + | - | |
| 96 | Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl.) Benth | H | Ther | Lep | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 97 | Filago hardwarica (Wall ex DC.) Wagenitz | H | Ther | Lep | Drp | + | + | + | - | |
| 98 | Galinosoga parviflora Cav. | H | Ther | Mic | Af | - | + | + | - | |
| 99 | Helianthus anus L. | H | Ther | Mes | CU | - | + | - | - | |
| 100 | Helianthus tuberosus L. | H | Ther | Mes | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 101 | Lentopodium himalayanum DC. | H | Hem | Lep | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 102 | Onopordum acanthium L. | H | Ther | Mes | Af-Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 103 | Prenanthes stewartii Roohi Bano & Qaiser | H | Ther | Nan | F | + | + | + | - | |
| 104 | Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. | H | Ther | Mes | Rp | + | + | - | - | |
| 105 | Solidago virgaurea L. | H | Hem | Mic | Wap | - | + | - | - | |
| 106 | Sonchus arvensis L. | H | Ther | Mes | Af | - | + | - | - | |
| 107 | Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. | H | Ther | Mes | Mp-Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 108 | Sonchus oleraceus L. | H | Ther | Mic | Wp-Mp | + | + | - | - | |
| 109 | Tagetes minuta L. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp and F | + | + | - | - | |
| 110 | Taraxacum officinale Weber. | H | Ther | Mic | Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 111 | Xanthium strumarium L. | H | Ther | Mes | Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 10 | Balsaminaceae | |||||||||
| 112 | Impatiens bicolor Royle. | H | Ther | Mes | Mp-Rp | - | + | + | - | |
| 113 | Impatiens brachycentra Kar. & Kir. | H | Ther | Mic | Mp-Rp | - | + | - | - | |
| 114 | Impatiens egeworthii Hook. f. | H | Ther | Mes | Wp | + | + | - | - | |
| 115 | Impatiens fliemingii Hook. F. | H | Ther | Mes | Mp | - | + | + | - | |
| 11 | Berberidaceae | |||||||||
| 116 | Berberis lycium Royle | S | Phen | Nan | Rp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 117 | Berberis pseudumbellata Parker ssp pseudumbellata | S | Phen | Nan | Rp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 12 | Betulaceae | |||||||||
| 118 | Alnus nitida (Spach). Endl. | Tree | Phen | Mes | Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| 119 | Betula utilis D. Don. | T | Phen | Mes | F-Rp | + | + | + | + | |
| 13 | Boraginaceae | |||||||||
| 120 | Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. Ex Benth. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 121 | Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 122 | Heliotropium undulatum var. suberosa Clarke. · | H | Geo | Lep | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 123 | Myosotis alpestris F. W. Schmidt var. albicans (H.Riedl) Y.Nasir. | H | Hem | Mic | F | + | + | - | - | |
| 124 | Onosma dichronata Boiss. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | - | - | + | |
| 125 | Onosma hispida Wall e G. Don, Gen. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | - | - | + | |
| 126 | Pseudomertensia nemorosa (A. DC.) Stewart & Kazmi | H | Ther | Nan | F | + | + | + | - | |
| 14 | Brassicaceae | |||||||||
| 127 | Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. | H | Ther | Nan | Wap-Af | + | + | + | + | |
| 128 | Farsetia jaquemontii Hook.f. & Thomson. | H | Cham | Nan | F | + | + | - | + | |
| 129 | Nasturtium officinale R. Br. | H | Geo | Mic | Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| 130 | Raphanus sativus L. | H | Ther | Mac | CU | + | - | - | + | |
| 131 | Thlaspi arvense L. | H | Ther | Nan | Wap | + | + | - | + | |
| 132 | Thlaspi griffithianum Boiss | H | Ther | Nan | Wap | + | + | - | + | |
| 133 | Verbascum thapsus L. | H | Ther | Meg | Drp | + | - | - | + | |
| 15 | Buxaceae | |||||||||
| 134 | Sarcococca saligna (Don) Muell. | S | Phen | Mic | Mp-Sp | + | + | + | + | |
| 16 | Caesalpinaceae | |||||||||
| 135 | Cleome viscosa L. | H | Ther | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 17 | Campanulaceae | |||||||||
| 136 | Campanula aristata Wallich | H | Hem | Nan | Af-Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 18 | Cannabaceae | |||||||||
| 137 | Cannabis sativa L. | H | Ther | Mic | Wap | + | + | + | - | |
| 19 | Caprifoliaceae | |||||||||
| 138 | Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. | S | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 139 | Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don. | S | Phen | Mic | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 140 | Viburnum mullaha Buch. Ham . ex D.Don. | S | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 20 | Caryophyllaceae | |||||||||
| 141 | Arenaria serpyllifolia L. | H | Ther | Lep | Mp | - | + | + | - | |
| 142 | Gypsophila cerastioides D.Don | H | Ther | Nan | Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 143 | Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke | H | Ther | Nan | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 21 | Celastraceae | |||||||||
| 144 | Maytenus royleanus (Wall. ex Lawson.) Cufedintis. | S | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 145 | Maytenus Wallichiana (Springe) Raju & Bull. | S | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 22 | Chenopodiaceae | |||||||||
| 146 | Chenopodium foliosum Aschers. | H | Ther | Nan | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 147 | Chenopodium album L. | H | Ther | Mes | Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 148 | Chenopodium ambrosioides L | H | Ther | Mes | Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 149 | Chenopodium botrys L. | H | Ther | Mic | Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 23 | Crassulaceae | |||||||||
| 150 | Sedum hispanicum L. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp | - | + | - | - | |
| 24 | Cucurbitaceae | |||||||||
| 151 | Luffa cylindrica (L) Roem | C | Ther | Mes | CU | - | + | + | - | |
| 152 | Cucumis melo var. agrestis Naudn, Ann. | C | Ther | Mic | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 153 | Cucumis sativus L. | C | Ther | Mac | CU | - | + | - | - | |
| 154 | Cucurbita maxima Duch. Ex Lam. | C | Ther | Meg | CU | - | + | - | - | |
| 155 | Cucurbita pepo L. | C | Ther | Meg | CU | - | + | - | - | |
| 25 | Ebenaceae | |||||||||
| 156 | Diospyros kaki L. | T | Phen | Mes | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 157 | Diospyros lotus L. | T | Phen | Mes | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 26 | Ericaceae | |||||||||
| 158 | Gaultheria trichophylla Royle | S | Cham | Lep | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 159 | Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf. f. | S | Phen | Mic | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 27 | Euphorbiaceae | |||||||||
| 160 | Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) Raf. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | + | |
| 161 | Euphorbia helioscopia L. | H | Ther | Nan | Af-Drp | - | - | + | + | |
| 162 | Euphorbia peplus L. | H | Ther | Lep | Af-Drp | - | - | + | - | |
| 163 | Andrachne cordifolia (Wall.ex Dcne.) Muell. Avg. | S | Phen | Mic | Mp-Sp | + | + | + | + | |
| 164 | Ricinus communis L. | S | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 28 | Fagaceae | |||||||||
| 165 | Quercus baloot Griffth. | T | Phen | Mic | F-Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 166 | Quercus dilatata Royle. | T | Phen | Mic | Drp-Rp | + | + | + | + | |
| 167 | Quercus incana Roxb. | T | Phen | Mic | F-Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 29 | Fumaraceae | |||||||||
| 168 | Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) H.N. | H | Ther | Lep | Drp | + | - | - | + | |
| 30 | Gentianaceae | |||||||||
| 169 | Swertia cordata (G.Don) Clarke | H | Ther | Lep | Drp-F | - | + | + | - | |
| 31 | Geraniaceae | |||||||||
| 170 | Erodium cicutarium L. | H | Ther | Mes | Wp | + | + | - | + | |
| 171 | Geranium colinum Sweet. | H | Hem | Mic | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 172 | Geranium ocellatum Camb. | H | Ther | Mic | F | + | + | - | - | |
| 173 | Geranium pussillum Burm. | H | Ther | Mic | F | + | + | - | - | |
| 174 | Geranium wallichianum D. Don. Ex Sweet | H | Ther | Mic | F | + | + | + | - | |
| 32 | Grossulariaceae | |||||||||
| 175 | Ribes alpestre Dcne. | S | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 33 | Hamamelidaceae | |||||||||
| 176 | Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Dcne.) Rehder. | S | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 34 | Hippocastinaceae | |||||||||
| 177 | Aesculus indica (Wall Ex. Camb.)Hk. F.) | T | Phen | Mes | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 35 | Hypericaceae | |||||||||
| 178 | Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy | S | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 179 | Hypericum perforatum L. | H | Cham | Nan | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 36 | Juglandaceae | |||||||||
| 180 | Juglans regia L. | T | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 37 | Lamiaceae | |||||||||
| 181 | Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. | H | Hem | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | - | |
| 182 | Calamintha umbrosa (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & Mey. | H | Ther | Nan | Mp-F | + | + | + | - | |
| 183 | Mentha arvensis L. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp-Wap | - | + | + | - | |
| 184 | Clinopodium umbrosum (M. Bieb.) C. Koch. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp | + | + | - | - | |
| 185 | Clinopodium vulgare L. | H | Hem | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 186 | Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spreng. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 187 | Lycopis europis L. | H | Cham | Mes | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 188 | Marrubium vulgare L. | H | Ther | Mic | F | + | + | - | - | |
| 189 | Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. | H | H | Nan | Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 190 | Micromeria biflora Benth. | H | Cham | Lep | M-Sp | + | + | + | - | |
| 191 | Nepeta discolor Royle ex Benth. | H | Cham | Mic | Mp-F | - | + | + | - | |
| 192 | Ocimum basilicum L. | H | Cham | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 193 | Origanum vulgare L. | H | Hem | Nan | Rp | - | + | + | - | |
| 194 | Phlomis spectabilis Falc. ex Benth. | H | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 195 | Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Bth. | H | Ther | Mac | Drp | + | - | - | + | |
| 196 | Salvia nubicola Wall. Ex Sweet. | H | Ther | Mes | Drp | - | + | + | + | |
| 197 | Teucrium royleanum Wall. ex Bth. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 198 | Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 199 | Thymus linearis Bth. Ssp. linearis Jalas | H | Hem | Nan | Mp | - | + | + | - | |
| 200 | Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Bth.) Codd. | S | Phen | Mes | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 201 | Rabdosia rugosa Benth. | S | Phen | Mes | Drp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 38 | Malvaceae | |||||||||
| 202 | Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. | H | Ther | Mes | CU | - | + | + | - | |
| 203 | Malva neglecta Wallr. | H | Ther | Mic | Wap-Af | + | + | - | - | |
| 39 | Meliaceae | |||||||||
| 204 | Cedrela serrata Royle | T | Phen | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 205 | Melia azedarach L. | T | Phen | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 40 | Moraceae | |||||||||
| 206 | Ficus johanis Boiss. | T | Phen | Mes | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 207 | Ficus palmata Forssk. | T | Phen | Mes | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 208 | Morus alba L. | T | Phen | Mes | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 209 | Morus macroura Miq. | T | Phen | Mes | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 210 | Morus nigra L. | T | Phen | Mes | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 41 | Myrsinaceae | |||||||||
| 211 | Myrsine africana L. | S | Phen | Nan | Drp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 42 | Myrtaceae | |||||||||
| 212 | Myractis wallichii Less. | H | Ther | Nan | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 213 | Myrtus communis L. | S | Phen | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 43 | Nyctaginaceae | |||||||||
| 214 | Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp | - | + | + | - | |
| 215 | Mirabilis jalapa L | H | Ther | Mes | Drp | + | + | - | - | |
| 44 | Oleaceae | |||||||||
| 216 | Fraxinus hookeri Wenzig | T | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 217 | Jasminum humile L. | S | Phen | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 218 | Jasminum officinale L. | S | Phen | Nan | Drp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 219 | Olea ferruginea Royle. | T | Phen | Mic | Drp-G | + | + | + | + | |
| 45 | Onagraceae | |||||||||
| 220 | Epilobium hirsutum L. | H | H | Nan | M-Sp | + | + | + | - | |
| 221 | Oenothera rosea L.her.ex.Ait. | H | Hem | Mic | Wp | - | + | + | - | |
| 46 | Oxalidaceae | |||||||||
| 222 | Oxalis corniculata L. | H | Ther | Nan | M-Sp | + | + | + | - | |
| 47 | Papaveraceae | |||||||||
| 223 | Desmodium elegans DC. | S | Phen | Mes | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 48 | Fabaceae | |||||||||
| 224 | Vicia sativa L. | C | Ther | Nan | Af | + | - | - | + | |
| 225 | Lespedeza juncea (L.F.) Persoon. | H | Ther | Lep | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 226 | Medicago minima (L.) Grufb. | H | Ther | Nan | Af | + | - | - | + | |
| 227 | Medicago sativa L. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp-F | + | + | - | + | |
| 228 | Melilotus officinalis (Linn.) Desr. | H | Ther | Nan | Mp-F | - | + | + | - | |
| 229 | Phaseolus vulgare L. | H | Cham | Mes | CU | - | + | - | - | |
| 230 | Pisum sativum L. | H | Ther | Mic | CU | + | - | - | - | |
| 231 | Trifolium repens L. | H | Ther | Nan | F | + | + | - | + | |
| 232 | Trigonella gracilis Benth. | H | Ther | Nan | Mp-Af | + | + | - | - | |
| 233 | Indigofera gerardiana (Wall. ex Baker) Ali | S | Phen | Lep | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 234 | Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brand. | S | Phen | Lep | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 235 | Robinia pseuo-acacia L. | T | Phen | Mic | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 49 | Philadelphaceae | |||||||||
| 236 | Deutzia staminea R. Br .ex Wall. | S | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 50 | Plantaginaceae | |||||||||
| 237 | Plantago himalaica pilger. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp | - | - | + | - | |
| 238 | Plantago lanceolata L. | H | Ther | Mic | Mp | - | + | - | - | |
| 239 | Plantago major L. | H | Ther | Mes | Mp | - | + | + | - | |
| 51 | Platanaceae | |||||||||
| 240 | Platanus orientalis L. | T | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 52 | Plumbaginaceae | |||||||||
| 241 | Limonium cabulicum (Boiss.) O. Kuntze.Rev.gen. | H | Phen | Mes | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 53 | Polygalaceae | |||||||||
| 242 | Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen. | H | Cham | Nan | F | + | + | + | - | |
| 243 | Polygala sibirica L. | H | Ther | Nan | F | + | + | + | - | |
| 54 | Polygonaceae | |||||||||
| 244 | Rumex dentatus L. | H | Hem | Mes | Mp | - | + | + | + | |
| 245 | Rumex hastatus D.Don | H | Cham | Nan | Drp | + | + | - | + | |
| 246 | Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Green | H | H | Mes | Mp-F | - | + | + | - | |
| 247 | Polygonum aviculare L. | H | Ther | Nan | Wp | - | + | + | - | |
| 248 | Polygonum barbatum L. | H | Ther | Nan | Mp | - | + | + | - | |
| 249 | Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don. | H | Ther | Nan | Wap | - | + | + | - | |
| 250 | Polygonum maculosa S. F. Gay. | H | Ther | Mic | Wap | - | + | + | - | |
| 251 | Polygonum paronchioides C. A. Mey. Ex Hohen. | H | Hem | Nan | Mp | - | + | + | - | |
| 55 | Primulaceae | |||||||||
| 252 | Androsace rotundifolia Hardwicke | H | Hem | Mes | Drp-F | + | + | - | - | |
| 253 | Primula denticulata Wight. | H | Hem | Mes | Mp-F | + | - | - | + | |
| 254 | Primula floribunda Wall. | H | Hem | Mes | Wp-Mp | - | + | + | - | |
| 255 | Primula vulgaris Huds | H | There | Mic | F-Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 56 | Punicaceae | |||||||||
| 256 | Punica grantaum L. | T | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 57 | Ranunculaceae | |||||||||
| 257 | Clematis graveolens Roxb. ex. D.C. | C | Ther | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | - | |
| 258 | Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ex Royle | H | Cham | Mes | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 259 | Actaea spicata L. | H | Hem | Mac | F | + | + | + | - | |
| 260 | Anemone obtusiloba D.Don | H | Hem | Lep | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 261 | Ranunculus hirtellus Royle. | H | Ther | Nan | Wp | - | + | - | - | |
| 262 | Ranunculus laetus Wall. Ex Hk. F. & Thoms. | H | Geo | Nan | Wp | - | + | - | - | |
| 263 | Ranunculus muricatus L. | H | Geo | Mic | Wp | + | + | - | - | |
| 58 | Rhamnaceae | |||||||||
| 264 | Rhodiola himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu | H | Ther | Nan | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 265 | Rhamnus pentapomica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. | S | Phen | Nan | Drp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 266 | Sageretia thea (L.) Brongn. | S | Phen | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 267 | Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. | S | Phen | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 268 | Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. | T | Phen | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 59 | Rosaceae | |||||||||
| 269 | Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke | H | Ther | Mic | M-Sp | + | + | + | + | |
| 270 | Filipendula vestita (Wall. ex G. Don.) Maxim. | H | Ther | Mes | F | - | + | + | - | |
| 271 | Fragaria nubicola Lindl. | H | Hem | Nan | M-Sp | - | + | + | - | |
| 272 | Potentilla nepalensis Hook. | H | Hem | Mic | F | - | + | - | - | |
| 273 | Poterium sanguisorba Waldst.& Kit. | H | Ther | Nan | Wp | + | + | - | - | |
| 274 | Sibbaldia cuneata Edgew. | H | Cham | Nan | Mp-F | - | + | - | - | |
| 275 | Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall.ex Lindl. | S | Phen | Mic | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 276 | Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. Ex Lindl. | S | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 277 | Cotoneaster affinis (Lindl.) Schn. | S | Phen | Nan | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 278 | Cotoneaster nummularia Fish and Mey. | S | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 279 | Prunus jacquemontii Hk. f. | S | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 280 | Rosa alba L. | S | Phen | Nan | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 281 | Rosa brunonii Lindl. | S | Phen | Nan | Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| 282 | Rosa canina L. | S | Phen | Nan | Mp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 283 | Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle | S | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 284 | Rubus ellipticus Smith | S | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 285 | Rubus fruticosus L. | S | Phen | Mes | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 286 | Rubus sanctus Schreber | S | Phen | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 287 | Rubus ulmifolius Schott | S | Phen | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | + | |
| 288 | Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehdr | S | Phen | Mic | Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| 289 | Spiraea vaccinifolia D.Don. | S | Phen | Mic | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 290 | Malus pumila Mill. | T | Phen | Mes | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 291 | Prunus armeniaca L. | T | Phen | Mes | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 292 | Prunus cornuta (Wall. Ex. Royle.) Steud. | T | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 293 | Prunus domestica L. | T | Phen | Mes | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 294 | Prunus persica L. Batsch. | T | Phen | Mes | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 295 | Pyrus communis L. | T | Phen | Mic | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 296 | Pyrus pashia Ham. Ex. D.Don. | T | Phen | Mic | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 60 | Rubiaceae | |||||||||
| 297 | Galium aparine L. | H | Ther | Nan | Wap-Af | + | + | + | - | |
| 61 | Rutaceae | |||||||||
| 298 | Skimmia laureola (DC.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Walp | S | Phen | Mes | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 299 | Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. | T | Phen | Mes | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 300 | Zanthoxylum armatum DC. | T | Phen | Mes | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 62 | Salicaceae | |||||||||
| 301 | Salix denticulata var. hazarica (R. Parker) Ali | S | Phen | Mes | Mp-F | + | + | + | + | |
| 302 | Populus alba Wall. | T | Phen | Mes | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 303 | Populus nigra L. | T | Phen | Mac | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 304 | Salix babylonica L. | T | Phen | Mic | Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| 305 | Salix tetrasperma Roxb. | T | Phen | Mes | Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| 63 | Sambucaceae | |||||||||
| 306 | Sambucus wightiana Wall Ex Wight and Arn | H | Ther | Mes | F | - | + | - | - | |
| 64 | Sapindaceae | |||||||||
| 307 | Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. | S | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 65 | Saxifragaceae | |||||||||
| 308 | Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. | H | Geo | Mes | Mp-F | + | + | - | - | |
| 309 | Bergenia stracheyi (H. & T.) Engl. | H | Geo | Mes | Mp-F | + | + | - | - | |
| 66 | Scrophulariaceae | |||||||||
| 310 | Scrophularia umbrosa Dumort. | H | Cham | Nan | Drp | - | + | + | - | |
| 311 | Veronica polita Fries. | H | Ther | Nan | Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 67 | Simaroubaceae | |||||||||
| 312 | Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle | T | Phen | Mes | Wap | + | + | + | + | |
| 68 | Solanaceae | |||||||||
| 313 | Datura innoxia Mill. | H | Ther | Mes | Wap | - | + | + | - | |
| 314 | Datura stramonium L. | H | Ther | Mes | Wap | - | + | + | - | |
| 315 | Lycopersicon esculentum Miller | H | Ther | Mes | CU | + | + | + | - | |
| 316 | Solanum nigrum L. | H | Ther | Mic | Drp-Wap | + | + | + | - | |
| 317 | Solanum pseudo-capsicum L. | H | Ther | Mic | G | - | + | + | - | |
| 318 | Solanum surattense Burm. f. | H | Ther | Mic | Wap | + | + | - | - | |
| 319 | Solanum tuberosum L. | H | Geo | Mes | CU | - | + | - | - | |
| 69 | Thymeleaeceae | |||||||||
| 320 | Wikstroemia canescens Meisn. | S | Phen | Nan | F | + | + | + | + | |
| 321 | Daphne mucronata Royle | S | Phen | Nan | Rp | + | + | + | + | |
| 70 | Trilliaceae | |||||||||
| 322 | Trillium govanianum Wall. ex Royle. | H | Cham | Mes | F | - | + | - | - | |
| 71 | Ulmaceae | |||||||||
| 323 | Celtis australis L. | T | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 324 | Celtis caucasica Willd. | T | Phen | Mic | Drp | + | + | + | + | |
| 72 | Urticaceae | |||||||||
| 325 | Gerardinia palmata Blume. | H | Ther | Meg | M-Sp | + | + | + | - | |
| 326 | Urtica dioica L. | H | Ther | Mic | Mp | + | + | + | - | |
| 327 | Debregessia salcifolia (D. Don) Rendle. | S | Phen | Mic | Mp-Wp | + | + | + | + | |
| 73 | Valerianaceae | |||||||||
| 328 | Valeriana jatamansi Jones. | H | Geo | Mic | Mp-F | + | + | - | - | |
| 74 | Verbenaceae | |||||||||
| 329 | Verbena officinalis L. | H | Ther | Mic | Mp-Rp | + | + | + | + | |
| 75 | Violaceae | |||||||||
| 330 | Viola canescens Wall. Ex Roxber | H | Hem | Mic | M-Sp | + | + | + | - | |
| 76 | Vitaceae | |||||||||
| 331 | Vitis vinifera L. | C | Phen | Mes | CU | + | + | + | + | |
| 77 | Zygophyllaceae | |||||||||
| 332 | Tribulus terrestris L. | H | Hem | Lep | Wap | - | + | - | - | |
Table 2.
Summary of ecological characteristics of vegetation of Sultan Khail valley Dir, Upper, Pakistan.
Table 2.
Summary of ecological characteristics of vegetation of Sultan Khail valley Dir, Upper, Pakistan.
| S.No. | Characteristics | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vegetation | ||
| Families | 97 | - | |
| Genera | 234 | - | |
| Species | 332 | - | |
| 2 | Habit | ||
| Herbs | 220 | 66.3 | |
| Shrubs | 54 | 16.3 | |
| Trees | 48 | 14.5 | |
| Climbers | 10 | 3.0 | |
| 3 | Seasonality | ||
| Spring | 251 | 26.4 | |
| Summer | 308 | 32.4 | |
| Autumn | 231 | 24.3 | |
| Winter | 162 | 17.0 | |
| 4 | Life form spectra | ||
| Therophytes | 126 | 38.0 | |
| Phanerophytes | 104 | 31.3 | |
| Hemicryptophytes | 58 | 17.5 | |
| Chamaephytes | 21 | 6.3 | |
| Geophytes | 23 | 6.9 | |
| 5 | Leaf size spectra | ||
| Microphylls | 107 | 32.2 | |
| Nanophylls | 99 | 29.8 | |
| Mesophylls | 83 | 25.0 | |
| Leptophylls | 31 | 9.3 | |
| Macrophylls | 6 | 1.8 | |
| Megaphylls | 4 | 1.2 | |
| Aphyllous | 2 | 0.6 | |
| 6 | Habitat type | ||
| Wet places | 25 | 6.4 | |
| Rock crevices | 10 | 2.5 | |
| Forests | 83 | 21.1 | |
| Moist places | 79 | 20.1 | |
| waste places | 27 | 6.9 | |
| Agriculture fields | 23 | 5.9 | |
| Graveyards | 6 | 1.5 | |
| Rocky places | 16 | 4.1 | |
| Dry places | 92 | 23.4 | |
| Epiphytes | 1 | 0.3 | |
| Cultivated | 31 | 7.9 | |
Key: Habit: T= Tree, S= Shrub, H= Herb, C= Cliber. Life form: Ther= Therophyte, Phen= Phanerophyte, Hem= Hemicryptophyte, Geo= Geophytes, Cham= Chamaephyte. Leaf form: Lep= Leptophyll, Mes= Mesophyll, Mic= Microphyll, Meg= Megaphyll, Nan= Nanophyll, Mac= Macrophyll, Aph= Aphyllous. Habitat type: Wap= Waste places, CU= Cultivated, Mp- Moist places Sp= shady places, Rp= rocky places, F= Forest, Drp= Dry places, G= Graveyards, Af= Agricultural fields, Rc= Rock crevies, EPI= Epiphyte, WP= Wet places.
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