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Laser Metal Deposition of WC-NiCrBSi Powders on Gas Carburization Steels Used in Mining Industry

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02 July 2024

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04 July 2024

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Abstract
The fusion of surface-modified steel with tungsten carbide (WC) and NiCrBSi powder through laser metal deposition has emerged as a formidable strategy for fortifying components against wear and corrosion in extreme operating environments. Meticulous selection of WC content, innovative pre-alloying techniques, and precise control of laser metal deposition profoundly influence the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of WC-NiCrBSi coatings applied to surface-enriched commercial alloy steel (805M2, 832M13, and 827M40). These tailored coatings exhibit exceptional resilience, ideal for harsh industrial settings in Oil and gas drilling, petrochemical, and Mining sectors. Advanced materials testing techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, light optical microscopies, and microhardness testing, unveil the innate hardness attributes, with findings highlighting the unassailable fortitude of the Mixed matrix layer's side face. The amalgamation of these testing methodologies with laser metal deposition promises an unparalleled path to extend the operational lifespan of critical components in challenging working conditions. The research horizon for WC-NiCrBSi coatings remains broad, with the potential to enhance durability, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness across diverse applications.
Keywords: 
Subject: Engineering  -   Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering

Introduction

Steels used for mining tools face severe wear and degradation in the challenging conditions of the mining industry. Recognizing the evolving landscape of additive manufacturing, this study delves into the replacement of conventional hard-facing with Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), an emerging and advanced additive manufacturing process. LMD offers advantages such as low dilution, rapid processing, automation capabilities, energy efficiency, and the ability to form thin layers, setting it apart from conventional arc welding methods. There are many studies in literature on laser metal deposition and its applications on to various materials. [1,2,3,4,5]. Inspite of having huge applications tehre are also challenges in understanding the final properties of the materials after LMD. Such understanding will help the researcher to investigate and develop better deposition of the materials with higher life spans.
In this investigation, the focus shifts to the effect of LMD on heat-treated samples alloys 805M2, 832M13, and 827M40 (referred to as samples 1, 2, and 3, respectively in this paper). The research endeavors to comprehensively characterize the metallurgical bond of the LMD process overlay on heat-treated samples, utilizing microstructural analysis, hardness distribution assessments, and an exploration of the dilution effects of the WC/NiCrB mixed overlay on the heat-treated alloy steel. This study represents a significant step forward in understanding the nuanced interplay between additive manufacturing processes, metallurgical properties, and the performance of heat-treated alloy steels in critical mining tool applications.

Materials and Methods

The following materials were utilized:
Table 1. Chemical composition of the powders.
Table 1. Chemical composition of the powders.
Elements wt.%
Ni Cr B Si
NiCrSiB 78 10-15 1.5-3.0 3-5
WC 60
NiCrBSi Alloy: A self-fluxing alloy known for its low melting point and advantageous properties, including corrosion resistance, fatigue strength, galling resistance, and fretting fatigue resistance [6,7,8,9].
Tungsten Carbide (WC): An abrasive material employed to enhance wear resistance, abrasive resistance [6,7,8,9,10,11]. Notably, a significant discrepancy in melting temperatures was observed between WC (2850°C) and NiCrBSi (1180°C) [11,12,46]. Additionally, WC-Fe displayed almost double the thermal conductivity of nickel, introducing a compelling contrast in thermal behavior.
Substrate Materials: In this study, distinct alloy steels namely 805M2(sample 1), 832M13(sample 2), and 827M40(sample 3), with enriched surface carbon content 0.6% were employed as substrate materials to assess the impact of surface modification on abrasion resistance.

Surface Modification Techniques

In the initial phase of this study, samples underwent a meticulous gas carburizing process followed by hardening and tempering treatments, resulting in a judicious carbon enrichment on the surface and within a depth range of 0.3 mm. The gas carburization process was meticulously administered to the steel samples, subjected to a requisite heat treatment at 920°C with precise control of carburizing potential within the range of 0.9 to 1.2 carbon potential (cp). The attained carbon content measured between 0.6% to 0.7%, culminating in a significant enhancement in surface hardness to an impressive 720 HV 0.5. This transformation was achieved through a well-defined quenching and tempering (Q/T) cycle, as elucidated in the in fig … Later these case carburized steels were subjected to LMD treatment. This innovative additive fabrication method introduces an extra layer of intricacy to the metallurgical features of the samples, providing a nuanced comprehension of the interaction between laser deposition and the inherent material characteristics. The ensuing analysis aims to unveil the synergistic effects and performance implications arising from the integration of gas carburizing, traditional heat treatment, and LMD, thereby contributing valuable insights to the domain of surface engineering and advanced materials processing.
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Figure 1. Heat treatment cycle with x-axis (Time) and Y-axis (Temperature) for gas carburisation of the steels.
Figure 1. Heat treatment cycle with x-axis (Time) and Y-axis (Temperature) for gas carburisation of the steels.
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Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)

The Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) process was meticulously executed on the machine-finished surface of the pre-heat-treated samples, which were subsequently subjected to shot-blasting to eliminate scales formed during the initial heat treatment. The substrate's heat treatment cycle, as depicted in Figure 2, served as a foundational framework for this transformative overlay. Employing a high-energy CO2 laser machine manufactured by KUKA, featuring a coaxial laser head system and boasting a formidable laser power of 2kW, the LMD procedure unfolded on meticulously fixed rectangular samples positioned on a metallic table, as illustrated in Figure 2. The layer-by-layer deposition of powder onto the samples was facilitated by the precision of the LMD machine. The utilization of this cutting-edge technology allows for a nuanced investigation into the interplay between the laser metal deposition process and the existing material attributes. The experimental parameters employed during these crucial procedures are comprehensively detailed in Table 2, providing a systematic foundation for the subsequent analysis and interpretation of the samples' metallurgical characteristics and mechanical properties.
For a comprehensive microstructural and microhardness analysis, Laser Metal-Deposited samples underwent precise sectioning using Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) wire along the transverse sections. Both segmented specimens were meticulously prepared for metallography by mounting them on bakelite, ensuring uniformity in the analysis process. Subsequently, the fully prepared samples underwent controlled etching with a 5% nital solution. The intricacies of the resulting microstructures were then scrutinized with a Leica optical microscope, providing detailed insights into the material morphology. Additionally, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) manufactured by Carl Zeiss was employed to further elucidate the finer details of the microstructural characteristics. This dual-method approach, combining optical and electron microscopy, facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the Laser Metal-Deposited samples, offering a nuanced exploration of their internal features and microhardness profiles.
In the LMD process Table 2, laser power (P) influences the heat input and material melting, while the scanning speed (S) controls the rate of material deposition. Adjusting the powder feed rate (F), laser diameter (d), overlap, and energy density (E) allows precise control over the resulting material properties and geometry.
In Figure 3 and Figure 4, metallography samples, encapsulated with Bakelite mounting, underwent rigorous examination using a light optical microscope to facilitate qualitative analysis. The determination of case depth, a critical parameter indicative of the surface modification's effectiveness, was systematically conducted across all specimens. For samples subjected to a quenching and tempering regimen, the effective case depth (ECD) was meticulously assessed utilizing Leco Micro hardness testing, revealing values ranging approximately between 1.5-1.8mm. Notably, the total case depth (TCD) for sample 2 exhibited a range of 2.0-2.2mm, with an ECD averaging at 0.9-1.0mm and an overall average TCD of 1.5mm. The precision of these measurements was further confirmed through comprehensive analysis using a Leica microscope, contributing to a thorough understanding of the surface-modified samples' structural characteristics and case depth profiles.
The initial assessment of the overlayed samples entailed a examination of hardness measurements, with a comprehensive hardness profile extending from the interface to a depth of 2.5 mm. The investigation aimed to elucidate the dilution effects and metallurgical strength inherent in the samples. As delineated in Figure 6, the hardness profile across the interface to the Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) in the hard-faced deposition under gas carburized conditions exhibited a discernible contrast, manifesting lower case and core hardness in this specific region. Contrarily, samples subjected to gas carburization followed by hardening and tempering displayed unaltered mechanical properties. Typically, a gas carburized sample in quenched and tempered condition showcased a hardness ranging between 650 to 750 HV. In contrast, post-deposition, the same samples exhibited a notable increase in hardness, reaching up to 800 HV. Intriguingly, the gas carburized sample exhibited a phenomenon of hardness drop within a few microns of depth, attributed to the abrupt heat and cooling cycles inducing localized softening in the steel substrate. This nuanced exploration of hardness profiles provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of surface modification processes and their impact on the mechanical properties of the treated samples.
The microstructure analysis of the samples, presented in polished and etched conditions in Figure 7 and Figure 8, respectively, revealed notable variations in each heat-treated sample. A discernible disparity in Martensite morphology and its distribution was observed from the interface to the case. In Figure 7b, at a proximity of 0.1mm to the interface, a high-carbon tempered martensite with 30% retained austenite was evident. Further, at a depth of 1.5mm from the surface, a combination of plate-type and lath-type morphologies was discernible. In Figure 5b, the presence of martensite and retained austenite in the stress-relieved annealed sample affirmed that this region underwent hardening owing to the rapid heating and cooling imparted by the high-energy laser. Notably, the formation of austenite at the interface exceeded that of the adjacent portion in the substrate, indicative of faster heat conduction at the interface compared to a depth of 1 mm from the interface. This resulted in the formation of high-carbon plate-type martensite near the interface, offering valuable insights into the intricate microstructural changes induced by the laser deposition process.
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Figure 5. a) sample 1: showing interface; b) sample 2: showing interface indicates Retained austenite 30% and Tempered martensite.
Figure 5. a) sample 1: showing interface; b) sample 2: showing interface indicates Retained austenite 30% and Tempered martensite.
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The increased formation of austenite observed at the interface surpassed that of the adjacent substrate portion, underscoring the dynamic thermal processes inherent in this transformative surface treatment. The accelerated conduction of heat at the interface, as compared to a depth of 1 mm from the interface, delineates a nuanced heat transfer mechanism crucial in the formation of intricate microstructures. Notably, the proximity to the interface witnessed the formation of high-carbon plate-type martensite, highlighting the localized thermal effects and rapid cooling conditions characteristic of the high-energy laser-assisted process. This distinctive microstructural evolution near the interface provides compelling evidence of the interplay between thermal dynamics and material transformation, offering profound insights into the tailored enhancements achieved through LMD process.
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Figure 6. Micro-structure of Laser metal deposition of metal matrix.
Figure 6. Micro-structure of Laser metal deposition of metal matrix.
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The microstructure examination, as presented in Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9, reveals the outstanding quality of the interface between the substrate and overlay. The absence of cracks or de-lamination defects underscores the success of the deposition process in achieving a strong bond between the two materials [26,27,29].
The meticulous distribution of WC particles within the Ni matrix is a testament to the precision and effectiveness of the surface modification technique, further contributing to the enhancement of material properties. The presence of minuscule pores, particularly in the interface region, is a point of consideration. While their impact on the overall performance should be assessed, their presence does not diminish the overall achievement in creating a robust and cohesive interface.
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Figure 7. Sample 1: The interface exhibits the metallurgical bonding between steel and Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of WC-NiCrBSi.
Figure 7. Sample 1: The interface exhibits the metallurgical bonding between steel and Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of WC-NiCrBSi.
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Figure 8. Sample 2: The interface exhibits the metallurgical bonding between steel and Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of WC-NiCrBSi, indicates gas carburizing case depth.
Figure 8. Sample 2: The interface exhibits the metallurgical bonding between steel and Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of WC-NiCrBSi, indicates gas carburizing case depth.
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Figure 9. Sample 3: The interface exhibits the metallurgical bonding between steel and Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of WC-NiCrBSi.
Figure 9. Sample 3: The interface exhibits the metallurgical bonding between steel and Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of WC-NiCrBSi.
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Microstructure and Evaluation Near Interface Hardface Layer

Upon subjecting the Ni matrix to chemical etching using a mixture of 5% HNO3 in 95% Methanol, a distinct dendritic structure emerges. This dendritic structure, in line with the cooling direction, is characterized by a composition of 74% Ni, 6% Cr, and 10% W near the steel substrate. The interface zone, deeper in colour, exhibits a composition rich in Fe and Ni. These distinct domains result from complex chemical reactions during the hard facing operation.[47]

Transformation of WC Particles

Ni matrix liquefies, enabling WC particle dissolution, with a size reduction at interfaces. Smaller particles favour dissolution, releasing carbon (C) that diffuses, forming intermetallic (Cr23C6) and eutectic phases (W2C) near WC particles. These changes account for the heightened microhardness in hard-faced layers. [26,27,29,46]
W → W2C → WC (Equation 1) [46]
The presence of additional phases within the Ni matrix, including W4Ni [31], can be at-tributed to the high melting point of W and its relatively generous solubility threshold in Ni, as per the W-Ni binary phase diagram. As the temperature recedes, dendritic phases with a high Ni content but low W content form [32].
The entrainment of W within the matrix, fragmentation of diminutive WC particles, and alteration of WC particle morphology collectively poses challenges to the wear resistance of the WC particle-reinforced composite. The formation of intermetallic phases within the Ni matrix results in a reduction in matrix ductility, which can adversely affect wear resistance [26,32].
To mitigate this effect, careful control over the chemical composition and structural attributes of the WC particles, as well as judicious manipulation of matrix alloy parameters, becomes imperative. The size and configuration of WC particles also need to be considered to ensure their equitable dispersion within the matrix. The selection of an appropriate matrix alloy plays a critical role in shaping the wear and abrasive characteristics of the layer, striking a balance among mechanical properties like hardness, strength, and ductility.
The gradual transformation of Ni's microstructure from a dendritic morphology (Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9) near the substrate to an equiaxial configuration surrounding larger WC particles can be attributed to shifting nucleation mechanisms [30,32]. WC particles serve as heat sources during the cooling process, fostering the formation of equiaxial-shaped phases near the WC particles. The presence of oxides and pores at this interface is influenced by factors such as the interaction of materials with ambient air at elevated temperatures during the thermal spray process and the impact velocity of interface particles.
The interface between the WC-NiCrBSi-Fe alloy hard facing and the steel substrate is seamless, resulting from the interplay of Ni, Cr, Fe, and W [37,39]. SEM line scan analyses reveal shown in the Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8. the variation in chemical composition along the interfaces. The mutual solubility of these elements, particularly Ni and Fe, contributes to the inter-diffusion across the interface, strengthening the bonding and mitigating stress at the junction.
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Figure 10. Schematic of hardness profile measurements on the cross-section of a single bead.
Figure 10. Schematic of hardness profile measurements on the cross-section of a single bead.
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The SEM EDS analysis provides insight into the microstructural composition of the WC-NiCrBSi coatings and reveals the presence of various phases, including Ni/Ni3B, Cr7C3 carbides, and CrB borides [46]. The microstructure of the composite coatings is complex, with NiCrW solid solutions, WC, Cr7C3, and Cr23C6, along with eutectic phases and oxides. The composition varies depending on the proportion of WC and matrix alloy in the coatings, impacting hardness and other mechanical properties [46].
The microstructure and composition play a crucial role in the wear resistance and performance of hard-facing materials. The transformation of WC particles, the formation of intermetallic phases, and the evolution of microstructure provide insights for optimizing material properties in demanding applications.
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Figure 11. Sample 1 line scan from layer to steel surface; indicates martensite and elemental diffusion.
Figure 11. Sample 1 line scan from layer to steel surface; indicates martensite and elemental diffusion.
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Figure 12. Sample 2 Line scan from hardface layer to steel; indicates high carbon martensite in interface drastic tungsten drop at interface.
Figure 12. Sample 2 Line scan from hardface layer to steel; indicates high carbon martensite in interface drastic tungsten drop at interface.
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Figure 13. Sample 2 Line scan from hard-face layer to steel; indicates high carbon martensite in inter-face drastic tungsten drop at interface.
Figure 13. Sample 2 Line scan from hard-face layer to steel; indicates high carbon martensite in inter-face drastic tungsten drop at interface.
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The microstructure analysis provides valuable insights into the formation of intermetallic phases, the impact on wear resistance, and the intricate interplay of elements within the material. It also underscores the importance of carefully controlling the composition and structure of WC particles and the choice of the matrix alloy. The seamless interface between the hard facing layer and the steel substrate is vital in mitigating stress at the junction, contributing to the overall effectiveness of the coating.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this comprehensive investigation into Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)-engineered WC-NiCr layers on steels, has yielded valuable insights into the intricate interplay between metallurgical characteristics, mechanical properties, and surface modification processes. The application of LMD, replacing conventional hard-facing techniques, has proven to be a transformative approach, showcasing advantages such as low dilution, rapid processing, and the ability to form thin layers. The examination of heat-treated samples, encompassing alloys 805M2, 832M13, and 827M40, has provided a nuanced understanding of the metallurgical bond of the LMD process overlay. Despite a minor drop in hardness observed at the interface, particularly within the first 400 microns, the microstructural analysis has revealed a superior metallurgical bonding, underscoring the resilience of the Laser Metal Deposition technique. This study not only contributes to the foundational understanding of LMD-modified structures but also presents crucial data for optimizing the design and application of WC-NiCr-coated low carbon steels in diverse engineering scenarios, including the automobile and mining industries. The observed drop in hardness at the interface signifies a complex interplay between material properties, thermal effects, and the transformative potential of LMD, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach in evaluating the overall performance of surface-modified samples.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.V.K. and M.K.P.; methodology, K.V.K.; software, M.K.P.; validation, K.V.K. and M.K.P.; formal analysis, K.V.K. and M.K.P.; investigation, K.V.K. and M.K.P.; resources, K.V.K. and M.K.P; data curation, K.V.K.; writing—original draft preparation, K.V.K.; writing—review and editing, M.K.P.; visualization, K.V.K.; supervision, M.K.P.; project administration, K.V.K. and M.K.P.

Funding

The project was self-funded and does not receive any funding.

Acknowledgments

Authors thank Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF) at OP Jindal University for the SEM characterization. VKK thanks Metallurgy staff at OPJU for their support in preparation of the samples. Authors MKP and VKK express thanks to the Management of OP Jindal University for their support and encouragement for conducting this research work.

Conflicts of Interest

I would like to declare there are no conflicts.

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Figure 2. Schematic of Laser Metal Deposition process.
Figure 2. Schematic of Laser Metal Deposition process.
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Figure 3. Samples fabricated through LMD a) on 805M2 b) on 832M13 c) on 827M40.
Figure 3. Samples fabricated through LMD a) on 805M2 b) on 832M13 c) on 827M40.
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Figure 4.  
Figure 4.  
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Table 2. Laser cladding parameters.
Table 2. Laser cladding parameters.
Laser Power
P (W)		 Scanning Speed
S (mm/s)		 Powder Feed
F		 Laser
Diameter
d (mm)		 Overlap (%) Energy Density
E (J/mm2)		 Powder Density
G (g/dm2)
2000 8 25-30 2 5-10 94 75
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Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
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