Preprint
Article
Digital Guardianship: Innovative Strategies in Preserving Armenian’s Epigraphic Legacy
Altmetrics
Downloads
112
Views
61
Comments
0
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
05 December 2023
Posted:
07 December 2023
You are already at the latest version
Alerts
Abstract
In the face of geopolitical threats in Artsakh, the preservation of Armenia's epigraphic heritage has become a mission of both historical and cultural urgency. This project delves deep into Armenian inscriptions, employing advanced digital tools and strategies like the Oxygen text editor and EpiDoc guidelines to efficiently catalogue, analyze, and present these historical treasures. Amidst the adversities posed by Azerbaijan's stance towards Armenian heritage in Artsakh, the digital documentation and preservation of these inscriptions have become a beacon of cultural resilience. The XML-based database ensures consistent data, promoting scholarly research and broadening accessibility. Integrating the Grabar Armenian dictionary addressed linguistic challenges, enhancing data accuracy. This initiative goes beyond merely preserving stone and text; it is a testament to the stories, hopes, and enduring spirit of the Armenian people in the face of external threats. Through a harmonious blend of technology and traditional knowledge, the project stands as a vanguard in the fight to ensure that Armenia's rich epigraphic legacy and the narratives they enshrine remain undiminished for future generations.
Keywords:
Subject: Arts and Humanities - Humanities
1. Introduction
There is a famous saying that Armenia is an open-air museum. This saying has proof: there are cultural monuments - cave-cities, churches, chapels and monasteries, khachkars* and vishapakars spread all over the territory of the Armenian Highlands, as evidence of over 5 millennia of uninterrupted Armenian presence and its developing culture from cuneiforms to alphabetical inscriptions appearing on buildings and monuments starting the invention of the Armenian alphabet in the V century AD. Ancient and medieval Armenian architecture is also a repository of miniature, paintings and inscriptions, as well as Hellenistic, Byzantine, and medieval Western European cultures. Being an arena of invasions and earthquakes, Armenia lost much of its cultural evidence over the centuries to recover and rebuild and leave written records of the events. However, that damage cannot be compared with the targeted erasure of Armenian cultural heritage in the XX and XXI centuries, accompanied by the violent depopulation of cities and villages based on territorial claims of former Soviet Azerbaijan.
Artsakh or the Russian-called Nagorno-Karabakh region is the easternmost part of the Armenian Highlands, and, like the rest of historical Armenia, abundantly bears the traces of its original cultural content, and especially monasteries, schools, churches and fortresses built in the past two millennia1. After it was annexed by Stalinists to Soviet Azerbaijan in 1919, acquiring the status of an autonomous republic, the Armenian population of the region was under constant economic discrimination, oppression and killing2. In 1991, after the announcement of independence by the former Soviet Republics, the referendum of the Artsakh Armenian people announced their will for freedom and independence, fought for it and established a new state, with all its attributes and infrastructures: there were schools and universities, museums, and businesses. It existed for almost 30 years, until in 2020, replicating Russian expansive intentions, Azerbaijan unleashed a new war against this ethnic minority in the once Soviet Azerbaijanian Republic. These days, when we are writing this article, the process of ethnic cleansing of Armenians from their homeland is advancing at its full pelt. It was clear still in 2020, that the cultural heritage in the Nagorno-Karabakh region appeared under an imminent threat3.
Over recent decades and years, this disputed territory in the South Caucasus, recently recognized as part of Azerbaijan while originally inhabited by ethnic Armenians for over a millennium, has experienced the irreversible destruction of its Armenian heritage, orchestrated by Azerbaijan authorities. The European Parliament's resolution on destroying cultural heritage in Artsakh highlights the dire impact of the prolonged conflict between Azerbaijani forces and local Armenians on the region's cultural landscape and historical sites4. The deliberate efforts to erase Armenian cultural heritage, precedented by the well-known demolishment of Armenian khachkars in Nakhijevan (etymologically proven Armenian toponym meaning “a place before lodging) encompass causing damage or demolishing Armenian cultural artifacts now in Artsakh, and distorting historical evidence by presenting the area as Caucasian-Albanian, a coined term deprived of factual evidence. This is and documented through the formation of a working group by the Azerbaijani Minister of Culture on February 3, 2022, whose “mission” is dedicated to erasing the Armenian cultural footprint from the territory5. In the face of a dire humanitarian crisis in Artsakh, the 9-month blockade and aggression of September 2023, where Armenian inhabitants are compelled to flee their homeland due to intense military actions initiated by Azerbaijani forces, preserving both national identity and cultural heritage becomes an imperative mission. The ongoing conflict has unleashed a barrage of missiles and weaponry in the fall of 2020, leaving the Armenian population without any guarantee of security and compelling them to seek refuge elsewhere. To crown this all, Azerbaijanian authorities have prohibited the refugees from evacuating museums or other portable cultural values6.
2. Research Objectives
As part of the rescue actions coordinated by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, the Digital Humanities Institute, within the “Digitization of the endangered Armenian Epigraphic cultural heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh region" project frameworks, is prototyping methods for rapidly deploying Digital Humanities technology in crises created by the restricted access to the region and depopulation policies [1]. This project aims first to digitize the Armenian epigraphic heritage in Artsakh as fast as possible, develop relevant tools for that purpose, and later leverage the developed guidelines and methods to the inscriptions in Ukraine, which have not been properly digitized.
In this turbulent context, the Armenian epigraphic heritage assumes a paramount role. Spanning from the 4th to the 21st centuries, these Christian inscriptions in stone are not mere historical artifacts; they embody a profound connection to the region's cultural background, language, and culture [2,3]. They stand as tangible evidence of the enduring Armenian presence in Artsakh, a testament to the roots of the Armenian community in this territory, and a cornerstone of their collective identity [4,5]. Here in Amaras monastery, the first Armenian language school was founded by Mesrop Mashtotz, the linguist who invented the Armenian alphabet in AD405. Now the inscriptions of Amaras are an invaluable testament to the earliest stage of European civilization in its easternmost corner.
These epigraphic inscriptions serve multifaceted functions, encompassing religious, commemorative, funerary, and legal purposes. They are windows into the beliefs, traditions, and historical events that have shaped the lives of those who have inhabited this region for centuries. The significance of these inscriptions extends far beyond their stone surfaces; they represent the living memory of the people bound to this land.
As the conflict continues to displace Armenian inhabitants and threaten the cultural and historical fabric of Artsakh, preserving these inscriptions becomes not only an academic endeavor but a moral imperative. They are a testament to resilience, endurance, and the ownership of a people who refuse atrocities and human degradation. In the face of adversity, these inscriptions speak volumes, and their protection is an act of safeguarding a most informative part of the world cultural heritage. As mentioned above, responding to the peril of losing this invaluable heritage, the EPFL has initiated the project for digitisatizing the endangered Armenian inscriptions in Artsakh7. This initiative has garnered support from the Swiss National Science Foundation's program. Disturbingly, the deliberate erasure of Armenian cultural heritage in Artsakh involves not only physical damage and elimination8 but also the falsification of history, aiming to present it as "Caucasian Albanian" [6]. Artsakh's Armenian epigraphic heritage is of great historical, cultural, and scholarly importance. The destruction of this heritage would result in the loss of significant values of the cultural diversity
- Armenian epigraphic inscriptions offer invaluable historical documentation that illuminates the region's history as part of world and European civilization. The ancient inscriptions provide unique information about the past social, religious, and political aspects of the communities and social and political structures that inhabited the area. The loss of this heritage means the loss of a significant repository of world history, the loss of people’s right to their original homeland, the loss of knowledge about human evolution and the achievements of civilization.
- These inscriptions are an integral part of Armenian culture and identity. They are not solely stone carvings but they also serve as a means of artistic self-expression, creativity and language for the Armenian community. They facilitate comprehension and conservation of Armenian heritage, establishing a connection between contemporary Armenians and their forefathers and cultural origins. Beyond this, they are the evidence of the flourishing civilization of the larger Middle Eastern region.
- The eradication of inscriptions would significantly impede epigraphic and linguistic studies and distort the big picture of the world epigraphic landscape. The inscriptions offer valuable material for studying the Armenian language, dialects, scripts, and overall the evolution of language and thought. Academics utilize inscriptions to enhance their comprehension of ancient languages, communication, and information studies, and to decode and construe historical texts.
- Epigraphic inscriptions are often discovered in archaeological contexts, including churches, monasteries, cemeteries and other historic locations. These sites hold significant cultural information, and the removal of the inscriptions would result in the loss of their original context. This loss impedes the possibility of reconstructing the historical and cultural terrain not only of Artsakh but of the entire region, observing macro-cultural trends and the evolution of human civilization.
- The loss of Armenian epigraphic heritage would impact not only Armenia but also the global community in the realm of International Cultural Heritage. The object in question is a significant component of our collective global legacy, exemplifying a distinctive period in the human chronicles. The destruction of cultural artifacts, wherever they are, is unacceptable and is characterized as a crime against humanity, cultural diversity and human collective intelligence.
Armenian inscriptions have long been invaluable resources across various academic disciplines within Armenian Studies. However, integrating the study of Armenian inscriptions the emerging Digital Epigraphy resources and methodologies has so far been a relatively unexplored terrain [7,8,9]. This project marks a significant stride towards addressing this gap, shedding light on methodological intricacies unique to the application of information technologies in Armenian epigraphy. The incorporation of computational approaches holds the promise of revolutionizing the study of Armenian epigraphy, paving the way for fresh and uncharted inquiries into this rich heritage.
3. Methodology
3.1. Photographic Data Collection
This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.
Figure 1.
Dadivank monastery Katoghike Surb Nshan Church, 1214, the southern facade.
Accessing the territory claimed and now recognized as Azerbaijan, has been managed through a passage controlled by Russian troops. It posed a significant challenge for non-Azerbaijani citizens to collect data. These days, when we are writing this article, Artsakh, all its towns and villages, is being completely cleansed of its 120,000 Armenian population, turning the hurdle into a total ban of access to the people’s homes and heritage. Under the explicit threat of shelling, arrests and kidnapping, the established volunteer and local partnership networks have ceased operating, leaving us with the photos and data collected up to the last decade of September 2023, when the ethnic cleansing operation began with bombarding the peaceful population.
Within the framework of the "Digitization of the Inscriptions on the Monuments of Armenian Cultural Heritage in the Nagorno-Karabakh Region" project, we created a network of collaborators in Armenia and Artsakh. Key contributors to this network include the State Service for the Protection of the Historical Environment of the Republic of Artsakh*, the representatives of the Armenian Apostolic Church in the Republic of Artsakh, and Brusov State University of Yerevan, Armenia.
Establishing a robust network of partners and volunteers proved to be instrumental in overcoming the formidable challenges posed by restricted access to the region. The State Service for the Protection of the Historical Environment of the Republic of Artsakh stood out among our primary collaborators. This organization is responsible for preserving, studying, promoting, and utilizing the state's historical, archaeological, and architectural monuments, along with safeguarding the historical and natural environment. Notably, this organization had previously held significant influence as a regional policymaker. Our collaboration with them, namely with the head of this organization Armine Hayrapetyan, and the representatives of the Armenian Apostolic Church located in the Republic of Artsakh, granted us access to invaluable photographic archives of inscriptions. This access significantly enriched our database, allowing us to include high-quality visual documentation of inscriptions from various monuments. Moreover, the expertise provided by our partners played a pivotal role in enhancing the comprehensiveness and accuracy of our database. Expert consultations regarding the historical context of monuments and the interpretation of inscriptions ensured that our data was well-documented and effectively contextualized within the broader historical and cultural landscape.
At the English Translation department of Brusov State University, we undertook the Armenian epigraphic terminology translation, thus making it possible to integrate the Armenian cultural heritage into the world epigraphic database and contribute to it both with data and new scientific concepts.
Furthermore, our efforts were reinforced by the active involvement of several members of the local Armenian community, in total blockade for nine months by Azerbaijan. They worked under extremely dangerous conditions to document and transfer the photos and data, unfortunately, only a part of the rich cultural heritage of the Nagorno-Karabakh region. This fostered a sense of community engagement and empowerment, bringing local epigraphic material into the public consciousness and rendering it comprehensible as "voices of stone" from the community's past.
3.2. Digitization toolkits
The following decision to be made was the software choice. To compile a comprehensive database of Armenian inscriptions, we harnessed the formidable capabilities of software the Oxygen text editor9 to work according to EpiDoc standards [10]. This particular software was a strategic choice driven by its adaptability and remarkable support for XML-based encoding. Oxygen text editor, renowned for its versatility, unveiled many features that significantly expedited our undertaking. Its flexibility allows us to seamlessly adapt it to our specific requirements while effectively managing the intricacies of Armenian inscriptions. This adaptability is particularly crucial given the diverse nature of inscriptions, ranging from varying historical periods to distinct linguistic characteristics.
One of the hallmark attributes of the Oxygen text editor that has made it indispensable to our project is its robust support for XML-based encoding. This support is pivotal in enabling us to adhere to the EpiDoc schema, the designated framework for our database. XML, recognized for its structured and hierarchical format, is a satisfactory conduit for organizing the multifaceted data intrinsic to Armenian inscriptions. With Oxygen's comprehensive XML handling capabilities, we can encode, store, and manage almost all of the diverse information embedded within each inscription.
As mentioned above, our approach to implementing the database of Armenian inscriptions relied fundamentally on the well-established EpiDoc guidelines [9,10]. This comprehensive framework is tailored explicitly for ancient inscriptions and their associated texts, offering an XML-based markup standard that is the backbone of our methodology. The adoption of EpiDoc was a strategic choice driven by its ability to provide a robust and structured framework for the effective organization and presentation of data related to Armenian inscriptions.
3.3. Procedure
While our initial decisions regarding software, standards, and data sources were well-founded, the data collection, categorization, and digitization process has not been without its share of challenges.
3.3.1. Challenge 1: Adapting EpiDoc for Armenian Inscriptions
While the EpiDoc schema has proven invaluable in accurately encoding Armenian inscriptions' linguistic, paleographic, and contextual information, allowing us to unlock their historical, cultural, and linguistic significance for future generations, some adaptations are necessary for Armenian inscriptions due to their unique alphabet and punctuation norms, unique symbols, abbreviations.
As an illustration, a significant challenge emerged in deviations from Greco-Roman writing traditions, specifically related to punctuation within Armenian inscriptions. One notable example of this deviation is the unique use of two vertical dots (:) in Armenian inscriptions. These dots serve not only as the punctuation mark for a full stop but also as markers for indicating dates, personal names, and honorary attributes. This departure from the conventions of other ancient languages posed a distinct challenge in accurately representing the inscriptions within the EpiDoc schema.
Figure 2.
Fragment used to illustrate our concept. Screenshot of the extract of the xml file.
To address this challenge, we are actively pursuing two viable solutions. First, we are considering the development of a separate XML file within our database, specifically designed as an internal reference. This file will encompass a comprehensive list of symbols, punctuation marks, and abbreviations typical of the Armenian script. The aim is to incorporate this reference to ensure that our transcriptions accurately capture the unique punctuation style of Armenian inscriptions.
Second, we are exploring the possibility of leveraging the guidelines provided within the EpiDoc framework for symbols and punctuation10. EpiDoc offers specific guidelines for encoding various symbols, and we are carefully assessing these guidelines to determine their compatibility with Armenian inscriptions. This approach would align with the established standards of EpiDoc while effectively accommodating the distinct features of Armenian inscriptions.
3.3.2. Challenge 2: Lemmatization Process
The Armenian language boasts a rich and intricate grammatical system, which can present challenges in standardization efforts. An illustration of this can serve the Armenian nouns, which can have five to seven inflections depending on the scholar and the theory [11]. These inflections can manifest as specific ending changes in cases of external inflection or even as root alterations in situations of internal inflection. We cite the complexities inherent in the noun system without delving into the verb system or other grammatical components. Such complexities amplify the need for a methodical approach like lemmatization in our database. By reducing words to their most basic form, termed the lemma, we aim to eliminate inconsistencies introduced by these inflections, conjugations, and declensions. This ensures a uniform and standardized representation of language in the database. Furthermore, our approach is tailored to enhance search and retrieval functionalities, allowing users to search for a lemma and retrieve all its variations seamlessly.
3.3.2.1. Lemmatization Tools and Resources:
To navigate the complexities of the Armenian language and ensure the precision of our lemmatization process, we turned to the Grabar Armenian dictionary. Accessible online at http://www.hyspell.com/grabaran, this lexicon offers comprehensive insights into the lexicon and linguistic intricacies of the ancient Armenian language, Grabar [12]. It proved indispensable, especially when dealing with entries spanning diverse grammatical categories including, but not limited to, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and their nuanced inflections.
Figure 3.
Fragment of the fresco inscription from Katoghike Sourb Nshan Church located in Dadivank Monastery [13], Dadivank Village, Karvachar District, Republic of Artsakh. Screenshot of the extract of the xml file.
Figure 3.
Fragment of the fresco inscription from Katoghike Sourb Nshan Church located in Dadivank Monastery [13], Dadivank Village, Karvachar District, Republic of Artsakh. Screenshot of the extract of the xml file.
3.3.3. Challenge 3: Standardized Armenian Vocabulary
An extensive challenge we encountered in our mission was the creation of a specialized Armenian vocabulary tailored to digital epigraphy. This vocabulary needed to encompass a wide range of facets related to inscriptions, including object types, monument types, inscription types, materials, preservation states, letter types, decoration, symbols, and execution techniques. To address this challenge, our project diligently is compiling term lists, which are subsequently being transformed into XML files, with terms presented in both Armenian and English. When an English term aligns with a term in the EAGLE vocabulary11, a reference is directly embedded by the <ref> attribute. These files serve as invaluable internal references, enhancing data categorization within the digital domain.
Figure 4.
Screenshot of the extract from our "material_type.xml" file showcasing the structured data representation.
Figure 4.
Screenshot of the extract from our "material_type.xml" file showcasing the structured data representation.
However, a significant hurdle looms large: identifying and clarifying Armenian terms. The presence of ambiguities in Armenian terms, as used by different authors, underscored the critical necessity for clear and precise definitions. Achieving uniformity and accuracy within the glossary became paramount.
Preliminary findings have revealed the absence of a harmonized and unified system of terms scholars employ to describe, for instance, the script types used in Armenian inscriptions. Furthermore, these terms exhibit variations in their translation into English. Consequently, standardizing Armenian terms and providing explicit definitions for the concepts they represent becomes an imperative undertaking. It is worth noting that in Armenian academic literature dedicated to epigraphy, different authors often assign distinct meanings to the same terms. For instance, "Kapgir,"[ Eng. Link _gram] "Ktsagir," [Eng. Attach-gram] and "Pakgir"[Lock-gram] refer to various types of ligatures but are used differently in diverse contexts. Moreover, "Pakgir" corresponds to the concept labeled as a "monogram," yet within Armenian academic literature, it is typically represented as a ligature, or at least a form thereof [3,14].
Figure 5.
Overlapping English translations of Armenian terms.
We established a collaborative partnership with Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences to tackle this challenge effectively. Our project aims to compile a comprehensive list of terms commonly used in Armenian academia to describe inscriptions, complete with explicit definitions for each term. To achieve this, we have been studying the principal published collections of Armenian inscriptions, articles, and relevant publications.
In addition to this scholarly pursuit, we have employed corpus linguistics alignment tools to scrutinize the terms used by prominent scholar Samvel Karapetyan [4,5,6,15]. His significant contributions to studying and preserving Armenian cultural heritage have made his works particularly relevant. This analysis involves a comparative study of the terms he used in his publications, available in Armenian and English.
3.3.4. Challenge 4: Navigating Access Restrictions and Geopolitical Challenges and Cultural Artifacts
In our pursuit of preserving Armenian inscriptions, we encountered a series of formidable challenges. These ranged from the complex task of editing the texts of inscriptions upon published editions to transcribing newly discovered inscriptions and securing high-quality photographic documentation. Moreover, the unique geopolitical situation in the region presented an additional layer of complexity. Access to the inscriptions, situated within a territory recognized as Azerbaijan and controlled by Russian troops, was severely restricted, particularly for foreign citizens.
To overcome these significant hurdles, our project adopted an innovative approach, as it was mentioned above. We established a network of local partners and dedicated volunteers within the region. This network played a pivotal role in overcoming many challenges. However, an unforeseen setback occurred on September 21, 2023, when access to crucial territories for further autopsy and photographic data collection was abruptly restricted. The disruption also extended to our contact with partners, as the Armenian inhabitants of Artsakh faced perilous conditions, including conflict and displacement, while the Republic of Artsakh ceased to exist.
In response to this daunting challenge, our project implemented two key strategies. First, we leveraged Google alerts focusing on Armenian inscriptions and the cultural heritage of Artsakh, aiming to gather information from various sources, including social networks and the World Wide Web. Through these alerts, we could continuously monitor and gather relevant data, including photographic and textual information, despite the challenging circumstances. And second, we are currently developing a comprehensive critical apparatus, after facing the limitations of the EpiDoc schema and the unavailability of additional photographic data12. Beyond its core function, this apparatus is also designed to encapsulate details of initial publications. This tool serves as a repository for all relevant information that cannot be accommodated by the EpiDoc framework. In our case, it effectively bridged the gap created by the restricted access to photographic data.
Figure 6.
It's important to note that the apparatus described herein represents a preliminary draft, subject to further refinement and revision as our work progresses. While this version provides foundational insights, we anticipate further enhancements and expansions in future iterations.
Figure 6.
It's important to note that the apparatus described herein represents a preliminary draft, subject to further refinement and revision as our work progresses. While this version provides foundational insights, we anticipate further enhancements and expansions in future iterations.
Amid these trying circumstances, one notable achievement stands out. We acquired photographic data on an inscription from the St. Hakobavank (Metsarants) monastery in the Republic of Artsakh, specifically within the Martakert district, Kolatak village13. This discovery occurred after September 21, 2023, during a mass exodus of the Armenian population from Artsakh. A local Armenian resident displayed remarkable valor by rescuing a fragment of a decorative element along with a segment of a recently discovered inscription14. We had previously received photographic data for eleven other inscriptions, but this fragment was new to us.
The success of this discovery can be attributed to our meticulous use of Google alerts focused on Armenian inscriptions and the cultural heritage of Artsakh. Within our XML file, we have documented the inscription, details about the monument, and other relevant information. In the critical apparatus, we have provided comprehensive particulars regarding the current location of the stone fragments. We have identified the individuals responsible for their preservation, noted the specific individuals involved in photographic documentation, recorded the dates on which these photographs were captured, and contextualized the circumstances surrounding this remarkable find and the source of the information.
Figure 7.
Screenshot of the extract from the xml file dedicated to the St. Hakobavank, Kolatak village, Martakert district, Republic of Artsakh.
Figure 7.
Screenshot of the extract from the xml file dedicated to the St. Hakobavank, Kolatak village, Martakert district, Republic of Artsakh.
4. Results
Our collaborative approach, facilitated by a network of dedicated partners and volunteers, led to significant achievements in digitizing and preserving Armenian inscriptions in Artsakh. The combination of photographic documentation, expert consultation, and community engagement has not only enriched our database but also contributed to the broader goal of safeguarding and promoting the cultural heritage of this historically significant region.
While implementing our database built upon the EpiDoc guidelines, we achieved a range of significant results that have enhanced the organization, accessibility, and scholarly utility of the Armenian Inscription Digital database (AIDD). These outcomes are pivotal to the effective preservation and study of epigraphic heritage.
Implementing the EpiDoc guidelines [10] ensured that our database's content adhered to a standardized and well-structured format. This resulted in data organization making it easier for researchers to access and analyze information about Armenian inscriptions. The consistency in data presentation facilitated cross-referencing and comparison among different inscriptions.
The EpiDoc framework also allows us to capture a comprehensive range of information related to Armenian inscriptions. This encompasses not only the transcriptions and editions of the texts but also their translations, apparatus, commentaries, and bibliographies. Additionally, we can describe the historical aspects, including provenance, location, date, repository, and materiality of the inscribed objects. This holistic approach ensures that researchers have access to a wealth of contextual information.
The next feature to notice is that our database, constructed using EpiDoc standards, is designed with interoperability in mind. The XML-based format ensures compatibility with other digital epigraphy projects and scholarly databases. This interoperability facilitates collaborative research efforts and allows for the exchange of data and insights across different platforms.
No need to say, that using EpiDoc ensures the long-term preservation and accessibility of the database. XML is a stable and widely accepted format, ensuring that the data will remain accessible to future generations of scholars. This aligns with our commitment to preserving and promoting Armenian inscriptions in perpetuity.
The structured nature of the data allows for more in-depth and systematic scholarly analysis. Researchers can easily extract specific types of information, such as all inscriptions from a particular historical period or those with specific linguistic features. This aids in advancing the study of Armenian epigraphy and related fields. The standardized format and metadata incorporated into the database enhance search and retrieval capabilities. Researchers can efficiently locate inscriptions based on various criteria, such as location, historical context, or material properties. This streamlined search process accelerates research and promotes greater engagement with the inscriptions, including cross-referencing and a broader range of comparative studies. Researchers can easily compare similar inscriptions or trace the evolution of specific linguistic elements across different texts. This capability enriches our understanding of Armenian inscriptions and their historical context.
After implementing our lemmatization methods, the positive impact on our database was immediately discernible in several key areas:
First and foremost, there was a noticeable elevation in the standardization and uniformity across the database. Words were now consistently represented in their most fundamental and standardized form. This was particularly significant given the complexity and richness of the Armenian grammatical system.
Furthermore, the efficiency and effectiveness of our data retrieval processes underwent a remarkable transformation. When searching for a specific lemma, users find themselves equipped to retrieve all associated variations of that word. This applied irrespective of whether the word was in its inflected or conjugated form. This streamlined approach ensured a more user-friendly experience, enabling efficient data retrieval and analysis.
The computational backbone of our database, especially the components related to data analysis, also benefited immensely. We observed a marked improvement in terms of accuracy, speed, and overall efficiency. These enhancements are a testament to the robustness of our chosen methods.
In addition to these improvements, the capability to cross-reference with external resources and databases was substantially expanded. This newfound capability paved the way for more comprehensive and enriched analyses, connecting our database to a larger ecosystem of linguistic resources.
Our strategic decision to integrate the Grabar Armenian dictionary into our methodology proved to be pivotal. The dictionary met our expectations on multiple fronts:
It aligned perfectly with our objectives, catering to the nuances of the archaic forms in our Armenian inscriptions. This precision was essential in ensuring that the lemmatization process was both accurate and relevant.
Additionally, the challenges posed by complex or unconventional morphologies were effectively addressed. The dictionary played a crucial role in providing accurate lemma assignments, ensuring the integrity of our database remained uncompromised.
Lastly, the extensive lexicon coverage offered by the Grabar Armenian dictionary ensured that our lemmatization efforts were comprehensive. There were but few restrictions for us to achieve an optimized and holistic representation of the Armenian inscriptions in our database.
As a result of the strategic initiatives of leveraging Google alters focusing on the Armenian cultural heritage of Artakh and the development of the comprehensive critical apparatus, we can record the following outcomes.
The Google Alert system has provided us with a valuable opportunity to track any data, whether photographic or textual, related to Artsakh's cultural heritage, particularly epigraphy. This system serves as an indispensable tool for staying updated on relevant information and developments in the field. Leveraging the Google Alert system, our critical apparatus integrates all pertinent data related to specific monuments and inscriptions. This includes content that might have been deleted or archived from social media. The apparatus ensures our database remains thorough and accurately documented, even when direct access to certain information is hindered.
This system we've crafted is essential in our mission to safeguard and chronicle Armenian inscriptions. It has enabled us to incorporate unpublished photos and images of moved artifacts, broadening our database. Its precision in recording the present whereabouts of these artifacts and the details of their relocation has been invaluable. An environment lacking an official oversight of these prized items and the hostile stance of the government in charge of the region, which seeks to obliterate such heritage, underscores the significance of our efforts to document and protect these invaluable cultural remnants.
5. Discussion
Our efforts to adapt the EpiDoc schema for encoding Armenian inscriptions can have positive outcomes in two key areas: developing an internal reference for Armenian symbols, punctuation, and abbreviations and exploring EpiDoc guidelines for symbols and punctuation.
A dedicated XML file within our database, functioning as an internal reference for Armenian symbols, punctuation marks, and abbreviations, can significantly enhance our database, providing a comprehensive list of these unique features commonly found in Armenian inscriptions. As a result, our transcriptions can accurately capture the distinct script and punctuation style used in Armenian inscriptions. This achievement will enhance the precision of Armenian epigraphic material within the digital realm.
Alongside the internal reference, we actively explored the feasibility of using the guidelines outlined in the EpiDoc framework for encoding symbols and punctuation. Initially intended for encoding various symbols, these guidelines have proven to be compatible with Armenian inscriptions in some cases. By implementing these guidelines, we align our work with the recognized standards of EpiDoc while effectively accommodating the unique characteristics of Armenian inscriptions, including their distinctive use of punctuation marks and symbols.
The apparatus we are developing highlights the need for flexible and innovative solutions in contemporary research and preservation projects: we faced numerous challenges, some anticipated and others unexpected. In response, we did not extend our search for a variety of new tools but chose to enhance those that adapt quickly. Our apparatus effectively addresses these challenges by providing a comprehensive platform for capturing and organizing information. As we continue our work, the iterative process of collecting data, analyzing findings, and updating the apparatus will be integral. This apparatus is more than just a tool; it's a continuously evolving document that will be updated to meet the project's needs. Its development and implementation so far emphasize its importance and potential for future applications. Even in situations where physical access is restricted, digital tools and strategies, such as our apparatus, can bridge the gap and ensure continuous progress. This project serves as a model for similar initiatives, emphasizing the significance of resilience, collaboration, and innovation in preserving cultural heritage.
Our ongoing efforts to address the challenge of creating a specialized Armenian vocabulary for digital epigraphy are expected to yield significant results. We anticipate the development of a comprehensive Armenian vocabulary tailored to digital epigraphy. This vocabulary will encompass a wide range of facets related to inscriptions, including object types, monument types, inscription types, materials, preservation states, letter types, decoration, symbols, and execution techniques.
The term lists compiled as part of this vocabulary-building process will be transformed into XML files, each incorporating direct references to the EAGLE vocabulary where applicable. This integration with EAGLE vocabulary not only augments the depth and breadth of our term references but also connects our work to a broader global standard. Serving as invaluable internal references within our digital domain, these XML files will significantly enhance data categorization and accessibility, facilitating the precise classification of inscriptions.
The collaborative partnership with Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences is expected to result in a glossary of terms commonly used in Armenian academia to describe inscriptions. Each term will be accompanied by clear and precise definitions, eliminating ambiguities and ensuring uniformity and accuracy within the field.
By studying the terminology used by prominent scholar Samvel Karapetyan, we anticipate enriching our vocabulary with nuanced and contextually accurate definitions. This analysis will provide a valuable resource for researchers, scholars, and practitioners in Armenian epigraphy.
The development of this specialized vocabulary is expected to contribute significantly to the standardization of terminology within Armenian epigraphy. Researchers and institutions working on digitizing and preserving Armenian cultural heritage will benefit from a consistent and precise lexicon.
Beyond facilitating data interoperability, standardized vocabularies offer substantial data discovery, retrieval, and reuse benefits. Employing a common vocabulary streamlines data search and retrieval, enhancing its discoverability. Standardized vocabularies simplify data reuse across various contexts and applications, promoting innovation and fostering collaborative endeavors.
In perspective, the results of this undertaking include the integration of the Armenian epigraphic database into the Linked Open Data [16]. Establishing standardized vocabularies assumes paramount importance in developing linked open databases, ensuring the structured and consistent alignment of data. These standardized vocabularies are the linchpin of data interoperability, enabling seamless integration and data sharing across diverse systems and applications. Linked open databases predominantly rely on machine-readable formats such as RDF and OWL to encode and store data, mandating standardized vocabularies, often called ontologies, which provide a shared understanding of data semantics. With standardized vocabularies, deciphering and extracting meaning from the data housed in linked open databases would be smooth.
After creating the glossary, the subsequent action would involve constructing the SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organisation System) framework [17]
Following the creation of the glossary, the subsequent step involves the construction of the SKOS framework. This framework facilitates the attachment of labels to concepts in natural language, including
- SKOS:prefLabel - preferred terms,
- SKOS :altLabel - additional labels such as synonyms, abbreviations, and acronyms,
- SKOS :hiddenLabel - hidden labels designed for variants primarily employed in text indexing.
To bolster interoperability, concepts within the SKOS structure must be mapped with external vocabularies, with a particular emphasis on integration with the EAGLE project. SKOS provides properties for linking concepts to external resources, offering options for
- SKOS property "exactMatch" - precise matches,
- SKOS term "closeMatch" - near correspondences,
- SKOS property "broadMatch" - broader equivalents,
- SKOS property "narrowMatch" - narrower terms in external vocabularies.
Despite the challenges imposed by restricted access and geopolitical complexities, our project's resilience and innovative strategies allow us to continue our mission of preserving Armenian inscriptions. These results demonstrate the importance of adaptability and creativity in the face of unforeseen obstacles, ensuring the ongoing safeguarding of cultural heritage.
6. Conclusions
The journey of preserving Armenian inscriptions and cultural artifacts is fraught with complexities, both in the technical realm of documentation and the broader geopolitical landscape. Our project’s experiences underscore the urgent need for adaptive and innovative methodologies in the face of ever-evolving challenges. Our successes, particularly the discovery and documentation of inscriptions from St. Hakobavank church, emphasize the importance of community engagement and the power of leveraging digital tools like Google alerts.
The choice and further development of digitization tools play a key role in projects compiling epigraphic databases. Using the Oxygen text editor was a strategic methodological choice that significantly streamlined our process of compiling the Armenian inscriptions database. Its versatility, robust support for XML-based encoding, and seamless integration with the EpiDoc schema have empowered our team to navigate the intricate landscape of Armenian epigraphy with precision and efficiency. This methodological foundation not only laid the groundwork for successfully realizing our project's objectives but also ensured that the rich heritage of Armenian inscriptions is preserved, enriched, and accessible for generations to come.
EpiDoc guidelines were the following incentive that improved the management and accessibility of Armenian inscriptions. They ensured that these invaluable artifacts of Armenian heritage would not only be preserved for posterity but also made readily available for scholarly research and analysis. This initiative was a pivotal step in safeguarding and promoting the rich epigraphic heritage of Armenia.
Of course, it would not work properly without an accurate adaptation of the EpiDoc guidelines to accommodate Armenian inscriptions. A certain amount of effort has been invested in the achievement of data and metadata precision and clarity of representation. The upgraded version will enable the comprehensive edition of the inscriptions, including diplomatic and interpretive transcription, translation, apparatus, commentary, and bibliography. This multifaceted approach ensures that the inscriptions are transcribed and subjected to thorough analysis and interpretation. While challenges, such as unique punctuation styles and scripts, symbols, etc. exist, we are still actively exploring solutions to maintain accuracy and consistency within the framework of this renowned XML-based standard.
Part of the solutions emerged due to leveraging the Grabar (Classical) Armenian dictionary, which enabled us to effectively navigate the complexities of the Armenian language, resulting in a more streamlined and accessible database through precise methodologies and the right linguistic tools. The enhancements, from improved search functions to accurate data representation, underscore the value of strategic decision-making in corpus architecture and data management. As the world of linguistics and database management continues to evolve, our experience stands as a testament to the importance of melding traditional linguistic knowledge with advanced computational techniques. Our refined database sets a robust foundation, aiding both present research and future linguistic explorations in Armenian studies.
In summary, this project represents a significant stride toward preserving and promoting Armenian epigraphic heritage within the digital landscape. Researchers and conservationists must think outside the box, employ a mix of traditional and modern techniques, and continuously adapt to changing circumstances. Despite the formidable challenges encountered, the project's unwavering commitment to methodological innovation underscores its role in advancing this field and ensuring that the rich cultural heritage of Armenia and its regions, even in the face of adversity, is never forgotten. The importance of our work is not just in the preservation of stone and text but in capturing the stories, hopes, and resilience of people and their enduring legacy.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, resources, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, Hamest Tamrazayn. Writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, conceptualization Gayane Hovhannisyan All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript
Funding
This research was funded by Swiss National Scientific Foundation from 01.06.2022 to 28.02.2023 (N° IZSEZ0_212008), and from 01.03.2023 to 28.02.2024 (N° IZSEZ0_216747), both times as part of the SNSF program for Ukrainian researchers.
Acknowledgments
The photographic data was provided by the head of the State Service for the Protection of the Historical Environment of the Republic of Artsakh, Armine Hayrapetyan.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest. Any personal circumstances or interests have not influenced the representation and interpretation of the reported research results. The funders were not involved in the study's design, data collection, analysis, manuscript preparation, or the decision to publish the results.
References
- H. Tamrazyan, "Digitization of the Inscriptions on the Monuments of Armenian Cultural Heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh Region," in Digital Humanities 2023: Book of Abstracts, Graz, 2023.
- T. Greenwood, "Armenian Epigraphy," Armenian Philology in the Modern Era, 2014.
- Ե. հ. հ. ինստիտուտ. [Online]. Available: http://ijevanlib.ysu.am/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Haykakan_Vimagrutyun.compressed.
- Ս. Կարապետյան, ԱՐՑԱԽԻ ՄԱՆՐԱՏԵՂԱՆՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ, Երևան: ՀՃՈՒ (RAA) ՀՐԱՏԱՐԱԿՉՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ, 2022.
- S. Karapetian, Armenian Lapidary Inscriptions of Boon-Aghvank, Yerevan, 1997.
- S. Karapetian, Azerbaijan out of civilization, Yerevan, 2017.
- D. M. Berry, Understanding Digital Humanities, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
- Burdick, J. Drucker, P. Lunenfeld, T. Presner and J. Schnapp, Digital_Humanities, MIT Press., 2012.
- PietroM.Liuzzo, "Mapping epigraphic databases to EpiDoc.," in Digitaland Traditional Epigraphy in Context., Roma, Sapienza Università Editrice, 2017, pp. 187-199.
- T. Elliott, G. Bodard, E. Mylonas, S. Stoyanova, C. Tupman, S. Vanderbilt and e. al., "EpiDoc guidlines: Ancient Documents in TEI XML (Version 8).," 2007-2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.stoa.
- Ա. Ս. Մարգարյան, Հայերենի հոլովները, Երեւան: Երեւանի համալսարանի հրատարակչություն, 2000.
- "Գրաբարի բառարան," [Online]. Available: http://www.hyspell.
- Այվազյան, ԴԱԴԻ ՎԱՆՔԻ ՎԵՐԱԿԱՆԳՆՈՒՄԸ 1997-2011 ԹԹ., Երևան: ՀՃՈՒ (RAA) ՀՐԱՏԱՐԱԿՉՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ, 2015.
- H. Tamrazyan, "Standardization And Harmonization of the Terminology for Digital Epigraphic Database Of Armenian Inscriptions.," in Матеріали IVМіжнарoднoїнаукoвoї кoнференції “Актуальні прoблеми рoманo-германськoї філoлoгії”, 2023.
- S. Karapetian, Northern Artsakh, Yerevan: Gitutyun Publishing-house, 2007.
- D. Thierry, M. Karlheinz and W. Eveline, "A SKOS-based Schema for TEI encoded Dictionaries at ICLTT".
- N. Casellas, "Linked Legal Data: A SKOS Vocabulary for the Code of Federal Regulations".
- F. Ameri, R. Yoder and K. Zandbiglari, "SKOS Tool: A Tool for Creating Knowledge Graphs to Support Semantic Text Classification," in Advances in Production Management Systems. Towards Smart and Digital Manufacturing, Cham, 2020.
- Orlandi, Santucci, R. V. Casarosa and P. M. Liuzzo, "Information technologies for epigraphy and cultural heritage," in The first EAGLE international conference, 2014.
- Ս. Գ. Բարխուդարյան, Դիվան հայ վիմագրության, Պ. 5., vol. 5, Երևան: ՀՍԱՀ ԳԱ հրատարակչություն, 1982.
- Margaryan, M. Derenko, H. Hovhannisyan, B. Malyarchuk, R. Heller, Z. Khachatryan, P. Avetisyan, R. Badalyan, A. Bobokhyan, V. Melikyan, G. Sargsyan, A. Piliposyan, H. Simonyan and R. Mkrtchyan, "Eight Millennia of Matrilineal Genetic Continuity in the South Caucasus," Current Biology, vol. 27, no. 13, 2017.
- "Արցախի նախագահի կայք," [Online]. Available: http://president.nkr.am/am/nkr/generalInformation/. [Accessed 24 03 2022].
- Հ. Ղահրամանյան, Տեղեկատու Արցախի Հանրապետության վարչատարածքային միավորների սոցիալ-տնտեսական բնութագրերի։, Երևան: Ճարտարագետ, 2015.
| 1 | To explore further details regarding the history and current status of Artsakh, I recommend visiting the following link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh. |
| 2 | |
| 3 |
To explore further details regarding the history and current status of Artsakh,visit
Republic of Artsakh - Wikipedia.
|
| 4 | the European Parliament resolu;on on the destruc;on of cultural heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh(2022/2582(RSP)) dated 09.03.20022 |
| 5 | More detailed information on this matter can be found here. https://news.am/eng/news/678914.html
|
| 6 | |
| 7 | This project has received funding from the Swiss Na;onal Science Funding for 9 months star;ng on 1 June, 2022 and for 12 months star;ng on March 1, 2023. |
| 8 | For in-depth and comprehensive insights, I suggest visiting the website https://monumentwatch.org/en/. This independent academic platform meticulously records and presents the state of Artsakh's cultural heritage, its dynamic transformations, and expert commentary adhering to rigorous academic standards. The website offers detailed information, along with photographic evidence, pertinent to the ongoing discussion. |
| 9 | |
| 10 | |
| 11 | |
| 12 | EpiDoc guidelines. Apparatus criticus. Retrieved from from https://epidoc.stoa.org/gl/latest/supp-apparatus.html
|
| 13 | |
| 14 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
MDPI Initiatives
Important Links
© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated