1.1. Introduction:

1.2. Working Principal:

Figure 1. 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM.

Figure 1. 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM.

1.3. Advantages of Projects:

• The purpose of this obstacle detection system to enable a blind person to move more quickly by providing knowledge about the complex environment around them.
• It is cheaper as compared to guiding dogs which are very expensive. It can be afforded by every poor impaired person.
• This obstacle detector makes impaired people independent of other. Who depends totally on other for their life activities.
• Due to their complete reliance on other people obstacle identification and detection is a key goal for electronic mobility aids for the unsighted person.
• This device has been developed in order to enhance the independent mobility of blind individuals.
• In this detector we use vibrator which produce sound and inform blind person about any hurdles in their path.
• With the help of obstacle detector visually impaired people are able to achieve their goals in this modern word.
• In this study we present a narrative frame work for obstacle detection and classification that will let blind people who are partially seeing traverse environments on their own.
• The suggested obstacle detection model can be use independently. Due to the fact that it can quickly and accurately detect harmful moving object in complex environment without knowing the position of obstacle detector.

1.4. Description of Component:

1.4.1. Arduino Processor:

The fourteen digital input/outputs of the Arduino UNO microprocessor panel. Six of them can be utilized as input, and six of them are pulse width modulation (PWM) output. Additionally it has a USB port, a power outlet a reset button an ICP (in circuit serial programming) header and other components.

Figure 1.4.1.

1.4.2. 5. v Buzzer:

The Arduino buzzer is a signaling component. It could be electromechanical, mechanical or another type. It can serve as an alarm, timer and indicator.

Figure 1.4.2

1.4.3. Infrasonic Sensor:

It either produces or detects infrasound energy. It is capable of measuring distance and locating objects without physically touching them. Transceivers, receivers, and transmitters are three subsets that they can be divided into. The range can vary depending on the sensor and object characteristics.

Figure 1.4.3

1.4.4. Arduino To Laptop Connector:

Using a USB cable and port, it connects an Arduino board to a laptop or PC ( this is the port closer to the DC power connector). Choose the serial port of duty from the tool menu (Arduino due programming port)

Figure 1.4.4

1.4.5. Male To Male Wire:

Male to male wire is a type of wire with bulging pin terminals that can readily plug into other wire devices.

Figure 1.4.5

2.1. Literature Review:

3.1. Introduction:

3.2. Working Principal:

3.3. Material Used:

3.3.1. Bread Board:

An electrical component holding board made of thin plastic is called a bread board. Before completing any types of circuits, it used to be swiftly built and tested. Bread Board have several holes in which components such as resistors and ICs are placed. A typical bread board is displaced below.

Figure 3. 3.1: Bread Board.

Figure 3. 3.1: Bread Board.

There are some metal strips below the holes that link the holes together. We can see from the diagram that the top and bottom holes are joined together horizentally and the holes located in the middle are joined vertically the diagram that is mentioned below makes this very clear.

The components legs are inserted into the holes to link them to one another and then a connection is created between them using jumper wires. The holes located in the middle are utilized to join the electronic components, while the holes located in at the top and bottom are utilized for the supply of power. The device which we have prepared will be look as below:

Figure 3.3.1: Range of the System

3.3.2. Arduino:

3.3.2.1. What is Arduino?

The microcontroller Arduino is constantly available for programming different types of circuit panel. Circuit panels can be basic or complex but all of them contain a microprocessor that can be programmed to perform certain task as required in the real world. The Arduino can communicate with a variety of outputs including LED’s motors and others as well as inputs and sensors. It is the greatest option for programmers who want to construct any hardware projects because of its varied capability.

Arduino was introduced by Massimo Banzi in 2005 as a mechanism for non engineers to access basic hardware creation projects. It was developed under a creative commons license which allows anyone to design their own board thanks to its open source programming. Hundreds of Arduino boards are available but the top and official model is called Arduino UNO.

The board with Arduino written on them are the official ones as shown in the figure below.

Figure no. 3.3.1.1.

3.3.2.2. Arduino UNO:

The Arduino UNO is one of the best and most popular Arduino models despite not being the first board to be released. It is actually the Arduino model that is used the most frequently and actively. We are major supporters of Arduino UNO because of its widespread use and the abundance of instruction that are available on line which make it simple to master and can produce one out of the rush below is the diagrammatic representation of the Arduino UNO.

Figure 3. 3.2.2: Arduino UNO Component Daigram.

Figure 3. 3.2.2: Arduino UNO Component Daigram.

The Arduino UNO parts are denoted by numbers in the picture below. The breakdown of each and every component is given below.

Figure 3.3.2.2: Arduino UNO Component Explanations Figure

The components name and function are as follow.

3.3.2.2.1. Male To Male Wire:

This part is used to power the Arduino and link it to a laptop so that a burning program may be run.

3.3.2.2.2. Voltage Regulator:

This component is used to controls the voltage we have supplied to the Arduino.

3.3.2.2.3. DC Power Barrel Jack:

This component is also used for power supply, however it does so with the help of a charger and a central power cord with 9mm diameter.

3.3.2.2.4(3.3). V Pin:

This component gives the Arduino the necessary 3.3 volt electricity.

3.3.2.2.55. V Pin:

This pin supplies the board with 5 volts of electricity.

3.3.2.2.6. Ground Pins:

On the board there are a number of ground pins but they all perform the same function.

3.3.2.2.7. Analog Pins:

These pins are used to change analog signals into digitals signals for transmission.

3.3.2.2.8. A Tmega Micro Controller:

In this place the programmers are kept. The Arduino brain as the saying goes.

3.3.2.2.9. Power LED Indicator:

When a power source is applied to the board, this light becomes turn.

3.3.2.2.10. TX/RX:

These have the ability to send and receive data LED’s.

3.3.2.2.11. PWM:

This component is used to minis on optical signal.

3.3.2.2.12. Digital Input/output:

Digital signals are inputted and outputted on pins 1 through 13 respectively.

3.3.2.2.13. AREF:

“A” stand for “Analog” and ‘REF’ stands for “reference” so AREF means “Analog reference” and it establishes same analog voltage as a reference.

3.3.2.2.14. Reset Button:

By doing this you can format the software that was burned the Arduino and reset it.

3.3.3. Arduino Power Supply:

There are various methods for fueling the Arduino UNO which is required for functioning. The board id often powered by a computer connection, however if one wants to create a mobile project, they must utilize a 9v battery. Therefore we will utilize a 9V battery in our project.

Figure 3. 3.3: Arduino Power Supply.

Figure 3. 3.3: Arduino Power Supply.

Most people refer to the battery as an alkaline battery. It uses zinc and manganese dioxide as electrolytes. It is made without cadmium and mercury to be environmentally friendly. It is designated as 9 volts and has a temperature range of -18 to 55 degrees. Most frequently , it weights 45g. it typically has a 21cm3 capacity. It can endure for up to five years at 21 degrees. With the aid of the provided connector, it is attached to the Arduino(fig).

Figure 3.3.3: Arduino Power Supply Connector

The Arduino’s Vin and GND connector are linked to the battery’s positive and negative terminals, respectively. The connections for the battery and Arduino are shown in the diagram below.

3.3.4. Buzzer:

An electrical device called a buzzer produces an audible sound or alarm. It is made up of a tiny electromechanical component that, when turned on , emits a buzzing or buzzing – like sound.

The coil produces a magnetic field when an electric current is introduced. A coil a diaphragm or magnetic plate and a power source make up the bulk of a buzzer. The diaphragm or plate is drawn to this magnetic field, which causes waves are created by the vibration and this distinctive buzzing noise. Different buzzer designs may be appropriate for different applications. Some buzzers are made to be small and integrated with other electronic devices, like electronic games, doorbells, and alarm clock. Others are more powerful and large making them idea for commercial uses or panic buttons. A typical electronic circuit is utilized to regulate the buzzer’s activation and deactivation. Sensors or other components or set off events can be attached to the circuit when it receivers a signal, creating the desired audio.

Figure 3.3.4: Megnatic Buzzer Structure

3.3.4.1. Magnetic Buzzer Structure:

The common magnetic buzzer’s construction is depicted in the figure below. The magnetic buzzer’s transistor serves as the driving circuit. When a DC power supply is applied, indicator use transistors to generate a tone.

In conclusion, an electromechanical buzzer is a tool that transforms electrical energy into audible sound waves. It is made up of a coil, a plate or diaphragm, and a power source. The coil creates a magnetic field when an electric current is applied which causes the diaphragm or plate to vibrate and make the distinctive buzzing sound.

Figure 3. 3.4.1: Megnatic Buzzer Structure.

Figure 3. 3.4.1: Megnatic Buzzer Structure.

3.3.4.2. Application:

Buzzers are mostly used for recognition and alarm reasons through many vital industries.

3.3.5. Jumper Wires:

A bundle of electrical wires in a cable that has connectors or pins at both ends ( or , on occasion, just tinned ends) is knows as a jumper wire or jumped. It is frequently employed to link the components of a breadboard or test circuit inside, with other pieces of machinery or equipment or both without soldering jumper wire in a gauge with solid tips. Individual jumper wires end connection are attached by squeezing them into slot provided on a breadboard the header connector of a circuit board for a piece of test equipment. Jumper wires come in a variety of colours but their operation is unaffected by their colour; instead their use in a circuit is solely indicated by the colour designated for that function such as GND.

3.3.5.1. Types of Jumper Wires:

There are three types of jumper wires which are given below:

• male-to-male,
• male-to-female
• female-to-female.

The difference between each is in the end points of the wire

3.3.5.1.1. Male to Male Jumper Wire:

You may be easily create your own circuit on a bread board using the male to male jumper wire. These cable are flexible and have prototyping board connectors on both ends. The jump cable is perfect for building circuit between your micro controller and the bread board on the bots.

Specification:

• cable length: 20 cm
• Quantity : 10 wires
• Random colour : white / yellow / orange / blue / black / red
• Material : plastic + tin plating copper

Figure no3.3.5.1.1.

3.3.5.1.2. Male to Female Jumper Wire:

In response to numerous requests we have now stocked this male to female jumper it comes in a bag of 10 wires. These wires can be used to quickly and easily link prototype boards to most commercially available boards. On a 0.1 (100 mil or 2.54mm) header, several jumpers can be connected adjacent to one another. A circuit connecting components are its wires small wire ducts called jumper wire can be used to join parts together on breadboard or in other places. This wirers male and female header allow for solder less connection that is simpler it has pin on one side and socket on the other.

Feature:

• Easy to plug.
• Appropriate length for jumping.

Specification:

• Length: 20 cm
• Male to female socket
• Five different colours: red / yellow/ green/ white/ black
• Jumpers are made from 26 AWG wires
• Material: Plastic

Figure no3.3.5.1.2.

3.3.5.1.3. Female To Female wire:

They are straight forward wires with connector pin at each ends that can be used to link two places together. These are frequently used in conjunction with breadboard and other prototyping tools to make it simple to modify a circuit as necessary female to female jumper wires that may be plugged into any other development board to link the female header pin of an Arduino or other development board to another development board.

40 strip female to female jumper wire each cable length is 20 cm or 8- inch.

It has sockets on both ends and are mainly used as extension wires.

Feature:

• It connect two points to each other without soldering.
• It is reusable
• It is in expensive and easy to use.

Specification:

• Length: 10cm, 20cm, 30cm
• Colour: white, blue, gray, brown, orange ,black, red, yellow, green, purple (each cable includes 4 of each colour)
• Fit breadboard.

Figure no 3.3.5.

3.3.6. Infrasonic Sensor:

The term “infrasonic” is refers to the study of sound waves that are below the threshold at which humans can hear them. Its frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 20 Hz.

Infrasonic has a wide range of uses including earth quick monitoring rock and petroleum exploitation in the earth obstacle detection, nuclear explosion detection, potential plane explosion detection etc.

The invention related to an infrasonic sensor comprising a metal shell. A metal wire enclosure is arranged on the inner side of the top end of the metal shell a tapered resonant disc is arranged under the metal wire enclosure. A piezoelectric chip is arranged under the tapered resonant disc above a chip mounting structure is arranged in the bracket. The bracket is arranged at the bottom of the metal shell an anode lead terminal and a cathode lead terminals are arrange at the bottom end of the metal shell are provided with an anode lead and the cathode lead respectively. The infrasonic sensor is simple structure, small in size high in sensitivity and well responsive to low frequency infrasound.

Working:

The working of infrasonic sensor is based on the principle of reflection of sound wave having audible range below then the human audible frequency range.

3.3.6.1. What is Infrasound?

Low status sound, or infrasound refers to sound waves with a frequency below the threshold of human audibility. The frequency is below the range of human hearing perception.

3.3.6.2. Infrasonic Frequency Range Sepctrum:

These sound waves, whose frequency fall between 20Hz and 20 KHz, are audible to human ears. Infrasonic sound on the other hand has a frequency lower than 20 Hz which is why it is invisible to human senses.

3.3.6.3. GY-US42 Sensor:

A prominent type of sensor used in robotics and automation projects is the GY-US42 sensor. Such as the GY-US42 infrasonic distance sensor. It can be readily integrate with microcontroller like Arduino and uses infrasonic waves to calculate distance on the basis of infrasonic range GY-US42 sensor functions. It uses to return to source after impacting an item. The distance between the sensor and objected is calculated by computing the time of flight.

Feature:

• Its measuring range is from 20cm to 4m.
• Working temperature is 20 centigrade to 65 centigrade.
• Working current is 9 mA.
• Its size are 35mm x 23mm x28mm
• It has four pins.
• Explanation of the pins:

Now its pins configuration are described below:

3.3.6.3.1. VCC (Voltage Common Collector):

The GY-SU42 sensor is powered by this pin. To provide the voltage needed for the sensor to function, connect it to the Arduino board’s 5V pin.

3.3.6.3.2. GND (Ground):

This pin is linked to the Arduino board’s ground (GND) pin. It completes the circuit and gives the sensor’s operation a reference point.

3.3.6.3.3. Trig(Trigger):

Utilizing this pin can activate the infrasonic sound beats. It is used for Tx.

3.3.6.3.4. Echo Output:

When the mirror signal is detected this pin vibrates. The pulse expenditure varies in direct proportion to how long it takes for the transmitted signal to be noticed it is used for Rx.

Figure 3. 3.6.

Figure 3. 3.6.

4.1. Result And Discussion:

5.1. Future Work

• Interviews with additional people may be conducted and the poll may include additional questions about night vision, blind people in particular profession etc. To obtain a more precise estimate of the number of blind persons living in the district of Mardan and its related population.
• Future work could verify both the safety and the accuracy of our created model which only detector barriers detection obstruction.
• Future models may included technology that could help people with a variety of defects, such as both blind and deaf people, etc. Our model is only intended for blind peoples with the rest of the body parts operating normally.
• Our created model demonstrated the detection only from the front. Future research could ensure that the detection is done in a well designed manner from the left, right and back sides as well.
• The alarm system might use some enhancements. Similar to using audio recordings in the local language to train a visually impaired people.
• Additionally, it is advantageous to change the 9v battery with a rechargeable battery.

References

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