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The Effect of Laser Surface Remelting on the Surface Properties of Copper
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04 December 2023
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05 December 2023
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Abstract
In order to improve the wear resistance of copper contacts in high-voltage switches and improve the abnormal discharge phenomenon caused by wear gaps, laser remelting technology was used to strengthen the surface of copper contacts. The surface morphology, microhardness, and wear resistance of the remelted samples were tested and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness tester, and friction and wear tester. The test results indicate that laser frequency, pulse width, and current parameters can directly affect the surface morphology and wear resistance of the sample, but their influencing processes vary. The laser frequency is achieved by the variation of the superposition relationship between the impact points, while the pulse width and current are achieved by the variation of the laser intensity at the impact points. When the pulse frequency is 10Hz, the pulse width is 10ms, and the current is 100A, the sample exhibits a more balanced surface morphology, microhardness, and wear resistance.
Keywords:
Subject: Engineering - Mechanical Engineering
1. Introduction
Copper has excellent conductivity and ductility, making it an indispensable and important material in modern industrial fields. High-voltage switches are crucial control nodes in power systems, and copper contacts are one of the core executive components in high-voltage switches. During the use of high-voltage switches, the wear gap of the contacts can lead to abnormal discharge of the switch, which has a negative impact on the operation of power equipment [2,3]. Improving the surface strength of copper contacts can improve their wear resistance and is of great significance for enhancing the service life of high-voltage switches [4].
Laser surface remelting technology utilizes the interaction between high-energy laser beams and material surfaces to generate beneficial residual stresses on the material surface, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the material surface and extending the service life of components [5,6,7]. Compared with other surface strengthening methods, laser surface remelting can achieve non-contact processing, with the advantages of small material thermal deformation and high processing efficiency [8,9]. In order to explore the influence mechanism of laser remelting technology in surface strengthening process, scholars have carried out a series of experiments and research work around laser remelting technology. To improve the wear resistance of 15-5PH stainless steel, Zhang et al. [10] used laser surface remelting to composite strengthen carbon powder and stainless steel, obtaining a supersaturated carbon alloy layer. The test results show that the microhardness of the sample after treatment reached 640Hv, and the wear resistance improved by nearly 60%. He et al. [11] modified the surface of TC21 titanium alloy by laser remelting to improve the surface properties of micro arc oxidation (MAO) coatings. The density of the modified coating has been improved, and the microhardness and friction and wear performance have been significantly improved. Xiong et al. [12] prepared copper coatings on TC4 alloy by alternating laser remelting and electrochemical deposition to ensure the bonding performance between the copper coating and the substrate. Research has shown that the above methods can increase the active sites on the deposition surface, improve the deposition quality and efficiency of copper coatings. Zheng et al. [13] simulated and optimized the temperature field during laser remelting of 316 stainless steel to reduce the structural defects of the remelted sample. Xiong et al. [14] analyzed and studied the changes in the temperature field of the molten pool during the laser remelting process for strengthening gray cast iron, and explored the influence of laser parameters on the microstructure and microhardness of the sample. Liu et al. [15] investigated the effect of laser power on the microstructure transformation, mechanical properties, and strengthening mechanism of DH36 marine steel. Li et al. [16] conducted surface treatment on stainless steel with different compositions using laser remelting technology, and studied the effect of laser parameters on the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.
In order to improve the wear resistance of copper contacts in high-voltage switches, this paper uses laser remelting technology to strengthen the surface of copper. The effects of laser frequency, pulse width, and current on the surface morphology, microhardness, and wear resistance of the samples were analyzed and studied using equipment such as SEM, microhardness tester, and friction and wear tester. The relevant research in this article has positive significance in the application of laser strengthening technology and the improvement of high-voltage switch performance in power systems.
2. Experiment
2.1. Experimental materials and pre-treatment
This article selects purple copper sheets with dimensions of 50mm, 30mm and 2mm in length, width and height as the samples to be processed, with a purity level of industrial grade. First, clean the copper sheet with detergent to remove any oil stains on its surface. Then, the copper sheet is polished with a grinding machine to remove the oxide layer on its surface. Finally, put the copper sheet into an ultrasonic cleaning machine to clean for 2 minutes, and then blow dry for later use.
2.2. Experimental equipment and characterization
The sample was surface treated using laser surface remelting equipment (TY-LFS-500, Wuhan Tianzhiyi Technology Co., Ltd., China). The equipment adopts a longitudinal reciprocating feed and a transverse intermittent feed to scan point by point. During the strengthening process, the frequency parameters are 5Hz, 10Hz, and 15Hz respectively, the current parameters are 75A, 100A, 125A, and 150A respectively, and the pulse width parameters are 7.5ms, 10ms, 12.5ms, and 15ms. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the laser surface remelting process. The microhardness of the sample surface was tested using a microhardness tester (HVS-1000Z, Shanghai Optical Instrument Fifth Factory Co., Ltd., China). The test load is 50g and the loading time is 15 seconds; The hardness result is taken as the average of 5 tests. Use a high-speed reciprocating friction and wear tester (HSR-2M, Lanzhou Zhongke Kaihua Technology Development Co., Ltd., China) to test the wear resistance of the sample. The tester uses a GCr15 alloy ball with a diameter of 4mm as the wear test ball, with a test load of 100g, a scratch length of 5mm, a reciprocating speed of 500 times/min, and a loading time of 5 minutes. The surface morphology of the sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S4800, Hitachi, Japan). The tested electronic acceleration voltage is 20kV.
3. Discussion and Analysis
3.1. The influence of laser parameters on the surface morphology
3.1.1. The effect of laser frequency on the surface morphology
Figure 2 shows the surface morphology of the sample when the current is kept at 100A and the pulse width is kept constant for 10ms, and the laser pulse frequency is changed separately. As shown in Figure 2 (a), when the pulse frequency is 5Hz, the laser generates regular molten spots on the copper surface, but the overall number of molten spots is relatively small, and the separation between the molten spots leads to the presence of untreated areas. When the pulse frequency is 10Hz (Figure 2 (b)), the surface of the sample presents a continuous strip of molten spots. The overlapping of the melting spots presents a fish scale like hierarchical structure as a whole. The surface of the sample is flat and completely covered by the molten spot. When the pulse frequency is 15Hz (Figure 2 (c)), there are obvious banded pits on the sample surface, the outline of the circular melt spot becomes blurred, and the hierarchical structure of fish scales disappears.
The change in surface morphology of the sample is mainly caused by the mismatch between feed rate and pulse frequency during the machining process. At the same feed rate, when the pulse frequency is 5Hz, a lower pulse frequency will result in insufficient number of laser remelting points generated per unit time, which cannot fully cover the feed path. When the pulse frequency is 15Hz, there are too many remelting points generated on the surface of the sample per unit time, resulting in insufficient time and position intervals between adjacent melt spots, leading to repeated remelting.
3.1.2. The effect of pulse width on the surface morphology
Figure 3 shows the surface morphology of the sample when the laser pulse current is kept at 100A and the pulse frequency is kept constant at 10Hz, and the laser pulse width is changed separately. Compared to Figure 2 (b), when the pulse width is 7.5ms (Figure 3 (a)), the area of a single melt spot on the sample surface is small and the contour is unclear, and the overlapping area between the melt spots is small. The adjacent columns were not completely overlapped, and the surface coverage of the sample was not complete enough. When the pulse width increased to 12.5ms (Figure 3 (b)), molten pits with a diameter close to 200μm appeared on the sample surface, and the pits remained relatively independent. The flatness of the sample surface decreases and the contour of the melt spot disappears. When the pulse width increases to 15ms (Figure 3 (c)), the size of the molten pits further increases, and there is a phenomenon of connectivity between adjacent molten pits, resulting in a further decrease in surface flatness.
The main reason for the above phenomenon may be due to the influence of pulse width on laser remelting energy. When the laser pulse width is 7.5ms, the energy received by a single remelting point is lower, resulting in insufficient temperature rise at the remelting point and poor fluidity of the melt spot. When the laser pulse width is 12.5ms, the energy of a single laser pulse is relatively high, and the temperature rise at the remelting point is too high. The molten material at the center of the melt pool is splashed by the impact, resulting in more obvious melt pits on the sample surface. When the laser pulse width increases to 15ms, the energy received at the remelting point is greater, the temperature rise at the center of the molten pool intensifies, and the loss of molten material increases, leading to the connection of the molten pool.
3.1.3. The effect of laser current on the surface morphology
Figure 4 shows the surface morphology of the sample when the current is changed separately under the condition of a laser pulse frequency of 10Hz and a pulse width of 10ms. From the figure, it can be seen that when the pulse current is 75A (Figure 4 (a)), the surface melt spots of the sample exhibit a regular fish scale like hierarchical structure. However, compared to the surface morphology at a pulse current of 100A (Figure 2 (b)), the overlapping area between adjacent molten spots on the sample surface is slightly smaller, and the circular contour of the molten spots is not clear enough. When the pulse current is 125A (Figure 4 (b)), a bamboo like structure is formed on the sample surface along the feed direction, and the circular contour of the melt spot at the impact point basically disappears. There is a rope like protrusion between adjacent columns of impact points. When the pulse current increases to 150A (Figure 4 (c)), compared with Figure 4 (b), the bamboo like structure on the surface of the sample still exists, but the rope like protrusions between adjacent rows of impact points are more obvious.
The reason for the above phenomenon may be that when the pulse current is 75A, the energy of the laser beam is lower, the temperature rise at the impact point is insufficient, and the fluidity of the molten material on the material surface is poor. When the current continues to increase from 100A, the higher energy laser beam significantly increases the temperature rise at the impact point. When the next melt spot is generated, the previous melt spot is still in a molten state. The interaction between adjacent two points during the flow of molten material results in a bamboo like morphology.
3.2. The influence of laser parameters on the surface microhardness
3.2.1. The effect of laser frequency on surface microhardness
Figure 5 shows the microhardness values of the blank group and samples at different pulse frequencies. From the figure, it can be seen that the microhardness of the sample before laser treatment is about 124.92Hv. Compared to the microhardness values of the blank group, the microhardness of the sample surface after laser remelting was significantly improved. The microhardness values of the sample surface at pulse frequencies of 5Hz, 10Hz, and 15Hz are 230.2Hv, 300Hv, and 260.1Hv, respectively. Among them, when the pulse frequency is 10Hz, the microhardness value increases by 185, and the surface strengthening effect is significant. As the pulse frequency increases, the surface hardness value of the sample shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.
The increase in surface microhardness of the sample is caused by the quenching hardening effect of high-energy laser beam on the remelting point. The sharp rise and fall in temperature at the remelting point can refine the grain size of the material, generate beneficial stress on the material surface, and thereby improve the surface strength of the material [17,18]. When the laser frequency is low, the surface remelting point coverage of the sample is incomplete, resulting in a relatively low average microhardness on its surface. When the laser frequency is too high, the same remelting point is subjected to multiple pulse laser beams for a short period of time, resulting in an increase in defects such as pits and pores in the surface strengthening layer, and a decrease in microhardness value.
3.2.2. The effect of pulse width on surface microhardness
Figure 6 shows the microhardness values of the samples under different laser pulse width parameters. From the graph, it can be seen that as the pulse frequency gradually increases, the microhardness of the sample shows a slight fluctuation, but overall shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The microhardness values are 217.72Hv, 300Hv, 257.42Hv, and 275.54Hv, respectively. Compared to the blank group, the microhardness values of the samples increased by 92.8, 175.08, 132.5, and 150.62 under different pulse width laser treatment parameters, respectively. It is worth noting that, under the premise that the sample surface is covered by remelting points, the microhardness value increases by 82.28 when the pulse width parameter increases from 7.5ms to 10ms. When the pulse width increased from 10ms to 12.5ms, the microhardness value decreased by 42.58. The microhardness value of the sample showed a significant change.
The above changes in microhardness values may be due to the fact that as the pulse width increases from 7.5ms to 10ms, the laser remelting intensity on the sample surface gradually increases, and the thickness and uniformity of the remelted layer are improved, resulting in a gradual increase in microhardness. When the pulse is 12.5ms, a higher laser intensity causes splashing of molten material during the strengthening process, resulting in a lower thickness of the molten layer and more structural defects. When the pulse width increases to 15ms, the increased laser intensity further intensifies the splashing phenomenon of molten material, but its melting depth on the surface of the sample also increases. At the depth of the molten layer, there are relatively fewer structural defects in the material, resulting in a slight increase in microhardness. It can also be inferred from the significant changes in microhardness values that the microhardness of the sample is more sensitive to changes in laser pulse width parameters.
3.2.3. The effect of pulse width on surface microhardness
Figure 7 shows the microhardness of the sample surface under different laser pulse currents. From the graph, it can be seen that as the laser pulse current increases, the overall microhardness value of the sample shows a small trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with microhardness values of 272.16Hv, 300Hv, 265.58Hv, and 246.8Hv, respectively. When the current increases from 75A to 150A, its effect on the surface microhardness of the sample is relatively small compared to the microhardness under different frequency and pulse width parameters. Based on the surface morphology of samples under different currents, the reason for this phenomenon may be that the changes in currents only slightly alter the morphology of the remelted layer on the sample surface, without causing significant damage to the remelted layer. A relatively complete and regular remelting layer can reduce the number of structural defects such as pores and trachoma in the material, resulting in a relatively stable range of microhardness changes in the sample.
3.3. The influence of laser parameters on the surface wear resistance
3.3.1. The effect of laser frequency on the surface wear resistance
Figure 8 shows the surface morphology and friction curve of the worn samples under different frequencies. By comparing the wear marks in Figure 8 (a) - (c), it can be seen that the wear form on the sample surface is adhesive wear. As the laser frequency increases, the degree of wear on the sample surface first decreases and then increases. When the frequency is 5Hz, the surface sample presents relatively uniform strip like abrasions, with a width of approximately 260μm. When the frequency increases to 10Hz and 15Hz, the wear marks of the sample surface are gourd shaped. The widest point is located at the overlapping position between adjacent columns, with a width of approximately 230μm and 490μm. The narrow point is located at the center of the same column, with a width of approximately 120μm and 200μm.
Based on the analysis of the wear curve in Figure 8 (d), the change in the shape of the wear mark is mainly caused by the change in the microhardness value. When the frequency is low, the molten spots at the impact point are not overlap, and the strengthening layer on the surface is thin and incomplete. After wear of short duration, the strengthening layer is completely destroyed, resulting in more uniform wear marks. As the frequency increases, the molten spots between the impact points overlap. However, during the laser progressive scanning process, the time interval between adjacent columns of melting points is greater than the time interval in the same column. A larger time interval can lead to insufficient bonding strength of the stacked parts, resulting in gourd shaped grinding marks.
3.3.2. The effect of pulse width on the surface wear resistance
Figure 9 shows the surface morphology and friction curve of the worn samples under different pulse width parameters. From the figure, it can be seen that as the pulse width increases, the gourd shaped wear marks on the sample surface gradually disappear and transform into a straight line. When the pulse width is 7.5ms, there are multiple continuous strengthening layer after wear, and the remelted layer is not completely worn. When the pulse width is 12.5ms, the width of the wear marks is large, and the remelted layer is almost completely lost. When the pulse width continued to increase to 15ms, compared to Figure 9 (b), the overall width of the wear marks slightly decreased. The phenomenon of spalling of the remelted layer is observed in both Figure 9 (b) and (c)
From the previous analysis of microhardness, it can be seen that the change in surface morphology at the worn area is mainly caused by the influence of pulse width on the microhardness. It is worth noting that although the microhardness value of the sample with a pulse width of 15ms is greater than the microhardness value of 12.5ms, in the friction curve (Figure 9 (d)), the friction coefficient of the 12.5ms sample is lower than that of the 15ms sample. Based on the analysis of the surface morphology mentioned earlier, the abnormal changes in the friction curve may be caused by changes in the surface flatness of the sample.
3.3.2. The effect of laser current on the surface wear resistance
Figure 10 shows the surface morphology and friction curve of the worn samples under different laser currents. From the figure, it can be seen that there is a partially remelted layer remaining on the worn surface of the sample. Compared to the surface morphology of the worn sample at 100A, the wear width of the samples increased slightly when the current is 75A and 125A, with an average value of about 180μm and 220μm, respectively. When the current is 150A, the wear width of the sample further increases, with an average value of about 400μm. The change in wear width of the sample is mainly due to the different microhardness values of the samples.
From the friction curve of the sample, it can be seen that when the current is 75A, the friction coefficient of the sample is slightly lower than that of 100A, which is due to the better surface flatness of the sample under this parameter. About 3 minutes after the start of the wear test, the friction curves of samples 125A and 150A intersect, and the main reason for this phenomenon may be the change in surface flatness at the wear marks of the two samples.
4. Conclusions
This article aims to improve the surface wear resistance of copper contacts in high-voltage switches, and studies and analyzes the effects of laser frequency, pulse width, and current parameters on the surface morphology, microhardness, and wear resistance of copper during laser surface remelting process. The research results indicate that the above process parameters can directly affect the wear resistance of the samples, but their influencing mechanisms are different. The effect of laser frequency on wear resistance is caused by the variation of the superposition relationship between impact points. The influence of pulse width and current on wear resistance is caused by changes in laser intensity at the impact point, and the changes in microhardness are more sensitive to pulse width. The results of the wear test are basically consistent with the trend of microhardness changes, but the surface flatness of the sample after remelting has a certain impact on the test curve during its wear process. When the pulse frequency is 10Hz, the pulse width is 10ms, and the pulse current is 100A, the sample exhibits a more balanced surface morphology, microhardness, and wear resistance.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, H.L.; methodology, H.L.; software, Y.C. and S.C.; validation, Y.C. and Z.T.; formal analysis, Y.C. and Z.T.; investigation, H.L.; resources, C.L.; data curation, H.L. and C.L.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.C.; writing—review and editing, Y.C. and S.C.; visualization, C.L.; supervision, H.L.; project administration, H.L.; funding acquisition, H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the Scientific Research Foundation for Doctoral of Suzhou University (2020BS009, gxyq2020059), the Natural Science Research Project in Universities of Anhui Province in China (2022AH051386, 2023AH010055), Anhui Higher Education Quality Engineering Project (2022jyxm1595, 2020gnxm070, 2021jyxm1502, 2020mooc566).
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for Doctoral of Suzhou University (2020BS009, gxyq2020059), the Natural Science Research Project in Universities of Anhui Province in China (2022AH051386, 2023AH010055), Anhui Higher Education Quality Engineering Project (2022jyxm1595, 2020gnxm070, 2021jyxm1502, 2020mooc566).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of laser surface melting processing process.
Figure 2.
Surface morphology of samples under different laser frequencies:. (a) 5 Hz (b) 10 Hz (c) 15 Hz.
Figure 2.
Surface morphology of samples under different laser frequencies:. (a) 5 Hz (b) 10 Hz (c) 15 Hz.
Figure 3.
Surface morphology of samples under different laser pulse widths:. (a) 7.5ms (b) 12.5 ms (c) 15 ms.
Figure 3.
Surface morphology of samples under different laser pulse widths:. (a) 7.5ms (b) 12.5 ms (c) 15 ms.
Figure 4.
Surface morphology of samples under different laser currents: (a)75 A (b) 125 A (c)150 A.
Figure 5.
Microhardness of the blank group and samples at different pulse frequencies.
Figure 6.
Microhardness of the samples under different laser pulse widths.
Figure 7.
Microhardness of the samples under different laser currents.
Figure 8.
Surface morphology and friction curve of the worn samples under different frequencies.
Figure 9.
Surface morphology and friction curve of the worn samples under different pulse widths.
Figure 10.
Surface morphology and friction curve of the worn samples under different laser currents.
Figure 10.
Surface morphology and friction curve of the worn samples under different laser currents.
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