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Review
Advancements in Nanocomposites: An In-depth Exploration of Microstructural, Electrical, and Mechanical Dynamics
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Submitted:
31 December 2023
Posted:
03 January 2024
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Abstract
This research presents a comprehensive bibliometric and sentiment analysis of nanocomposite literature from 1990 to 2024. Employing cutting-edge computational methods, the study delves deep into the progression of microstructural characterization, electrical properties, and mechanical behaviors of nanocomposites. The analysis utilizes advanced Boolean search strategies from the Scopus database, ensuring a thorough extraction of thematic content. The results explore various themes and insights, shedding light on trends evident in the Scopus database, particularly the prominence of research on nanocomposite microstructure, electrical attributes, and mechanical performance. The paper also offers textual analytics and bibliometric data, showcasing critical collaborative efforts and influential studies. Significant discoveries encompass the evolution of research language, shifts in thematic focus, and global contributions, providing a comprehensive perspective on the current landscape of nanocomposite research and its dynamic evolution. Moving forward, the "State-of-the-Art and Gaps Extracted from Results and Discussions" section of the paper delves into the most recent advancements in nanocomposite research. It delves into various types of nanocomposites, with a particular emphasis on their microstructural characteristics, electrical properties, mechanical dynamics, and the application of nanocomposite films. This section identifies key research themes, traces historical progress, and highlights emerging trends while underscoring the significance of collaboration and the influence of pivotal studies that have shaped the field. Lastly, in the "Literature Review Guided by Artificial Intelligence" section, the paper introduces a revised approach for researching nanocomposites through AI-guided techniques. This approach prioritizes articles published in 2023 based on citation frequency. Here, the focus is on exploring the relationship between nanocomposites and their electrical properties, emphasizing their fundamental interactions and impact on electrical characteristics. Various nanocomposite systems are covered, highlighting their composition, structure, and functionality. Findings from recent studies are integrated to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in this area. Notably, the sentiment analysis, anchored by an average sentiment score of 0.638771, underscores a positive trajectory in academic discourse, emphasizing the growing recognition of the potential of nanocomposites. The bibliometric exploration maps the intellectual domain, emphasizing pivotal research themes and the influence of crosslinking time on nanocomposite attributes. While this study is thorough, it acknowledges its limitations and advocates for broader database inclusion in future research endeavors. This work elucidates the prevailing trends in nanocomposite research, emphasizing the indispensable role of computational tools in comprehending this vast wealth of information.
Keywords:
Subject: Chemistry and Materials Science - Materials Science and Technology
| INDEX | 2 |
| List of Abbreviations/Acronyms | 4 |
| 1. Introduction | 5 |
| 2. Methodology | 7 |
| 2.1. Scopus Database Search Strategy | 7 |
| 2.2. Textual Analytics Approach | 8 |
| 2.3. Scholarly Literature Analysis on Nanocomposite Themes | 8 |
| 2.4. Analysis of MAP and NET files | 9 |
| 2.5. Bibliometric Data Analysis and Visualization Report | 10 |
| 3. Results and discussions | 12 |
| 3.1. Scopus Database Search Strategy | 13 |
| 3.2. Textual Analytics Approach | 15 |
| 3.3. Scholarly Literature Analysis on Nanocomposite Themes | 23 |
| 3.4. Analysis of MAP and NET files | 25 |
| 3.5. Bibliometric Data Analysis and Visualization Report | 32 |
| 3.5.1. Nanocomposites & Electrical properties | 34 |
| 3.5.2. Nanocomposites & Mechanical behavior | 37 |
| 3.5.2. Nanocomposites & Microstructure | 42 |
| 4. State-of-the-art and gaps extracted from Results and Discussions | 48 |
| 4.1. Insights from Section 3.1: Scopus Database Search Strategy | 49 |
| 4.2. Insights from Section 3.2: Textual Analytics Approach | 49 |
| 4.3. Insights from Section 3.3: Scholarly Literature Analysis on Nanocomposite Themes | 50 |
| 4.4. Findings from Section 3.4: Analysis of MAP and NET Files | 51 |
| 4.5. Findings from Section 3.5: Bibliometric Data Analysis and Visualization Report | 53 |
| 4.5.1. Nanocomposites & Electrical Properties: | 53 |
| 4.5.2. Nanocomposites & Mechanical Behavior: | 53 |
| 4.5.3. Nanocomposites & Microstructure: | 54 |
| 5. Literature Revision Guided by Artificial Intelligence | 57 |
| 5.1. Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties | 57 |
| 5.1.1. Crosslinking Degree and Its Influence on XLPE/OMMT Nanocomposites | 58 |
| 5.1.2. BaTiO3 Nanofillers in Polymer Blend Nanocomposites: A Study on PVDF/PMMA/BaTiO3 | 59 |
| 5.1.3. Enhancing Fatigue Life in Aluminum-Graphene Nanocomposites for Power Transmission | 60 |
| 5.1.4. Water-Tree Aging in XLPE/OMMT Nanocomposites: The Role of Crosslinking Degree | 61 |
| 5.1.5. Sn Doping Effects in CdO Nanocomposites: A Laser Ablation Study | 62 |
| 5.1.6. ZnO/TiO2 Nanoparticles in PEO/CMC Nanocomposites: Implications for Flexible Optoelectronics | 63 |
| 5.1.7. Partial Conclusions | 64 |
| 5.2. Nanocomposites and Mechanical Behavior | 65 |
| 5.2.1. Enhancement of WE43 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites through Friction Stir Processing | 66 |
| 5.2.2. Role of Crosslinking in XLPE/OMMT Nanocomposites | 67 |
| 5.2.3. Al2O3 Reinforcement in Brass Matrix Nanocomposites | 68 |
| 5.2.4. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in PLA/PCL Bionanocomposites | 69 |
| 5.2.5. Aluminum Oxyhydroxide in Dental Nanocomposites | 70 |
| 5.2.6. Partial Conclusions | 71 |
| 5.3. Nanocomposites and Microstructure | 72 |
| 5.3.1. Modulation of Electro-Optical Properties in PDLC Films Using MWCNT-Loaded Reticular Nanofibre Films | 73 |
| 5.3.2. Enhancing Nanocomposites with Well-Crystallized Zinc Oxide Nanorods and Chitosan/PVP Polymers | 74 |
| 5.3.3. High-Entropy Nanofibers Transforming the Energy Storage Performance of Polymer Composites | 76 |
| 5.3.4. Surface Decoration of MnNiWO4 Nanostructures on Carbon Nanofiber for Photocatalytic Dye Removal | 77 |
| 5.3.5. Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO:GO/rGO Composite Thin Films for Energy Harvesting | 79 |
| 5.3.6. Promoting Cell Growth with Laser-Synthesized Magnesium Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering | 80 |
| 5.3.7. Enhancing Bio-Based PLA Composites with Graphene-Based Materials and Wheat Straw | 81 |
| 5.3.8. Improving Carbon Foam with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Functionalized Nanodiamonds | 83 |
| 5.3.9. Partial Conclusions | 84 |
| 5.4. Results Overview | 86 |
| Conclusions | 87 |
| Acknowledgments | 88 |
| Funding | 89 |
| Data Availability | 89 |
| Contributions | 89 |
| Compliance with Ethical Standards | 89 |
| Conflict of interest | 89 |
| References | 90 |
List of Abbreviations/Acronyms
| AFM - Atomic Force Microscopy |
| AI - Artificial Intelligence |
| Al2O3 - Aluminum Oxide |
| BET - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory |
| BM - Ball Milling |
| CF - Carbon Fiber |
| CP - Catalytic Performance |
| CSV - Comma-Separated Values |
| DE - Euclidean Distance |
| DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| DOCX - Microsoft Word Document File Format |
| DOI - Digital Object Identifier |
| DOCTYPE - Document Type |
| Dye - Organic compound used for coloring |
| EC - Electrocatalyst |
| EDS - Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy |
| EDX - Energy-Dispersive X-ray |
| EM - Electron Microscopy |
| EMI - Electromagnetic Interference |
| ENR - Epoxidized Natural Rubber |
| FTIR - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
| FT-IR - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
| H2O2 - Hydrogen Peroxide |
| HN - Hybrid Nanocatalyst |
| LDA - Latent Dirichlet Allocation |
| LSBI - Link Strength Between Items |
| MAP file - Visualization file format used by VOSviewer |
| NaN - Not a Number |
| NET file - Network file format used by VOSviewer |
| NiO - Nickel Oxide |
| NiWO4 - Nickel Tungstate |
| NLP - Natural Language Processing |
| NLTK - Natural Language Toolkit |
| NMR - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
| ORCID - Open Researcher and Contributor ID |
| PA - Photocatalytic Activity |
| PBAT - Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate |
| PBVS - Python Boosted Visualization of Similarities |
| PP - Polypropylene |
| Pt - Platinum |
| R² - Coefficient of Determination |
| RIS - Research Information Systems File |
| RMSE - Root Mean Squared Error |
| ROS - Reactive Oxygen Species |
| Scopus - A bibliographic database for academic research |
| SEM - Scanning Electron Microscopy |
| TEM - Transmission Electron Microscopy |
| TLS - Total Link Strength |
| TITLE-ABS-KEY - Search for terms only in Titles, Abstracts, and Keywords in Scopus database |
| TXT - Text File |
| UV - Ultraviolet |
| UV-Vis - Ultraviolet-Visible |
| UV-Vis Analytical Spectroscopy - Ultraviolet-Visible Analytical Spectroscopy |
| VL - Visible Light |
| VOSviewer - Visualization of Similarities Viewer |
| XPS - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
| XRD - X-ray Diffraction |
| XRF - X-ray Fluorescence |
| ZnO - Zinc Oxide |
| ZoI - Diameters of Zone of Inhibition |
1. Introduction
Nanomaterials are characterized by their nanoscale dimensions and exhibit unique properties that distinguish them from their bulk counterparts. These materials, which generally vary in size from 1 to 100 nanometers, leverage the distinct phenomena at this scale to enable novel applications in various sectors [1].
Scientific community’s continued focus on into the nanoscopic realm, is positioning nanocomposites as a key focal point of research,. Nanocomposites are driving innovation across many sectors, including electronics, energy storage, and medicine. Nanocomposites- matrix materials filled with nanoscale fillers allow for the development of materials, from metals and ceramics to polymers, with meticulously customizable properties for specific applications through tailoring of mateirals and fill techniques [2,3].
However, the development of nanomaterials faces considerable challenges. Enhancing mechanical [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18], electrical [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36], and microstructural [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] attributes in nanocomposites requires precise nanoscale manipulation. This is coupled with issues like reproducibility, cost, and complexity in preparation, adding to the intricacies of nanomaterial research. As nanotechnology evolves, addressing these technical and ethical issues is crucial for maximizing the potential of nanomaterials and ensuring their responsible application in various fields [50,51,52,53].
The advancement of nanomaterials can be expedited by leveraging data mining, an essential tool in scientific research, given the vast and complex data generated. This process is crucial for the progression of nanomaterials [54,55,56,57,58,59].
Incorporating data mining into nanomaterials research aids in identifying new patterns, trends, and relationships in extensive data sets. This is key to discovering novel properties of nanomaterials, predicting material behaviors, and guiding the creation of new nanocomposites with desired characteristics. Data mining also helps map the research landscape in nanomaterials, pinpointing knowledge gaps and suggesting potential areas for further research [60,61,62,63,64].
Nevertheless, data mining brings forth significant concerns, including privacy and security. In this significant data era, maintaining confidentiality and data integrity is vital for the credibility of scientific research. Ethical issues and potential biases in data mining processes also need attention, as biases in data handling can lead to skewed and unjust outcomes [65,66,67,68,69,70,71].
Furthermore, the interpretability and transparency of data mining results are crucial for building trust among stakeholders and understanding complex data analyses. The challenges of data quality and preprocessing are also significant, as inadequate data handling can significantly impact data mining outcomes [72,73,74,75,76,77,78].
Machine Learning (ML) plays an increasing role in nanomaterials research due to its ability to uncover complex patterns in large data sets, a common scenario in nanotechnology. Employing unsupervised ML techniques on databases like Scopus, Web Of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar can substantially contribute to nanomaterials research. These techniques autonomously analyze large volumes of unstructured data, identifying hidden patterns and correlations essential for uncovering new material properties, understanding nanoscale interactions, and predicting material behaviors. This facilitates the synthesis of novel nanocomposites and the optimization of their properties for diverse applications [79,80,81,82].
This paper presents a detailed analysis of published literature in nanocomposite research focusing on analyzing microstructure, electrical properties, and mechanical behavior. The paper uses advanced textual analytics and applies it to bibliometrics from the Scopus database.
Given the immense complexity and volume of data from sources like Scopus, traditional analytical methods often fall short. Thus, this study leverages computational tools, predominantly Data mining and machine learning techniques, including Boolean searches and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and applies them to complex and large data sources like Scopus to understand, navigate and interpret the vast data effectively, revealing key themes in nanocomposite research.
Network graph methodologies further refine the research landscape, highlighting key research nodes, seminal works, and active clusters, with a focus on emerging hubs in the United States, China, and India.
Customized textual analytics tools, akin to platforms like Voyant Tools but uniquely customized, employing natural language processing (NLP), analyze academic content, focusing on microstructural characterization, electrical properties, and mechanical aspects of nanocomposites.
In this work, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis maps the impact of major research publications and thought leaders, identifying foundational research and emerging trends, including the integration of machine learning and AI in nanocomposite design.
The study identifies gaps in understanding of the nanocomposites research, with key gaps being in the areas of durability, stability, and potential toxicity of nanocomposites. Another area of deficit that has been identified is scalability and commercial viability. The trends also identify an increased focus on high-performance batteries and supercapacitors using nanocomposite technologies.
This study also extensively analyzes bibliometrics and sentiments in nanocomposite literature, aiming to reveal the trends and recognition of nanocomposites in academic discourse. Sentiment analysis of abstracts indicates a gradual shift towards more positive sentiment over time, suggesting improvements in researchers' ability to articulate their work or enthusiasm for discoveries. The findings of
This article significantly contributes to a deeper understanding of nanocomposite research topics, interdisciplinary collaborations, and the growing interest in this field. Therefore, this document serves as a guide for both seasoned and new researchers navigating through the complex domain of nanocomposites. By illuminating the current state of the art, identifying research gaps, and forecasting future directions, it aims to pave the way for advancements in the science and technology of nanocomposites.
2. Methodology
2.1. Scopus Database Search Strategy
On October 23, 2023, a detailed search of the Scopus database identified key research areas related to nanocomposites, focusing on their microstructural, electrical, and mechanical characteristics. The search parameters encompassed Titles, Abstracts, and Keywords of articles from all publication dates, used Boolean search techniques with three specific queries: "nanocomposi*" and "Microstructure," "nanocomposi*" and "Electrical properties," and "nanocomposi*" and "Mechanical behavior." This approach facilitated identifaction of a clear view of current research trends in nanocomposites, particularly in fundamental characterization. In the following sections, we analyze this data, highlighting emerging trends and key findings from the research articles.
2.2. Textual Analytics Approach
As stated earlier, This study used proprietary software similar to Voyant Tools for advanced text analytics, focusing on microstructural characterization, electrical properties, and mechanical behavior of nanocomposites in academic literature. Employing natural language processing (NLP), the software refined data, filtered irrelevant terms, and visually presented results. It integrated data into pandas DataFrames and used NLTK modules for text processing. It engaged key NLTK modules, such as PorterStemmer and word tokenizer, for text processing.
The software identified and quantified frequent terms, enabling us to specify the number of terms for analysis or defaulting to the top 10. It also performed temporal data analysis, generating year-specific CSV files and visualizing annual term significance trends. This tool provided insights into the nanocomposite research landscape, emphasizing thematic perspectives.
2.3. Scholarly Literature Analysis on Nanocomposite Themes
We developed a custom-developed software rooted in Python and leveraged libraries such as pandas, NLTK, Gensim, and matplotlib,. The resulting software excelled in tracking the evolution of scholarly literature, conducting sentiment analysis on titles and abstracts, precise topic modeling, and intricate visual representation.
The software starts with data import and refinement, anfd then seamlessly integrates metadata from relevant scholarly articles in CSV format, including parameters like title, abstract, publication year, authors, and publishers. It filters out records with incomplete titles or abstracts, ensuring a high-quality dataset for a thorough review.
Next, the software employs sci-kit-learn methodologies to analyze and visually represent data points such as annual publication counts, author contributions, and the spectrum of publishing entities, enabling us to visualize the historical development of niche domains within nanocomposite themes.
The platform transitioned to thematic modeling using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm. It analyzed titles and abstracts to uncover prominent themes and keywords in nanocomposite literature, highlighting key discourses in this extensive field.
Visualization played a crucial role in the software's capabilities, creating word clouds that reflected identified themes from LDA analysis. These word clouds, along with structured graphical representations, provided layered insights into published works.
Additionally, the software facilitated the generation of comprehensive reports that included textual explanations, tabulated insights, and graphical illustrations, offering readers a comprehensive view of the academic landscape specific to nanocomposite domains.
2.4. Analysis of MAP and NET files
The analysis began using VOSviewer version 1.6.19, focusing on content extracted from titles and abstracts. Three RIS files served as the foundational datasets, and after applying a minimum occurrence threshold of 3, 29,843 terms, encompassing all available terms, were selected. Additional details on this analytical tool can be found in a previous study [61].
Next, the authors deployed their custom-designed software, precisely engineered to process and visually represent data extracted from VOSViewer MAP and NET files. For a comprehensive exploration of the RIS files, a repository has been provided and made available on github (https://github.com/ftir-mc/Nano-MEM).
The software follows a structured workflow, beginning with setup and dependency verification. In cases of missing libraries, it autonomously sources and integrates them for operational efficiency. The user-friendly interface, developed using the Tkinter library, offers an intuitive environment for selecting MAP and NET files for analysis, with transparent directory displays.
Data processing follows data import, with essential libraries in action. The software efficiently imports data from the MAP and NET files into data frames, refining MAP data for clarity. Column designations are optimized for enhanced understanding, and data is organized by parameters such as cluster and Total Link Strength (TLS), with relationships visualized and archived. Additional columns, such as TLS_per_Occ, are introduced based on computational determinants.
In the data organization phase, new columns facilitate in-depth analysis. The primary data frame undergoes segmentation based on variables like cluster and publication year. Salient nodes representing each cluster are systematically extracted and preserved for future analysis.
Visualization is crucial, with the software creating treemaps illustrating node distribution across clusters and bar diagrams highlighting predominant nodes. Enhanced treemaps provide insights into network datasets' intricacies.
The software also conducts extended analysis, including calculating Euclidean distances between nodes, organizing NET data to establish meaningful associations, and applying Tukey's test to identify statistical variances in annual averages among clusters.
All analytical insights, from detailed cluster breakdowns to empirical statistical interpretations, are consolidated into an extensive textual report, serving as a valuable academic reference.
The software includes supplementary features, such as visual displays of random data matrices using Matplotlib, customization of Excel outputs with conditional formatting, and generating a DOCX document consolidating key metrics to enhance users' understanding of data significance.
In summary, this methodology showcases the capabilities of the authors' custom software. Equipped with an intuitive interface and a range of data processing, visualization, and analytical tools, this software is a valuable asset for researchers aiming to extract profound insights from VOSViewer MAP and NET files, particularly in materials science and data mining domains.
2.5. Bibliometric Data Analysis and Visualization Report
This section outlines the methodology used for bibliometric data analysis and visualization, achieved through a custom software tool created by the authors. The software effectively integrates functionalities from prominent Python libraries to reveal relationships among research keywords.
Starting with data collection and preprocessing, the software operates on a dedicated CSV file containing the required bibliometric data. It selectively targets keywords: ".nanocomp." and ".lectrical propert." Additionally, two further combinations were employed: ".nanocomp." and ".echanical behav." and ".nanocomp." and "microstruct." Using the pandas" library, it imports and refines the dataset to include only records associated with these keywords.
Data segmentation follows, with the curated dataset categorized into four distinct groups based on criteria such as Link Strength Between Items or Terms (LSBI), average publication years for the source and target terms ("year_i" and "year_f"), and Euclidean Distance ("DE") between the source and target terms. Segmentation criteria are determined by the top or bottom ten entries within these columns.
Hierarchical clustering plays a central role in the analysis, employing methodologies from the scikit-learn library to group similar data points. The optimal number of clusters is determined using the Elbow Method, enabling the labeling of clusters within the dataset.
The analysis then proceeds to generate network graphs. Each segmented dataset is represented through network graphs created using the NetworkX library. Keywords are depicted as nodes, and their interconnections as edges. Node size corresponds to the frequency of the associated keyword, providing insights into keyword significance.
To enhance clarity, graph visualization incorporates elements such as color differentiation based on cluster labels and edges illustrating Link Strength Between Items (LSBI) and Euclidean Distance (ED) between terms. The matplotlib library ensures vivid and comprehensible graph displays, with options to save visual representations in PNG format.
Data tabulation is integral, with network graphs translated into DataFrame structures and stored in CSV format for further analysis.
The synthesis of findings culminates in a comprehensive report generated with the python-docx library. This report includes an overview of processes, detailed breakdowns of each graph, and an extensive data exploration, focusing on selected keywords. Key findings, including those from the Elbow Method and cluster sizes related to keyword frequencies, are highlighted.
The software significantly enhances analysis by applying hierarchical clustering techniques to bibliometric data, processing both MAP and NET file formats, and consolidating data within a single spreadsheet. User-defined keyword searches enable researchers to explore intricate relationships between keywords and other essential terms.
The software concludes by presenting enhanced visualization and analysis, offering a sequence of network graphs visually depicting keyword interconnections. These graphs include essential data metrics, such as LSBI values, cluster identifiers, average publication years, and term distances, with customization options based on keyword priorities.
In summary, the custom software developed by the authors serves as a powerful tool for exploring and visualizing bibliometric data. Leveraging clustering and network analysis empowers researchers to extract valuable insights, enhancing their understanding of the research domain. This software was employed for all three combinations of nanocomposites with microstructure, mechanical behavior, or electrical properties, forming the basis of the presented review paper.
3. Results and discussions
The Scopus database, a prominent repository of scholarly articles, offers valuable insights into research trends. As of October 23, 2023, a comprehensive review of nanocomposites reveals distinct thematic distributions. Although a general nanocomposites search provides broad insights, additional focusing on Microstructural, Electrical, and Mechanical Characterization of Nanocomposites, uniquely showcases our software ability when investigating with a narrow focus.
Upon analysis, the theme centered on "nanocomposi* AND Microstructure" yielded 13,317 documents, representing approximately 6.36% of all nanocomposites research. Exploring electrical properties through "nanocomposi* AND "Electrical properties" produced 5,370 documents, accounting for about 2.57% of the overall nanocomposites documentation. Additionally, the theme of mechanical behavior, defined by "nanocomposi* AND "Mechanical behavior"," revealed 2,011 documents, constituting roughly 0.96% of the total nanocomposites research corpus.
When comparing these results to the extensive pool of nanocomposite articles totaling 209,012 documents, several insights emerge. Microstructural studies in nanocomposites form a substantial portion, emphasizing the significance of understanding microscopic organization and its correlation with material properties. Electrical properties, although slightly fewer in volume than microstructural studies, remain significant, shedding light on the critical electrical attributes of these composite materials. Lastly, mechanical behavior, occupying a smaller segment among the three thematic areas, remains pivotal, especially when evaluating how nanocomposites respond to various stress conditions.
In conclusion, this analysis highlights that while the field of nanocomposite research is vast and multifaceted, thematic dissection provides a clearer understanding of specific areas of emphasis. The data obtained through this effort underscores the dynamic trajectory of nanocomposite research, emphasizing the importance of microstructure, electrical properties, and mechanical behavior in the ongoing academic discourse.
3.1. Scopus Database Search Strategy
Analyzing the Scopus database reveals central themes in nanocomposite research, as illustrated in Figure 1.
From the late 1970s to the 1990s, the term "nanocomposite" was relatively infrequent, indicating the early stages of this field. However, a notable increase in usage emerged in the mid-1990s, aligning with the growing importance of nanotechnology. The 21st century we have witnessed a significant surge in this term, reaching its peak between 2018 and 2022, followed by a slight decline.
The term "properties" mirrored this trend, reflecting a heightened focus on understanding nanocomposites' inherent attributes. In contrast, "composite" showed a more gradual rise, indicative of general discussions on composites before the dominance of nanoscale considerations.
Technically, terms such as "mechan," "microstructure," and "electr" (likely "electrical") gained prominence in the 1990s. The emphasis on "microstructure" underscores the importance of understanding the microscale arrangement of nanocomposites. Simultaneously, the prominence of "mechan" and "electr" suggests intensified investigations into the mechanical and electrical properties of nanocomposites.
While "increase" had limited prominence, "film" saw a notable rise from the 1990s, peaking in the 2010s. This likely reflects research on nanocomposite films, which are vital for applications like coatings and barrier materials. The term "effect," although initially subdued, exhibited consistent growth, indicating interest in understanding the consequences and potential applications of nanocomposites.
The term "structur" (likely "structure") became more prominent from the late 1980s onward, highlighting the foundational interest in comprehending the structure of nanocomposites and its implications for properties and applications.
The WordCloud in Figure 1 visually represents recurring terms in nanocomposite research. For the "Microstructure" theme, the term itself holds prominence, emphasizing its pivotal role. Microstructural characterization aims to provide insights into aspects like arrangement, morphology, and phase distribution. Supplementary terms such as "size," "layer," "scan electron," and "microscopy" underscore the reliance on tools like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for microstructural elucidation.
In the context of "Electrical properties," terms like "electron," "conduct," and "dielectric" highlight the electrical behavior of nanocomposites. Introducing nanofillers can enhance electrical properties, and the term "dielectric" suggests studies on materials under external electric fields, which are crucial for capacitive and insulative applications.
Concerning "Mechanical behavior," terms like "mechan," "strength," "modulus," and "resist" are salient. They collectively emphasize efforts to comprehend the mechanical responses of nanocomposites, including their influence on attributes like tensile strength, modulus, and toughness.
In summary, this analysis outlines the multifaceted trajectory of nanocomposites research. The fusion of advanced characterization techniques with data analysis has yielded profound insights into the intricate relationships among microstructure, electrical properties, and mechanical behavior in nanocomposites. The data underscores the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of nanocomposite research.
3.2. Textual Analytics Approach
Figure 2 provides insights into collaborations among scholars in the nanocomposites field. It outlines the top ten collaborations based on citations, indicating the frequency of joint publications by author pairs. Notably, Sekino, Tohru, and Niihara, Koichi emerged as prominent collaborators with 30 joint publications, signifying a robust scholarly partnership. Chang, W.C. is also notable for contributing prolifically, highlighting the significance of collaborative research in knowledge dissemination.
Figure 3 presents the top ten most cited articles in nanocomposite research, showcasing titles, authors, publication years, and citation counts. "High-thermoelectric performance of nanostructured bismuth antimony telluride bulk alloys" stands out with 4,778 citations, underscoring its seminal impact. The temporal distribution of articles suggests heightened interest in nanocomposites from 2002 to 2011, possibly due to advancements in characterization techniques or recognition of nanocomposites" potential in various applications. The diverse topics within these articles, from thermoelectric properties to bio-inspired design, exemplify the versatility and interdisciplinary nature of nanocomposite research.
Figure 4 lists the top 10 most cited articles related to nanocomposites published in the last five years, highlighting critical parameters: title, authors, publication year, and citation count.
Notably, the article by Xie P. et al. 2021 on "Hierarchically porous Co/C nanocomposites for ultralight high-performance microwave absorption" leads with 338 citations, indicative of a resurgence of interest in the nanocomposite field. EMI shielding properties are a recurring theme in the second, fifth, and ninth most cited articles, emphasizing their relevance in modern electronics. The article by Wang K. et al. in 2019 explores bioinspired structures for flexible pressure sensors, reflecting interdisciplinary research trends. Additionally, a 2020 publication by Kürnsteiner P. et al. on "High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing" highlights the fusion of ancient techniques with nanotechnology. Lastly, the work by Qi G. et al. in 2021 emphasizes sustainable research practices using waste materials.
Figure 5 reveals distinct patterns in funding sources by country, offering insights into the current state of nanocomposite research globally.
China takes the lead with an impressive 7,669 occurrences, showcasing its significant investment in nanocomposite research. This dominance reflects China"s robust commitment to innovation and technological advancement, bolstered by its substantial economy.
India follows as a distant second with 1,109 occurrences, signaling its growing presence in the global research community. India’s emphasis on advanced materials aligns with its expanding industrial sector and diverse research interests.
The dataset also highlights contributions from countries across continents. Russia, Canada, and Iran closely follow, with occurrences ranging from 364 to 335, demonstrating a global interest in nanocomposites beyond regional boundaries.
Countries like Taiwan, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia, though with fewer occurrences, make substantial contributions, emphasizing the global recognition of nanocomposites' significance.
European countries like Austria, Germany, France, Czech Republic, Romania, and Spain also feature, showcasing Europe’s continued commitment to pioneering research.
Notably, countries less commonly associated with global research, such as Qatar, Egypt, and Ukraine, appear, indicating a democratization of research efforts and a more inclusive global research landscape.
Figure 6 illustrates the evolution of academic publications across nine different languages from 1970 to 2020, shedding light on the diverse landscape of research languages.
From 1970 to 1985, English stood as the sole language of academic research, a testament to its historical role as the predominant language in academia and the substantial investments of English-speaking countries in research and development.
In the 1990s, English continued to grow, and Chinese began to make its presence felt in academic research, reflecting globalization trends and China"s increasing economic and technological influence.
The 2000s witnessed a significant surge in English and Chinese publications, driven by globalization, technological advancements, and Asia"s rising prominence in research.
From 2010 to 2020, English maintained its dominance, but there was a subtle decline by 2020. Chinese research also decelerated, suggesting a possible shift in priorities. Other languages like Korean, Italian, and Croatian made modest appearances, indicating diversification in academic research.
Figure 6 provides a comprehensive view of how academic research languages have evolved over five decades, with implications for broader global socio-economic, technological, and geopolitical transformations.
Additionally, extensive data on countries producing academic articles related to specific chemicals associated with nanocomposites reflects the global landscape of research in this field:
China leads with an astounding 7,072 articles where a specific chemical is not declared (notated as "nan"). China’s research is diverse, encompassing chemicals like graphite, water, hydroxyapatite, cellulose, and more, demonstrating a comprehensive approach to nanocomposite research.
India follows with 1,035 "nan" articles, focusing on hydroxyapatite, biocompatible materials, graphite, chitosan, and anti-bacterial agents.
Russia"s research, represented by 349 "nan" articles, emphasizes biocompatible materials, capsules, and magnetite nanoparticles, along with niche chemicals like erythropoietin.
Other countries like Canada, Iran, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia have distinct chemical focuses, reflecting regional interests and industrial applications.
Figure 7 portrays the sentiment trends in academic titles from 1990 to 2024, offering insights into evolving academic cultures, research focuses, and potential global influences.
A glance at the scatter plot with error bars reveals a consistent sentiment mean hovering near neutrality, with slight fluctuations over the years. These error bars, indicating standard deviations, show that while individual titles may vary in sentiment, the overall outlook remains balanced.
The regression line, represented by the equation y = -2.690 + 0.001x, indicates a subtle positive slope, suggesting a gradual increase in sentiment over time. However, this increase is relatively small, reaffirming the predominantly neutral nature of academic titles.
The R² value of 0.445 indicates that about 44.5% of sentiment variability can be attributed to publication year, emphasizing the influence of other external factors beyond temporal changes.
Further examination in the "Global Statistics for Titles" table reveals that from 1990 to 2024, 19,645 titles were analyzed. The average sentiment across these titles is 0.052343, confirming the prevalence of a neutral tone. The standard deviation of 0.166729 reinforces the consistency in this neutrality.
The general neutrality in academic titles may stem from the objective nature of scientific research, requiring a factual and impartial tone. While major global events or technological advancements may have briefly influenced sentiment, these effects have been balanced by other factors, resulting in a median sentiment trajectory.
Figure 8 provides a temporal analysis of sentiment trends in academic abstracts from 1990 to 2024, employing advanced textual analytics to uncover underlying sentiment patterns.
The scatter plot, accompanied by error bars, indicates a consistent sentiment above neutrality throughout the studied period. The error bars represent data variability, highlighting that while abstracts generally maintain a positive sentiment, there are fluctuations from year to year. Some notably long error bars indicate years with more significant sentiment divergence in abstracts.
The regression line, described by y = -21.484 + 0.011x and boasting an impressive R² value 0.777, depicts a gentle, positive slope. This suggests a gradual shift towards more positive sentiment over time, indicating that researchers are becoming better at expressing the significance of their work or their enthusiasm for their findings.
Global statistics reveal that among 19,352 abstracts from 1990 to 2024, the mean sentiment is 0.638771, with a standard deviation of 0.343021. The relatively high mean sentiment confirms a preference for positive expression in academic abstracts within this domain. The standard deviation underscores the range of sentiment expressions present in the corpus despite the prevalent positivity.
Comparing titles and abstracts, abstracts exhibit a more pronounced positive sentiment. This difference in sentiment dynamics can be attributed to the nature of these textual elements. While titles are concise summaries, abstracts offer a deeper exploration of methodologies, findings, and implications, allowing authors to convey their results and breakthroughs with more depth and emotion.
In conclusion, sentiment trends in abstracts reflect an environment of progressive optimism and notable breakthroughs in nanocomposite research. This meticulous text analytics approach provides valuable insights into the evolving mindset of the academic community. The increasing positive sentiment trajectory signifies not only advancements in research but also growing confidence in communicating these achievements.
3.3. Scholarly Literature Analysis on Nanocomposite Themes
In Figure 9, the data generated through Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) reveals the multifaceted nature of nanocomposite research topics within scholarly literature titles. This algorithmic analysis uncovers the primary thematic directions shaping contemporary discourse in the field.
Title topic 1 centers on the analytical and functional aspects of nanocomposites. Terms like "activity," "analysis," and "sensor" highlight a focus on practical applications, particularly in sensing and photocatalysis. The term "conductive" underscores interest in the electronic properties of nanocomposites, suggesting potential in advanced electronics and optoelectronics. Title topic 2 emphasizes synthesis, performance enhancement, and materials like graphene. Research in this area aims to improve nanocomposite performance, often by leveraging exceptional materials like graphene. Title topic 3 delves into the microstructural and mechanical attributes of nanocomposites. Words like "property," "mechanical," "microstructure," and "behavior" signify a keen interest in understanding and manipulating microscale physical characteristics and their influence on overall mechanical behavior. Subsequent topics reveal diverse research directions. Topics 4 and 5 focus on "composite," "matrix," and "coating," indicating research into integrating nanoscale components into matrices or surfaces for improved structural or protective properties. Topic 6 highlights the importance of "film" and "thin" nanocomposite films, applicable in various fields from electronics to coatings. Topic 7 explores carbon nanotubes' role in composites, emphasizing their reinforcing capabilities. Topic 8 showcases nanocomposites" multifunctional attributes, including electrical, thermal, and optical properties, reflecting a multidisciplinary approach. The ninth topic underscores the rigorous procedures involved in nanocomposite synthesis and characterization. In contrast, the final topic touches on the intersection of magnetism with nanocomposites, hinting at applications in areas like medical imaging and data storage.
Figure 10 provides illustrative word clouds for ten distinct topics derived from scientific literature abstracts. The word size represents word prominence within each topic, offering quantitative insights into dominant terms for a comprehensive understanding of each topic's relative importance.
Topic 1 primarily revolves around microscopy techniques for nanomaterial characterization. Terms like "electron," "composite," and "microscopy" suggest a focus on Electron Microscopy (EM) and advanced characterization methods like diffraction and spectroscopy. Topic 2 delves into nanocomposite mechanical properties, with terms like "mechanical," "property," and "strain" highlighting research on mechanical resilience and behavior. "Model" and "study" indicate theoretical and empirical frameworks. Topic 3 centers on biomedical applications, featuring words like "membrane," "scaffold," "hydrogel," and "cell." "Photocatalytic" hints at light-induced catalysis for therapeutic or environmental use. Topic 4 explores optoelectronic aspects, with "optical," "temperature," and "electrical" suggesting investigations into thermal, electrical, and optical properties, often involving materials like Zinc Oxide (ZnO). Topic 5 focuses on thin film technologies, emphasizing "film" and "coating." Research may involve deposition techniques, substrate exploration, and surface morphology studies. Topic 6 revolves around electrical conductivity, with "carbon" and "polymer" indicating research on polymer-based nanocomposites reinforced with carbon fillers, potentially enhancing conductivity. Topic 7 highlights structural properties, possibly in metallic or ceramic composites, featuring terms like "grain," "phase," "microstructure," "alloy," and "magnetic." Topic 8 delves into nanoscale phenomena, with "particle" and "size" indicating studies on nanoparticle synthesis, size-dependent properties, and their influence. Topic 9 centers on high-performance materials, especially those incorporating graphene. "High," "performance," "material," "sensor," and "electrode" suggest efforts to enhance material properties and applications. Topic 10 emphasizes nanocomposite mechanical robustness, with "mechanical," "strength," "tensile," and "modulus," highlighting research into tensile strength and modulus enhancement.
These topics reflect the diverse and expanding interest in nanocomposites across various fields, including materials science, electronics, and biomedicine.
3.4. Analysis of MAP and NET files
Analysis of MAP and NET files is a pivotal aspect of bibliometric network analysis, particularly within the scope of VOSviewer. This analysis unveils the intricate interplay between Total Link Strength (TLS) and the frequency of specific terms. This quantitative exploration delivers invaluable qualitative insights into the research landscape.
TLS, in the context of VOSviewer, encapsulates an item's connectivity and influence within a network, while occurrences quantify how often a term appears in the dataset. The relationship between these two metrics is elucidated in Figure 11, where each data point signifies a unique term"s position based on its occurrence frequency and cumulative link strength.
The most notable aspect of this analysis is the exceptionally high R² value of 0.998, indicating a strong correlation. Essentially, as the occurrence of a term increases, its TLS proportionally increases. This finding suggests that terms with higher frequencies are not only popular but also centrally connected within the network, signifying their importance.
However, outliers in the scatter plot, characterized by high occurrences but relatively lower TLS, warrant scrutiny. These outliers may represent emerging or niche concepts that, despite frequent discussion, still need to integrate into the broader network of established terms.
Context plays a role in interpreting this data. Nascent research domains may experience rapid term surges as foundational concepts are explored. As the domain matures, a more interconnected network of terms may emerge, resulting in a more uniform distribution of TLS and occurrences.
Figure 12 offers a detailed glimpse into the thematic clustering of terms in materials science, where clusters are formed based on shared terms, illuminating collaborative research trends within this field.
Cluster 1 revolves around surface characteristics, morphology, and electrical properties, reflecting a growing interest in electrical attributes of materials during 2016.3, possibly driven by advancements in electronic applications. Cluster 2 emphasizes the mechanical aspects of materials, particularly microstructure and mechanical properties. The focus on optimizing material strength and performance is evident, with a significant occurrence of "microstructure" in 2014.9. Cluster 3 highlights nanocomposites and their enhanced properties, with a surge in interest around 2015.6, possibly due to technological advancements enabling more sophisticated synthesis. Cluster 4 explores methodologies and specific nanomaterials, like carbon nanotubes, with "carbon nanotube" having 1911 mentions. These unique materials may hold promise for various industrial applications. Cluster 5 underscores the importance of characterization techniques, particularly electron microscopy, in understanding material structure, focusing on the mid-2010s. Cluster 6 delves into practical applications and their implications, with a more recent emphasis, possibly shifting from theoretical understanding to real-world use. Cluster 7 centers on nanoparticle integration into films, hinting at applications spanning electronics to coatings. Cluster 8 examines material properties, including resonant frequencies in technological applications, around 2016-2017. Cluster 9 focuses on membrane technologies, particularly improving water affinity properties for filtration and separation performances. Cluster 10 pertains to construction materials and their properties, aiming to enhance mechanical resilience during 2015-2017. Cluster 11 explores thermoelectric properties, focusing on materials that convert temperature differences into electric voltage, which is relevant for sustainable energy solutions. Cluster 12 encompasses various topics, including material properties of liquid solder alloys around 2016. Cluster 13 emphasizes advanced material characterization techniques, with a heightened focus during 2016-2019. Cluster 14 centers on innovative methodologies and their outcomes in material science, with a surge in novel approaches around 2015-2016. Cluster 15 delved into microscopic material characterization, mainly using scanning electron microscopy, around 2016.
In conclusion, Figure 12 unveils diverse research themes in materials science, reflecting evolving frontiers and the pursuit of knowledge and innovation within the scientific community.
Figure 13 provides a comprehensive overview of recent terms within diverse clusters, offering insights into evolving trends in materials science.
Cluster 1 emphasizes optical properties and spectroscopy techniques, reflecting a growing interest in materials" interaction with light, possibly due to advancements in optoelectronics. Cluster 2 focuses on hybrid and strengthened materials, emphasizing mechanical properties crucial for industries like aerospace and automotive. Cluster 3 highlights nanotechnology and material properties, with a surge in interest in carbon nanotubes and related properties. Cluster 4 delves into material durability and bonding properties, mentioning the specialized "Digimat software" for material modeling. Cluster 5 explores advanced fabrication and surface treatment techniques significant for applications like thin-film deposition and tribology. Cluster 6 intersects with biocompatible materials and their interactions, which are essential for medical applications. Cluster 7 relates to electronics and energy storage, highlighting novel material structures for energy devices or sensors. Cluster 8 signifies advancements in materials with heightened piezoelectric capacities relevant to renewable energy and energy-efficient designs. Cluster 9 centers on methodologies and material synthesis, focusing on membrane technology and moisture sorption for water purification.
Cluster 10 emphasizes nanotechnology challenges, particularly nanomaterial dispersion and composite material optimization. Cluster 11 underlines energy conservation and effective energy transition in materials, potentially in advanced ceramics or semiconductors. Cluster 12 suggests a broader acceptance of research methodologies or findings, referencing advanced materials. Cluster 13 showcases hybrid nanocomposites and materials with enhanced performance, reflecting evolving material science trends. Cluster 14 explores materials for extreme conditions relevant to nuclear or high-energy applications. Cluster 15 covers foundational research, highlighting methodological advancements and the relationship between material microstructure and performance. In conclusion, these clusters unveil a chronological narrative of research trajectories, reflecting the scientific community's pursuit of knowledge, innovation, and technological advancements in materials science.
Figure 14 offers insights into the top five pairs of terms based on their LSBI values, highlighting emerging relationships and research themes within a specific academic domain.
The pair "microstructure vs. nanocomposite," originating in 2014.95 and 2015.63, boasts an LSBI of 3796 and an Euclidean distance of 0.39. This suggests a strong connection between these terms, indicative of a growing interest in understanding how nanocomposites and microstructures interact. Next, "effect vs. microstructure," with origins in 2015.72 and 2014.95, exhibits an LSBI of 3552 and an Euclidean distance of 0.23. This pairing reflects a significant link between studying effects and microstructures during this timeframe. The "effect vs. nanocomposite" pair, emerging in 2015.72 and 2015.63, has an LSBI of 2883 and an Euclidean distance of 0.26, indicating a focus on the impact of effects on nanocomposites. The fourth pair, "mechanical property vs. microstructure," from 2015.48 and 2014.95, has an LSBI of 2462 and a Euclidean distance of 0.47. This pairing suggests research efforts in correlating microstructures with mechanical properties. Lastly, "composite vs. microstructure," originating in 2015.52 and 2014.95, carries an LSBI of 2128 and an Euclidean distance of 0.33, reflecting academic exploration into the relationships between composites and microstructures. In summary, Figure 14 unveils the complexities and research directions within a specific context, shedding light on scholarly pursuits related to effects, properties, and compositions concerning microstructures and nanocomposites. This portrayal emphasizes evolving research paradigms and invites further exploration of contextual factors and industry demands that may have influenced these academic trajectories.
Figure 15 provides an in-depth exploration of term relationships within optics and materials science. This data is distilled into five significant term pairs, revealing temporal dynamics and topological closeness using the Euclidean distance and Link Strength Between Items (LSBI).
The first pair, "optical window vs. uv visible region," emerged in 2023.67 and 2023.0, indicating a growing focus on light permeability, possibly within the ultraviolet and visible spectrum. With an LSBI of 2, these terms are firmly linked, and the minimal Euclidean distance of 0.17 suggests subtle contextual variations or closely related subdomains. This proximity may signify an emerging trend or innovation in this specific domain during that period. The next pair, "optical window vs. zno photoelectrode," originating in 2023.67 and 2022.33, reflects advancing research on zinc oxide-based photoelectrodes, likely in photovoltaic or photoelectrochemical cells, and their optical properties. The LSBI of 2 and a minimal Euclidean distance of 0.03 indicate near-synonymous usage, highlighting significant overlap in associated research areas. The third pairing, "optical window vs. znogo," with origins in 2023.67 and 2021.75, suggests exploring optical characteristics related to the "znogo" compound or material. The LSBI is similar to the previous pair, but the increased Euclidean distance of 0.32 suggests a broader contextual separation, potentially indicating diverse applications or expanding research scope. In the fourth pairing, "optical window vs. pdlc," a more significant temporal gap is observed from 2023.67 to 2020. This may indicate a resurgence of the Polymeric Liquid Crystal Display (PDLC) technology and its optical attributes. An LSBI of 1 suggests a moderate correlation, while a substantial Euclidean distance of 0.43 implies distinctions in applications or research objectives. Finally, "optical window vs. optoelectronic application," originating in 2023.67 and 2019.45, demonstrates the widest temporal difference among the pairs. This pairing likely explores various optoelectronic applications of optical windows, enhancing electronic or photonic device performance. The significant Euclidean distance of 0.47, combined with an LSBI of 2, suggests a deep-rooted yet expansive connection. In summary, Figure 15 unveils the intricate relationships among pivotal terms in optics and materials science. These relationships, considering both temporal emergence and interconnectedness, offer valuable insights into evolving research trajectories and potential technological innovations in the field. This analysis emphasizes the importance of monitoring these dynamics to foster a comprehensive understanding of the field's progress.
3.5. Bibliometric Data Analysis and Visualization Report
Figure 16 presents a concise visualization of the optimal cluster number determination using the Elbow Method across three vital datasets: "nanocomposites and microstructure," "nanocomposites and mechanical behavior," and "nanocomposites and electrical properties." This method aids in pinpointing the ideal number of clusters, signifying where additional clusters cease to reduce percentage variance significantly.
For the "nanocomposites and mechanical behavior" dataset, the Elbow Method reveals that a 10-cluster model effectively captures around 90.53% of the explained variance. Beyond this point, the model"s efficiency plateaus, indicating that 10 clusters represent the underlying structure in the mechanical behavior data.
Similarly, "nanocomposites and microstructure" analysis benefits from a 10-cluster configuration, explaining an impressive 92.69% variance. The clear transition from a steep incline to a gradual progression underlines the significance of the 10-cluster configuration in encapsulating microstructural aspects effectively.
In the domain of "nanocomposites and electrical properties," a parallel trend emerges, with a 10-cluster arrangement capturing approximately 90.92% of the explained variance. The trajectory of this dataset mirrors the prior two, reinforcing the diminishing returns beyond the 10-cluster threshold.
These outcomes prompt contemplation of potential contextual factors. The intricate nature of nanocomposites, involving multiple compositional elements and properties, may lead to shared behavioral patterns. This convergence could result from shared research methodologies, everyday materials, or shared challenges.
Furthermore, bibliometric data nuances, such as frequently researched themes or prevailing trends, may lead to keyword concentration around specific topics. This could explain the consistent emergence of the 10-cluster model across the three datasets.
3.5.1. Nanocomposites & Electrical properties
In the realm of Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties, Figure 17 provides a complex visual representation that highlights the relationships between research terms, primarily through Link Strength Between Items (LSBI) values and average publication years. The central term, "nanocomposite," is a crucial node connecting various related terminologies.
Significant findings include the strong association between "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," with an LSBI of 3796 and an average publication year of 2015.29, indicating a profound interest in understanding how microstructural attributes influence nanocomposite properties during that period.
Moreover, the connection between "nanocomposite" and "electrical property," characterized by an LSBI of 1959 and an average publication year of 2015.955, reveals a recent research focus on the electrical aspects of nanocomposites. The link with "effect," having an LSBI of 2883 and an average publication year of 2015.68, indicates extensive investigations into the influence of nanocomposites on various properties, including electrical characteristics.
Additionally, the connection between "effect" and "electrical property," with an LSBI of 1288 and an average publication year of 2016, emphasizes the growing attention given to discerning the specific effects of nanocomposites on electrical properties.
Figure 18 delves into closer relationships between terms related to Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties, revealing valuable insights. For instance, a strong connection between "nanocomposite material" and "paper," with an average year of 2014.565, suggests pivotal research in 2014 concerning nanocomposite materials.
The relationship between "pp nanocomposite" and "pure pp," with an average year of 2014.625, underscores the heightened research focus during this period on distinguishing between PP nanocomposites and pure PP.
Connections between various nanocomposite formulations and their associated properties, ranging from 2011 to 2020, illustrate the evolving nature of nanocomposite research. For instance, the "zno nio" and "zno nio nanocomposite" terms in 2020 signify expanded research into the broader applications of these nanocomposites.
Figure 19 concentrates on the newest terms related to Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties. Notably, "crosslinking time" emerges as a critical parameter influencing nanocomposites. The connection between "crosslinking time" and "nanocomposite material" suggests significant research around 2018, highlighting the critical role of crosslinking in nanocomposite investigations.
Furthermore, nanocomposites exhibit strong associations with "energy storage properties," "equal channel angular pressing," and "dimensional mesh structure," reflecting the multifaceted nature of recent nanocomposite studies.
Additionally, links between nanocomposites and "optical window" and "uv-vis analytical spectroscopy" signify research into the electrical-optical behaviors of nanocomposites, potentially within optoelectronic devices.
In summary, this analysis illuminates key trends in Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties research. Recent studies emphasize understanding the relationships between nanocomposite materials and their electrical attributes. Crosslinking time plays a pivotal role in shaping nanocomposite properties. Explorations into energy storage and electrical-optical behaviors represent significant areas of investigation. Collaborations among experts in materials science, electrical engineering, and analytical techniques can drive innovations in nanocomposite research, advancing the field into new frontiers.
3.5.2. Nanocomposites & Mechanical behavior
In Nanocomposites and Mechanical Behavior, Figure 20 offers a comprehensive view of the connections between research terms, primarily through Link Strength Between Items (LSBI) values. Central to this analysis is the term "nanocomposite," a hub for various related terminologies.
Key findings include a significant link between "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," marked by a substantial LSBI value of 3796. This connection underscores the importance of microstructural details in shaping nanocomposites" properties. The average publication year for this connection centers around 2015, indicating sustained interest during that period.
Furthermore, "effect" plays a crucial role in nanocomposite research, with an LSBI value of 2883 for the link between "effect" and "nanocomposite." This signifies extensive exploration into the consequences of incorporating nanoparticles into different matrices.
The focus extends to nanocomposites' properties, encompassing both "mechanical" and "electrical" aspects, as indicated by the robust association between "nanocomposite" and "mechanical property," characterized by an LSBI of 1941.
Terms like "addition" and "increase" also hold importance, with LSBI values of 1801, suggesting the incorporation of various substances or nanoparticles to enhance base material properties.
The role of analytical techniques is prominent, as terms like "x-ray diffraction," "XRD," and "sem" underscore the significance of advanced analytical methods in understanding nanocomposite structure and morphology.
Interdisciplinary connections are abundant, with terms like "composite," "matrix," "morphology," "sample," and "structure" having varying LSBI values, illustrating the comprehensive research framework in which nanocomposites are studied.
In essence, the network of connections revolving around "nanocomposite" provides a vivid depiction of the extensive research landscape it encompasses. This narrative highlights nanocomposites' pivotal role in modern materials science, particularly their mechanical behavior. Researchers take a multifaceted approach to unravel the complexities of nanocomposites, leading to innovations in various applications.
Figure 21 delves into closer relationships between terms related to Nanocomposites and Mechanical Behavior, revealing significant insights. For example, a robust connection exists between "nanocomposite material" and "paper," indicating substantial academic publishing in nanocomposites, emphasizing around 2014.
The data analysis reveals significant findings in nanocomposites and their mechanical behavior. The initial dataset highlights a strong connection between "nanocomposite material" and "paper," indicating substantial academic research, particularly around 2014.
Another noteworthy observation is the relationship between "pp nanocomposite" and "pure pp," indicating the study of polypropylene (PP)-based nanocomposites derived from pure PP. This relationship, although modest with an LSBI value of 7, points to extensive documentation in the literature.
The emergence of PBAT nanocomposites becomes evident through the connection between "butylene adipate co terephthalate" (PBAT) and "pbat nanocomposite," signifying the evolution of PBAT-based nanocomposites, particularly around 2018.
A complex network segment surrounds "al2o3 tin nanocomposite," linking to various nodes such as "finer tin particle size," "superior electrical conducting behavior," "in-situ nitridation," and various powders. This suggests a thorough exploration of the properties, synthesis methods, and applications of alumina-tin nanocomposites, primarily around 2009.
The term "carbon nanofiber polystyrene nanocomposite" connects to concepts like "electromagnetic shielding capability," "nanofiber aspect ratio," and "processing energy," implying investigations into its mechanical attributes, processing methodologies, and potential applications, predominantly around 2013.
Lastly, "zno nio nanocomposite" is linked to its base components, "zno nio," indicating recent research into zinc oxide-nickel oxide nanocomposites, notably in 2020.
Figure 22 visually represents the relationships between various terminologies in nanocomposites and their mechanical behavior, focusing on the latest terms. It provides insights into evolving research trends, collaborations, literature gaps, and patterns, concentrating on terms like "nanocomp.*" and ".*echanical behav.*."
The data emphasizes the significance of crosslinking time in nanocomposite research, particularly towards the end of the second decade of the 21st century. The robust connection between crosslinking time and the general term "nanocomposite" suggests recurrent exploration of how crosslinking durations impact nanocomposite properties, with an average year around 2019.44.
There is a notable correlation between nanocomposites and their energy storage properties, indicating potential advancements in energy storage solutions, possibly in advanced batteries or supercapacitors. Simultaneously, there is a trend towards multifunctional nanocomposites, emphasizing materials that offer multiple benefits, optimizing performance and cost.
The relationship between nanocomposites and terms like "equal channel angular pressing," "dimensional mesh structure," and "brass matrix" suggests a deep dive into the mechanical processes involved in nanocomposite formulation. Additionally, advanced analytical techniques such as "field emission scanning electron spectroscopy" are highlighted, underscoring the need for high-resolution structural and morphological analysis.
Emerging trends point towards integrating nanocomposites into specialized domains. For instance, the connection between "nanocomposite fiber" and "optical window" suggests potential applications in optoelectronics. Terms like "zoi" (Zone of inhibition) bridge the gap between hybrid nanocomposites and bio-nanocomposite films, hinting at possible biocompatible or bio-derived nanocomposite materials.
In summary, this data unveils the dynamic landscape of nanocomposite research, progressing from fundamental studies in the early 2010s to more specialized investigations. The field demonstrates relentless innovation, focusing on crosslinking time, energy storage, multifunctionality, and specialized applications. Researchers are encouraged to address gaps in optimizing crosslinking times, explore multifunctional nanocomposites, and integrate nanocomposites into various applications. The potential of nanocomposites in shaping a sustainable technological future is undeniable, and continued research in this domain is essential.
3.5.3. Nanocomposites & Microstructure
In the context of nanocomposites and their mechanical properties, a presented bibliometric study, depicted in Figure 23, provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationships among various research terms and their associated parameters. At the core of this analysis lies the Link Strength Between Items or Terms (LSBI), offering a quantitative measure of these associations.
Within this intricate network of research concepts, the study uncovers numerous relationships, shedding light on the interconnected nature of terms in the field. The central focus of this examination revolves around "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," which exhibit a wide array of connections to various thematic areas, emphasizing their pivotal roles in multidisciplinary research.
The initial dataset highlights a robust connection between "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," characterized by an LSBI value of 3796 and a DE of 0.39. This strong association signifies a profound correlation between the detailed arrangement of internal constituents (microstructure) and materials enhanced with nanoscale reinforcements (nanocomposites). The average year of this correlation, approximately 2015.29, suggests that this relationship has gained notable significance in recent years, marking a surge in understanding how microstructural characteristics influence nanocomposite properties and performance.
Further exploration of "microstructure" reveals diverse connections, including a robust link with "effect" (LSBI: 3552), indicating substantial research into how microstructures influence or are influenced by various external and internal factors. Additionally, a strong connection with "mechanical property" (LSBI: 2462) underscores the pivotal role of microstructure in determining material mechanical behavior. "Composite," with an LSBI of 2128, delineates the fundamental interplay between material microstructures and composite materials. Moreover, connections with "addition," "property," "x-ray diffraction," "XRD," "SEM," and "sample" represent the comprehensive scope of microstructural studies, from material property evaluations to intricate analysis techniques.
As we shift our focus to "nanocomposite," its dynamic interactions with various terms mirror its versatility. For instance, the connection with "effect" (LSBI: 2883) echoes studies on the impact of integrating nano-reinforcements into composites. "Composite" emerges as a direct relation with an LSBI of 2066, highlighting the foundational connection between conventional composites and their nanoscale counterparts. A link with "electrical property" (LSBI: 1959) offers insight into the exploration of nanocomposites in electronic and electrical applications. Other prominent connections encompass "mechanical property," "addition," and "property," revealing the multifaceted nature of nanocomposite research.
These intricate relationships between "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," along with their associated nodes, underscore the complex interdependencies within the research domain. These strong interconnections hint at an integrated approach where understanding the micro-level intricacies of materials profoundly shapes the properties and applications of advanced nanocomposites at the nano-level.
The data paints a vibrant picture of a scientific domain characterized by interconnectedness and continuous evolution. One plausible scenario entails the development of advanced nanocomposites tailored for specific applications, driven by a deep understanding of their microstructure. This could lead to innovations in sectors ranging from aerospace to electronics, where material performance is paramount.
Figure 24 illustrates relationships among closely related terms in nanocomposites and microstructure, employing the Euclidean distance metric to reveal intricate interactions primarily centered on nanocomposites and their microstructure.
In the expansive realm of scientific research, network graphs, like the one presented, serve as potent tools to uncover subtle relationships and trends within complex datasets. In this exploration of bibliometric data, the primary focus is on nanocomposites and microstructural features.
Nanocomposite Material and its Relations: The initial dataset draws attention to the association between "nanocomposite material" and "paper." With an average year value of 2014.565 and a substantial LSBI value of 49, it is clear that research papers and publications discussing nanocomposite materials have notably increased during this period. This mirrors the global interest in nanocomposites due to their enhanced mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.
A noteworthy link surfaces between "pp nanocomposite" and "pure pp," with an average year value 2014.625. Polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites have gained attention for their improved mechanical strength and barrier properties compared to pure PP counterparts. The LSBI value of 7 suggests a moderate connection, indicating ongoing research in modifying polypropylene with nanomaterials.
Delving into Microstructural Themes: Notable connections from around 1995 involve "mo grain," "novel microstructural feature," and "mo particle." These connections underscore a specific interest in the microstructural attributes of molybdenum (Mo) during this period, shedding light on material behavior through microstructural analysis.
Evolution of Nanocomposite Research: The connection between "butylene adipate co terephthalate" and "PBAT nanocomposite," with an average year value of 2018.685, points to recent advancements in polymer-blend nanocomposites. PBAT, a biodegradable copolyester, holds promise for sustainable and high-performance materials in nanocomposite form.
An intriguing cluster centered around "Al2O3 tin nanocomposite" in 2009 reveals connections to terms like "bm powder," "finer tin particle size," "pn powder," "situ nitridation," and "superior electrical conducting behavior." This suggests intensive studies on the electrical and structural properties of Al2O3-Tin-based nanocomposites during that time.
Emerging Themes in Nanocomposite Research: Notably, the link between "carbon nanofiber polystyrene nanocomposite" and associated properties and applications, such as "electromagnetic shielding capability," points to 2013. This suggests that incorporating carbon nanofibers into polystyrene matrices may enhance the material"s ability to shield against electromagnetic interference, particularly significant in the electronics industry.
In summary, a nuanced examination of the connections in this bibliometric dataset reveals several patterns. The persistent evolution of nanocomposite research from the 1990s to today underscores its significance in material science. The shift from foundational studies on microstructural properties in the "90s to application-driven research in electromagnetic shielding and sustainable materials in the 2010s reflects the field"s maturation.
Figure 25 presents a bibliometric network graph, showcasing intricate relationships among various nanocomposite and microstructure terms, focusing on the newest terms. This analysis reveals evolving research trends, collaborations, and emerging patterns.
In nanocomposite research, this bibliometric analysis delves into the intricate associations between various nanocomposite-related terms, focusing on their mechanical properties. The study employs network graph methodologies to elucidate these connections, revealing the term "crosslinking time" as a nexus point that frequently co-occurs with "nanocomposite," "microstructure," and "nanocomposite material." This indicates a concentration of scholarly attention between 2018 and 2020.
The linkage between "optical window" and "surface microstructure," with an average mention year close to 2020, signals an active area of research that probes into nanocomposites' visual and surface characteristics. Moreover, "energy storage properties" emerge prominently within the literature, often in conjunction with "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," which underscores the increasing significance of nanocomposites within the energy storage sector.
The central role of "microstructure" in the performance and application of nanocomposites is underscored by its connection to terms such as "manganese tungstate" and "higher requirement." This association underscores the critical importance of microstructural integrity in enhancing nanocomposite functionality.
Further analysis reveals that terms like "nanocomposite fiber" and "optical window" are being researched in light transmission through nanostructured fibers. The term "zoi," or Zone of inhibition, presents an intriguing connection to both "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," suggesting a nascent property or technique emerging in nanocomposite research.
The pairing of "UV-Vis analytical spectroscopy" with "nanocomposite" reflects recent advancements in employing spectroscopic methods for analyzing these materials, with a notable focus on studies around 2019.
References to "pure CF" about "microstructure" point to an interest in the microstructural investigation of pure carbon fibers in contemporary studies.
This bibliometric investigation presents an overarching perspective on nanocomposites, singling out "crosslinking time" and microstructural integrity as crucial determinants of their mechanical behavior. There is also an evident surge in interest in their optical qualities and capabilities in energy storage, with implications for optoelectronics and sustainable energy technologies.
Novel terms such as "zoi," "NiWO4," and "UV-Vis analytical spectroscopy" surface within the study, hinting at specialized subfields that could be at the cusp of innovative developments. As the comprehension of nanocomposites and their microstructural characteristics deepens, one can anticipate the advent of advanced materials designed with precise functionalities, which could revolutionize various industrial sectors, from electronics to aerospace.
The anticipation is that cross-disciplinary collaboration among optoelectronics, mechanical engineering, and materials science experts will propel advancements in sustainable energy storage, advanced protective coatings, and the next wave of electronic devices. Specialized terminologies and methodologies are expected to facilitate exacting control over material properties, culminating in the creation of custom-tailored nanocomposites for niche applications.
The application of data mining and machine learning methodologies in this study shines a light on the multifaceted landscape of nanocomposites, prioritizing the nuanced characterization of microstructure, electrical properties, and mechanical behavior. This approach reveals the dominant research trajectories and the complex interrelationships within the various dimensions that define nanocomposite materials.
Exploring the Scopus dataset reveals a significant evolution in global research dynamics, with contributions from diverse nations, democratizing nanocomposite research. Collaboration is evident through joint publications, emphasizing the integrative and interdisciplinary nature of current research.
Textual analytics track the evolution of terminologies, emphasizing emergent terms related to mechanical behavior, such as ZnO-NiO nanocomposites. Bibliometric and network graph methodologies provide insights into keyword interrelationships, enhancing understanding temporal trends and dynamic research foci in the nanocomposite field.
In summary, this study blends computational methodologies with traditional nanomaterial research to deepen our data-driven understanding of nanocomposites, laying a robust foundation for future endeavors in this rapidly evolving domain.
4. State-of-the-art and gaps extracted from Results and Discussions
Section 4 delves into the contemporary landscape of nanocomposite research as of October 23, 2023. Drawing from diverse sources and methodologies, including Scopus database analysis, textual analytics, and bibliometric data, this segment meticulously charts the expansive terrain of nanocomposites. It highlights critical research themes, historical trajectories, and emerging trends, focusing on microstructure, electrical characteristics, mechanical dynamics, and nanocomposite films. Collaboration is crucial for innovation and highly cited articles offer a window into the field"s pulse. The emergence of new research avenues, China"s significant financial contributions, and linguistic shifts signify the evolving dynamics of this domain. As Section 4 concludes, it not only furnishes a holistic overview of current nanocomposites research but also illuminates the path forward for future scholarly endeavors.
4.1. Insights from Section 3.1: Scopus Database Search Strategy
Analysis of the Scopus Database Search Strategy reveals a vast nanocomposite research landscape comprising 209,012 documents as of October 23, 2023. This research prominently explores microstructural investigations, delving into the microscopic arrangement of materials and its impact on properties. While research on electrical properties is less voluminous, it plays a vital role in understanding these materials. Mechanical behavior remains a significant study area, especially regarding material responses under various stress conditions.
Historical trends show that nanocomposite research gained prominence in the late 1970s, peaking between 2018 and 2022, reflecting a shift towards understanding nanocomposite attributes, exemplified by the term "properties." Research on nanocomposite films has also grown, finding applications in coatings and barriers. The role of tools like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in elucidating nanocomposite microstructures is underscored.
However, post-2022, there is a noticeable decline in nanocomposite research, potentially indicating research saturation, evolving priorities, or emerging challenges. Reduced emphasis on "increase" may suggest limited investigations into scalability and broader acceptance. The increased focus on "effect" may signal growing interest in outcomes and potentialities, requiring further exploration.
In conclusion, key research areas for future exploration encompass Microstructure in Nanocomposites, Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites, Mechanical Behavior of Nanocomposites, Nanocomposite Films, and SEM in Nanocomposite Research. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights into the current state of nanocomposites research and identifies potential directions for future scholarly endeavors.
4.2. Insights from Section 3.2: Textual Analytics Approach
Collaborations prove pivotal for innovation, with prominent scholars like Sekino, Tohru, and Niihara, Koichi, along with contributions from researchers like Chang, W.C., highlighting the potency of collaborative research in nanocomposites.
Highly cited articles, such as "High-thermoelectric performance of nanostructured bismuth antimony telluride bulk alloys," indicate influential studies. Investigating the reasons behind their citation surge can reveal research inclinations and knowledge gaps in nanocomposites.
Emerging trends focus on "Hierarchically porous Co/C nanocomposites for ultralight high-performance microwave absorption" and "High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing." These signal new research avenues in electromagnetic interference shielding, sustainable materials, and bioinspired designs.
China"s increasing funding in nanocomposite studies raises questions about its motivations and consequences. Understanding China"s investment rationale can provide insights into the nanocomposite research trajectory.
The rise of the Chinese language in nanocomposite studies suggests an area of exploration regarding linguistic diversity's impact on knowledge dissemination and collaboration.
Sentiment analysis of academic articles reveals growing optimism in nanocomposite research, offering insights into the research ambiance and areas of enthusiasm and concern.
To explore 2023 trends in nanocomposite research comprehensively, recommended keywords include (i) Nanocomposite Collaborations, (ii) Highly Cited Nanocomposite Articles, (iii) Emerging Trends in Nanocomposites, (iv) Global Funding in Nanocomposites, focusing on China"s role, (v) Language Trends in Nanocomposite Research, and (vi) Sentiment Analysis in Nanocomposite Abstracts. Utilizing these keywords empowers readers with the latest insights in the dynamic field of nanocomposite research.
4.3. Insights from Section 3.3: Scholarly Literature Analysis on Nanocomposite Themes
The scholarly literature analysis on nanocomposite themes reveals the intricate and multifaceted nature of research in this field. Nanocomposite research covers many themes, including analysis, synthesis, performance enhancement, and more. Notably, advanced characterization techniques like electron microscopy, diffraction, and spectroscopy play a significant role, reflecting the continuous evolution of tools and methods for comprehensive nanocomposite analysis.
The focus on understanding the mechanical behavior of nanocomposites is evident, bridging gaps in performance and application knowledge. Biomedical nanocomposite applications are also rising, suggesting potential roles in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Optoelectronic properties, particularly in materials like Zinc Oxide, are a growing area of interest due to their applications in optoelectronics. Ongoing research into thin-film technologies sheds light on understanding nanocomposite film properties and applications. Electrical conductivity, especially in carbon-based filler-reinforced nanocomposites, is a significant domain, highlighting their importance in electronics.
Continued emphasis on structural properties and nanoparticle phenomena underscores the need to understand these materials' intrinsic characteristics. High-performance materials, particularly those incorporating graphene, signify efforts to enhance material properties for applications ranging from sensors to electrodes.
To stay updated on the 2023 trends in nanocomposite research, recommended keywords include (i) Nanocomposite Research Themes, (ii) Advanced Characterization Techniques, (iii) Biomedical Nanocomposites, (iv) Optoelectronic Nanocomposites, (v) Thin Film Nanocomposites, (vi) Conductive Nanocomposites, (vii) Structural Analysis of Nanocomposites, (viii) Nanoparticle-Enhanced Materials, and (ix) High-Performance Nanocomposites, with a focus on graphene-based ones. These keywords empower researchers to access the latest articles and data, ensuring a comprehensive and updated view of the dynamic nanocomposite research field in 2023.
4.4. Findings from Section 3.4: Analysis of MAP and NET Files
The analysis of MAP and NET files, using VOSviewer, provides valuable insights into bibliometric network analysis, extending beyond the specific domain to broader subjects like materials science and optics. Several essential findings and areas of investigation have emerged.
One significant discovery is a strong correlation, with an R² value of 0.998, between term frequency and Total Link Strength (TLS). This indicates that frequently appearing terms hold central positions in the research landscape, solidifying their importance. However, certain outliers have been identified—terms that occur frequently but have lower TLS values. These outliers may represent emerging or specialized topics that have yet to fully integrate into the recognized network of terms, potentially indicating novel research directions.
It is crucial to consider the evolutionary stage of the research domain, as emerging areas may experience rapid-term spikes. In contrast, established ones exhibit more balanced distributions between TLS and term occurrences. Thematic clusters have also emerged, highlighting prominent research themes, including surface characteristics, mechanical properties, nanocomposites, and material characterization methods. Temporal trends, such as the increased focus on materials" electrical properties around 2016, suggest growing interest in electronic applications.
In terms of gaps and opportunities, the outliers deserve special attention as potential subjects for further investigation, given their relevance and potential role in shaping new research directions. Monitoring the maturation and transformation of research domains can provide insights into the interplay between term occurrences and TLS over time, revealing overarching research patterns. Emerging themes within clusters, especially in areas like nanocomposites, warrant thorough examination. Understanding shifts in research focus over time, such as the 2016 shift towards electrical properties, can offer insights into influential factors driving research directions. Examining the relationships among terms within clusters, particularly recent term combinations with notable LSBI values, can signal the emergence of new research themes.
To stay current with the 2023 trends in bibliometric network analysis, recommended keywords include (i) Bibliometric Network Analysis Themes, (ii) Total Link Strength (TLS), (iii) Occurrences, (iv) Outliers in Bibliometric Analysis, (v) Evolutionary Stage of Research Domains, (vi) Thematic Clustering in Materials Science, (vii) Temporal Trends in Research Topics, (viii) Emerging Research Trends, (ix) Interconnectedness of Terms, and (x) Research Themes in Optics and Materials Science. These keywords will facilitate a comprehensive search for relevant articles and studies, enhancing understanding of bibliometric network analysis and related research domains.
4.5. Findings from Section 3.5: Bibliometric Data Analysis and Visualization Report
The analysis in Section 3.5, focused on Bibliometric Data Analysis and Visualization, provides valuable insights into the nanocomposite research landscape. Key findings are summarized in three subsections:
4.5.1. Nanocomposites & Electrical Properties:
This sub-section uncovers profound relationships among terms related to nanocomposites and their electrical properties. Notable associations include "nanocomposite," "microstructure," "electrical property," and "effect," highlighting the intricate interplay between microstructure and electrical behavior. The research emphasizes a shift toward investigating nanocomposites' electrical attributes, showcasing this field's interdisciplinary nature. Crosslinking time emerges as a pivotal factor in shaping nanocomposite electrical characteristics. To delve deeper into these insights, recommended keywords for 2023 research include (i) Nanocomposites, (ii) Electrical Properties, (iii) Microstructure, (iv) Crosslinking Time, (v) Optoelectronic Behaviors, (vi) Interdisciplinary Research, (vii) Fundamental Mechanisms, (viii) Materials Science, (ix) Electrical Engineering, and (x) Analytical Techniques.
4.5.2. Nanocomposites & Mechanical Behavior:
This subsection delves into the ongoing developments in nanocomposite research, highlighting the central role of the term "nanocomposite." It emphasizes the interplay between "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," offering insights into how structural nuances affect nanocomposite properties. Research extends to understanding the consequences of nanoparticle incorporation, providing comprehensive insights into nanocomposite attributes. Researchers employ advanced analytical tools such as "x-ray diffraction" and "scanning electron microscopy" for deeper insights. Promising areas include optimizing crosslinking times, exploring multifunctional nanocomposites, integrating nanocomposites into specialized sectors like optoelectronics and biocompatible applications, and refining understanding through advanced analytical modalities. To explore these insights further in 2023, use keywords like (i) Nanocomposites, (ii) Mechanical Behavior, (iii) Microstructure, (iv) Nanoparticles, (v) Crosslinking Time, (vi) Multifunctional Nanocomposites, (vii) Advanced Analytical Techniques, (viii) Energy Storage, (ix) Optoelectronics, (x) Biocompatible Nanocomposites, (xi) Material Behaviors, (xii) Morphological Aspects, (xiii) X-ray diffraction, and (xiv) Scanning electron microscopy.
4.5.3. Nanocomposites & Microstructure:
This subsection provides a deep understanding of advancements in nanocomposites, focusing on "microstructure" as a pivotal term. It reveals a robust connection between "microstructure" and "nanocomposite," emphasizing their interdependence at the nanoscale. Microstructure research spans various aspects, including material enhancement, property evaluation, and analytical techniques. The integration of "nanocomposite" into this research landscape underscores an integrative approach to revolutionizing nanocomposite attributes at the nano-level. Emerging themes include research into "nanocomposite fiber" and "optical window," exploring "energy storage properties," and employing spectroscopic tools for nanocomposite analysis. Promising areas for future exploration include "crosslinking time," optical properties in optoelectronics and solar cells, nanocomposites in energy storage, and niche terminologies and methodologies. To explore these insights in 2023, use keywords like (i) Nanocomposites, (ii) Microstructure, (iii) Crosslinking Time, (iv) Optical Properties, (v) Energy Storage, (vi) Spectroscopic Techniques, (vii) Nanocomposite Fiber, (viii) Nanocomposite Material, (ix) Microstructural Features, (x) Molybdenum, (xi) PBAT Nanocomposite, (xii) Al2O3 Tin Nanocomposite, (xiii) Zinc Oxide-Nickel Oxide, (xiv) Carbon Nanofiber Polystyrene Nanocomposite, and (xv) UV-Vis Analytical Spectroscopy.
Section 4 delivers an exhaustive analysis from subsections 4.1 through 4.5, presenting an expansive examination of nanocomposite studies, as represented in Figure 26.
A review of the Scopus Database indicates an extensive compendium comprising 209,012 documents on nanocomposites as of October 23, 2023. This work primarily investigates microstructural elements and their subsequent influence on material behavior. There exists a pronounced interest in deciphering both the electrical and mechanical properties manifested by nanocomposites. The research timeline shows an uptick in the late 1970s, reaching a peak from 2018 to 2022. A growing inclination towards the term "effect" signals an amplified focus on understanding the underlying implications of nanocomposites.
In Textual Analytics, collaborations prove instrumental in fostering innovation. High citation counts in articles offer pivotal guidance, directing this research field. Emerging trajectories include electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, sustainable materials, and significant financial support for nanocomposite research from China. A discernible rise in Chinese language publications in academic discourse becomes evident. Sentiment analysis projects an optimistic direction for nanocomposite research.
Examining Scholarly Literature highlights many nanocomposite-related topics, encompassing analytical processes, functional characteristics, synthesis approaches, and performance enhancement strategies. Areas of pronounced attention include advanced characterization methods, mechanical properties, biomedical applications, and optoelectronic functionalities.
Delving into the Analysis of MAP and NET Files through tools such as VOSviewer reveals nuanced relationships between term frequency and Total Link Strength, hinting at potential nascent topics. Patterns become apparent, especially within materials science.
The findings from the Bibliometric Data Analysis and Visualization Report elucidate the nuanced relationship between electrical attributes, mechanical behavior, and microstructural details intrinsic to nanocomposites. The centrality of microstructure and the significance of crosslinking duration in shaping the electrical attributes of these materials are highlighted.
Across subtopics 4.5.1, 4.5.2, and 4.5.3, nanocomposites remain the focal point, underscoring their diverse applications and adaptability. The consistent reference to microstructure underscores its paramount role in determining nanocomposite performance. The influence of crosslinking duration recurs throughout, indicating its integral role in modulating material properties. Although there is a unified approach to utilizing advanced analytical methods, specific techniques vary between subsections. For instance, while 4.5.1 centers on the electrical attributes of nanocomposites and fields such as optoelectronics and electrical engineering, 4.5.2 ventures into the mechanical behavior of these materials, showcasing techniques like X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
Conversely, 4.5.3 emphasizes UV-Vis Analytical Spectroscopy and presents specific nanocomposite materials like PBAT, Al2O3 Tin, and Carbon Nanofiber Polystyrene, indicating the diverse lenses through which nanocomposites are viewed and analyzed. The range of materials explored, including Molybdenum, PBAT, Aluminum Oxide, Tin, Zinc Oxide, and Nickel Oxide, signifies the vast scope of nanocomposite research. Data mining and ML methodologies enhance the capability of researchers to identify trends and foresee material behavior, thereby advancing the field of nanomaterials.
To conclude, Section 4 consolidates a plethora of insights, providing a holistic view of the nanocomposite research landscape as of 2023 setting the stage for future academic endeavors in this versatile domain.
5. Literature Revision Guided by Artificial Intelligence
The insights from Section 4, combined with current trends in nanocomposite research, have led to a revised approach for Scopus database searches. A specific set of keywords, reflective of crucial subtopic connections, was selected to target cutting-edge nanocomposite research in 2023. This new search method involves scanning titles, abstracts, and keywords for the first two themes and using a specified keyword for the third theme, encompassing all document fields. The focus was on publications from 2023, prioritizing articles by citation frequency. The most cited article underwent detailed analysis. Different research goals require modified search strategies.
5.1. Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties
This section delves into the intricate relationship between nanocomposites and their electrical properties. It focuses on how these advanced materials interact fundamentally, influencing their electrical characteristics. The examination covers various nanocomposite systems, emphasizing their composition, structure, and functionality. This exploration is crucial for advancing our understanding of how nanocomposites can be optimized for specific electrical applications, particularly in fields requiring enhanced electrical performance. The discussion integrates findings from recent studies, providing a comprehensive view of this area's current state of knowledge.
5.1.1. Crosslinking Degree and Its Influence on XLPE/OMMT Nanocomposites
Yunzi et al. (2023) [83] studied the complex relationship between crosslinking degree and the mechanical and electrical properties of polyethylene/organic modified montmorillonite (XLPE/OMMT) nanocomposites. This research aligns with current discussions in nanocomposites, electrical properties, and crosslinking duration, revealing intricate interactions in these areas.
The study's primary goal is to examine how crosslinking degree affects the tensile and dielectric properties of XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites. The team employed various experimental methods to explore this relationship comprehensively.
The methodology includes X-ray diffraction (XRD) for analyzing montmorillonite dispersion and structural changes due to crosslinking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was crucial for observing changes in crystalline morphology and crosslinked networks' effects on crystal growth. The gel content test provided insights into the evolution of crosslinking degrees over time. Conductance-temperature characteristics, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss tangent tests offered a detailed view of dielectric properties, complemented by power-frequency breakdown field strength analysis using the two-parameter Weibull distribution.
The findings highlight the dynamic nature of XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites under different crosslinking degrees. XRD showed a transition of montmorillonite to an exfoliated state, with reduced crystallinity as crosslinking time increased. The gel content test revealed a complex pattern of crosslinking degree development, peaking at 1520 minutes. SEM showed that crosslinked networks inhibited crystal growth, leading to a more consistent crystal size distribution in positively crosslinked states. The interaction between OMMT and crosslinked bonds enhanced tensile strength, elastic modulus, and toughness, demonstrating a well-balanced nanocomposite structure.
In summary, this study significantly advances our understanding of the complex relationship between crosslinking degree and the mechanical and electrical properties of XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites. It reveals the multifaceted dynamics of this relationship and highlights the critical role of crosslinking in defining these materials' macroscopic characteristics. Dong Yunzi and colleagues' research marks a significant milestone in nanocomposite research, illuminating the complex interplay between nanomaterials, polymer science, and the temporal dynamics of crosslinking processes.
5.1.2. BaTiO3 Nanofillers in Polymer Blend Nanocomposites: A Study on PVDF/PMMA/BaTiO3
The research on polymer blend nanocomposites (PBNCs) marks a pivotal advancement in developing customizable materials for various applications. Sengwa et al. (2023) [84] conducted a comprehensive study on PVDF/PMMA/BaTiO3 nanocomposites. This study is crucial for understanding their applications in modern microelectronic and optoelectronic technologies.
This research examines how BaTiO3 nanofillers in varying concentrations affect the properties of the PBNC films. This is especially relevant for creating materials with adjustable properties for diverse technological uses.
The study uses a solution-cast method to prepare PBNC films. These films undergo detailed analysis through several techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the uniformity of PBNC films and the morphological changes in PVDF due to increased BaTiO3 concentration. X-ray diffraction (XRD) detects electro-active polar β- and γ-phases in PVDF crystallites. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy corroborates these findings. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) explores the thermal properties and melting points of the PBNC materials. Extensive dielectric spectra are thoroughly examined, including complex dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss tangent, and electric modulus spectra. The study also methodically analyzes the electrical conductivity of PBNC films across different frequencies.
The findings of this research demonstrate the significant influence of BaTiO3 nanoparticles on PBNC films. Increased BaTiO3 concentration leads to high homogeneity and noticeable changes in PVDF's spherulite morphology. XRD confirms the presence of electro-active polar β- and γ-phases in PVDF crystallites. The optical properties, including UV-Vis absorbance and direct energy band gap, show notable variations related to nanomaterial concentration. The dielectric properties reveal a decrease in the real part of complex dielectric permittivity at higher frequencies and a pronounced chain segmental relaxation process. The electrical conductivity of PBNC films increases with frequency, highlighting their potential in capacitive energy storage and microelectronic devices.
In summary, incorporating BaTiO3 nanoparticles into the PVDF/PMMA blend matrix significantly affects the PBNC films' morphological, structural, thermal, optical, and electrical properties. These materials are suitable for various applications, such as frequency-tunable nanodielectrics, electromagnetic interference shielding, flexible dielectric substrates, thermal insulators, and bandgap-regulated materials in microelectronics, capacitive energy storage, and optoelectronics.
5.1.3. Enhancing Fatigue Life in Aluminum-Graphene Nanocomposites for Power Transmission
Azizi et al.'s 2023 [85] study marks significant progress in comprehending high-cycle fatigue (HCF) in aluminum-graphene nanocomposites, particularly for high-capacity power transmission conductors. Their paper, "Fatigue life prediction of aluminum-graphene nanocomposites: Application to high-capacity conductors," delves into the Al-0.5 wt% graphene nanoparticle (GNP) composite's mechanical and electrical attributes, shedding light on its fatigue resilience under various stress levels and temperatures.
The study's primary goal is to evaluate the fatigue life of the Al-0.5 wt% GNP composite, a promising material for high-capacity conductors. It tackles the challenges of Aeolian vibrations and fatigue failure in commercial aluminum conductors, suggesting graphene nanoparticle integration to boost mechanical and electrical qualities. This research also explores the composite's fatigue behavior at high temperatures, addressing a vital gap in current literature.
The authors applied various experimental approaches to the composite at ambient and elevated temperatures, including quasi-static and high-cycle fatigue tests. These tests helped derive material parameters for Basquin's equation, offering a quantitative perspective of the fatigue behavior. Fractographic analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) provided insights into failure mechanisms. Raman analysis evaluated the graphene's characteristics in the composite, and tensile strength tests assessed its mechanical properties.
The findings show a significant enhancement in the fatigue life of the Al-0.5 wt% GNP composite over pure aluminum. At room temperature, the composite shows a remarkable 234% increase in fatigue life at low-stress levels and a 44% increase at high-stress levels. Elevated temperature tests indicate a 146% improvement at low-stress levels and a 130% increase at high-stress levels compared to pure aluminum. The graphene nanoparticles are identified as pivotal in delaying crack initiation and slowing crack growth, thus boosting the matrix's fatigue life.
Microstructural and mechanical tests further validate the composite's advantages, revealing graphene's uniform distribution within aluminum and a grain size reduction compared to pure aluminum. This implies that GNPs bolster mechanical strength and induce favorable microstructural modifications in the composite.
Azizi et al.'s research substantially advances nanocomposite materials for high-capacity conductors. The Al-0.5 wt% GNP composite shows superior fatigue life and mechanical properties compared to pure aluminum, crediting graphene nanoparticles for these improvements. This work offers potential for material optimization in power transmission, paving the way for enhanced efficiency and reliability.
5.1.4. Water-Tree Aging in XLPE/OMMT Nanocomposites: The Role of Crosslinking Degree
Nanocomposites, particularly electrical insulation materials, represent a critical research field in evolving modern power systems. Dong et al.'s 2023b article [86], "Effect of Crosslinking Degree on Water-Tree Aging Characteristics of XLPE/OMMT Nanocomposites," investigates the relationship between the crosslinking degree in crosslinked polyethylene/montmorillonite (XLPE/OMMT) nanocomposites and their electrical properties, focusing on water-tree aging.
Given the increasing voltage levels and challenging conditions in power systems, there is a growing demand for insulation materials with enhanced electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Polymer-based nanocomposites, known for their unique structures and exceptional properties, are emerging as effective dielectrics. This article contributes to this field by examining how the crosslinking degree affects water-tree aging in XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites.
The study's primary aim is to understand how the crosslinking degree influences the water-tree aging characteristics of these nanocomposites. The research team prepared two nanocomposites with different crosslinking degrees and subjected them to accelerated water-tree aging tests. They examined water-tree morphology, measured length, and initiation probability, tested gel content for crosslinking assessment, and analyzed chemical composition changes pre- and post-aging using Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
The findings reveal a notable effect of crosslinking degree on water-tree aging characteristics. Higher crosslinking degrees result in less dense water-tree morphologies, indicated by smaller fractal dimensions and duty cycles. The study also highlights electrochemical degradation during aging in XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites, offering insights into their complex interactions.
The research employs a diverse range of methods. Accelerated water-tree aging experiments are vital to evaluating performance under simulated conditions. Microscopic analyses, including polarized light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are used to observe water-tree morphology and changes in crystal structure. Gel content tests and FTIR analyzes aid in assessing crosslinking degree and chemical composition changes during aging.
In summary, Dong et al.'s study significantly enhances our understanding of the relationship between crosslinking degree and water-tree aging in XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites. The research highlights the critical role of optimizing crosslinking degree to achieve desired electrical properties and improve the durability of nanocomposite materials in power systems.
5.1.5. Sn Doping Effects in CdO Nanocomposites: A Laser Ablation Study
Fadhali's 2023 study, titled "Structural, optical, and electrical characterization of laser ablated CdO1-xSnx nanocomposites," [87] presents an in-depth analysis of CdO:Sn nanocomposites synthesized using laser ablation. Thanks to their distinctive electrical and optical properties, these nanocomposites are notable for their potential in nanophotonics and photovoltaics.
The study's primary aim is to examine the effects of Sn doping on CdO nanocomposites' structural, optical, and electrical features. Fadhali achieves this by synthesizing CdO and CdO:Sn nanocomposites with varied Sn doping ratios (5%, 10%, 15%) using laser ablation and conducting thorough characterizations.
This paper's contributions are diverse. It enhances the understanding of CdO:Sn nanocomposites by exploring their structural, optical, and electrical attributes. The research highlights how Sn doping influences crystallinity in CdO samples. It also investigates the nanocomposites' size and roughness, showing how these are affected by Sn doping. The study extends to optical characteristics, revealing absorption, transmission, and reflection spectra changes due to Sn doping. It notably examines Sn doping's impact on the nanocomposites' energy bandgap, electron concentration, carrier mobility, and resistivity. The paper also explores dielectric properties, noting significant shifts with different Sn doping ratios.
Methodologically, Fadhali employs laser ablation for synthesizing CdO and CdO:Sn nanocomposites. The thin films are deposited using a Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser in a vacuum chamber. Characterization techniques include X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface morphology, UV-Vis spectrophotometry for optical properties, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for chemical characterization, and Hall effect measurements for electrical properties.
The results demonstrate various aspects of CdO:Sn nanocomposites. XRD confirms crystalline phases, with cubic structures in CdO and tendencies towards orthorhombic structures in CdO:Sn. AFM shows how Sn doping affects roughness and diameter. Optical measurements reveal plasmonic effects and Sn doping's influence on spectra. Electrical characterizations indicate improved electron concentration, carrier mobility, and resistivity with increased Sn doping. Dielectric properties show notable variations, indicating peak shifts to higher wavelengths.
In conclusion, Fadhali's work thoroughly investigates the structural, optical, and electrical properties of CdO:Sn nanocomposites. The findings enrich the understanding of these nanocomposites for potential applications, suggesting that a 10% Sn doping ratio optimally enhances CdO:Sn nanocomposites' properties.
5.1.6. ZnO/TiO2 Nanoparticles in PEO/CMC Nanocomposites: Implications for Flexible Optoelectronics
Ragab's 2023 study, "Optical, thermal and electrical characterization of PEO/CMC incorporated with ZnO/TiO2 NPs for advanced flexible optoelectronic technologies," [88] provides an in-depth analysis of PEO/CMC nanocomposites integrated with zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. This research is pivotal in understanding nanocomposite materials, especially for their potential use in flexible capacitors and energy storage systems within flexible optoelectronic technologies.
The main goal of this study is to examine the optical, thermal, and electrical properties of PEO/CMC nanocomposites with various concentrations of ZnO/TiO2 nanoparticles. These nanocomposites are synthesized through solution casting, showing promise for advanced flexible optoelectronic applications.
Ragab's work contributes significantly to the field. The study develops nanocomposite samples of PEO/CMC filled with ZnO/TiO2 nanoparticles, broadening the material options for energy devices. It provides essential insights into how ZnO/TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations affect the crystallinity and the allowed direct energy gap of the nanocomposite films. The research uses diverse characterization techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, UV-Vis analysis, TGA, and impedance analysis, to fully understand the nanocomposite's properties.
The methodology involves the solution casting method for synthesizing ZnO/TiO2 NPs nanocomposites within a PEO/CMC matrix. Characterization techniques include XRD for crystallinity analysis, FT-IR for examining metal oxide NPs and PEO/CMC composite interactions, UV/Vis spectroscopy for optical properties, AC conductivity measurements for electrical conductivity, TGA for thermogravimetric analysis, and impedance analysis for dielectric properties investigation.
The study's findings are notable. Increasing concentrations of ZnO/TiO2 NPs reduce the crystallinity of the nanocomposite films. A significant decline in the polymer matrix's allowed direct energy gap is observed at 7 wt% ZnO/TiO2 NP concentration. AC conductivity decreases as ZnO/TiO2 NP concentration increases, with correlated barrier hopping (CBH) and non-Debye relaxation processes identified as the dominant conduction mechanisms. The refractive index shows a nonlinear increase with higher ZnO/TiO2 NP concentrations, suggesting changes in packing densities and interatomic spacing.
In summary, integrating ZnO/TiO2 nanoparticles into the PEO/CMC polymer blend markedly affects its optical, thermal, and electrical characteristics. Changes in crystallinity, energy gap, electrical conductivity, and refractive index are observed, highlighting the potential of PEO/CMC nanocomposites with ZnO/TiO2 NPs in flexible optoelectronic devices and energy systems.
5.1.7. Partial Conclusions
The six research papers discussed herein collectively advance our understanding of nanocomposite materials and their diverse applications in technological fields. These studies specifically focus on systems like XLPEOMMT and PVDFPMMABaTiO3, with targeted goals such as enhancing electrical properties, improving fatigue life, and refining materials for power transmission and optoelectronic uses. They highlight the complex interplay between material composition, structure, and functionality within nanocomposites. Employing various analytical methods, including X-ray diffraction, impedance analysis, polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, these studies provide pivotal insights for developing materials with tailored properties for various technological needs. They underscore the intricate interactions among nanomaterials, polymers, and external factors, demonstrating the complexity and potential of nanocomposite systems in addressing current challenges in materials science and engineering.
Looking forward, there is a clear need for further exploration of nanocomposite materials in technological realms beyond microelectronics and optoelectronics. Investigating these materials' long-term durability and stability under diverse environmental conditions is crucial for practical implementation. Future research should optimize the crosslinking degree in nanocomposites to fine-tune their electrical properties and enhance durability in power systems. Exploring how various nanofillers and their concentrations affect the properties of nanocomposite films could yield valuable insights for material customization. Additionally, there is a need to understand more deeply the relationship between crosslinking degree and nanocomposites' mechanical and electrical properties, especially across different nanomaterial-polymer systems. Investigating the incorporation of graphene nanoparticles in aluminum conductors could enhance their mechanical and electrical properties for high-capacity power transmission. Studying the fatigue behavior of nanocomposites at elevated temperatures could provide solutions to the challenges of fatigue failure in commercial aluminum conductors. Lastly, future studies should also consider synthesizing and characterizing CdO:Sn nanocomposites using laser ablation to further our understanding of their structural, optical, and electrical properties.
5.2. Nanocomposites and Mechanical Behavior
This section methodically examines the intricate relationship between nanocomposites and their mechanical properties. Nanocomposites, composed of a matrix and nanoparticles, demonstrate diverse mechanical behaviors influenced by their microstructure. This segment aims to dissect these behaviors, focusing on how nanoparticle incorporation impacts the overall mechanical performance of these composites. Through a series of studies, it reveals the nuanced effects of various nanoparticles and fabrication techniques on the strength, hardness, and wear resistance of nanocomposites. This exploration advances our understanding of material science and guides the development of nanocomposites for specialized applications, ranging from biomedical implants to structural components.
5.2.1. Enhancement of WE43 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites through Friction Stir Processing
In nanocomposites, a significant study investigates the mechanical properties and antibacterial behavior of WE43 magnesium-based nanocomposites. Authored by O. Esmaielzadeh et al., the research titled "Investigation of mechanical properties and antibacterial behavior of WE43 magnesium-based nanocomposite," [89] focuses on enhancing WE43 magnesium alloy using ZnO and CuZnO particles. The researchers apply friction stir processing (FSP) to achieve this enhancement.
The study's primary aim is to explore how FSP affects these nanocomposites' mechanical and antibacterial properties. Researchers seek to develop biodegradable orthopedic implants from magnesium alloys, which align with human bone regarding mechanical properties. They use FSP to refine grain and evenly distribute secondary phase particles, enhancing the alloy's strength.
This paper demonstrates the increased mechanical strength of WE43 magnesium alloy post-FSP. It evaluates the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy when reinforced with ZnO and CuZnO nanoparticles. Additionally, it assesses the antibacterial properties of these composites against bacteria like S. aureus and E. coli.
The methodology includes synthesizing ZnO powders, preparing WE43 alloy plates, and executing FSP with tools made of hardened tool steel. Researchers insert reinforcement particles using groove and hole methods. They use field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) for microstructural characterization and test compressive strength and stress-strain relations for mechanical properties. Antibacterial properties are tested using disk samples.
Results show FSP's effectiveness in reducing grain size and redistributing secondary phase particles in the WE43 alloy. Nano-sized reinforcements distribute more efficiently within the matrix than micro-sized ones. No chemical reaction between reinforcement particles and the alloy is evident. FSP-processed composites exhibit higher microhardness compared to untreated and FSP-processed samples. Furthermore, adding ZnO and CuZnO particles improves the composites' antibacterial capabilities, especially against E. coli.
In conclusion, the research highlights FSP's role in enhancing the mechanical and antibacterial properties of WE43 magnesium-based nanocomposites. This systematic study contributes to our understanding of these materials and advances the development of materials with superior mechanical strength and antibacterial functionality.
5.2.2. Role of Crosslinking in XLPE/OMMT Nanocomposites
The study of nanocomposites, mainly focusing on their mechanical behavior and dimensional mesh structures, has significantly increased scientific interest. Researchers Gao Dongyunzi et al. [83] have contributed notably to this field with their research on crosslinked polyethylene/organic montmorillonite (XLPE/OMMT) nanocomposites. Their paper examines the complex relationship between the degree of crosslinking and these materials' tensile and dielectric properties.
This research aims to deeply understand how varying degrees of crosslinking affect the mechanical and electrical properties of XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites. Such understanding is critical for optimizing the crosslinking process to enhance material performance.
The authors apply advanced analytical techniques to study the nanocomposites' microstructure. They use X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine montmorillonite dispersion and structural changes in the samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigates changes in crystalline morphology. Gel content tests measure the degree of crosslinking, while the study of tensile properties focuses on plastic and elastic deformation. Dielectric properties are evaluated through conductance-temperature characteristics, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss tangent tests. The researchers also applied the two-parameter Weibull distribution to analyze power-frequency breakdown field strength in depth.
The study reveals that the degree of crosslinking significantly affects crystal size uniformity and crystallinity in XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites. Optimal crosslinking, identified within a 15-20 minute window, enhances tensile strength, elasticity, and toughness. The interaction between crosslinking and OMMT also improves electrical conductivity and dielectric properties. However, due to crystal structure disruption, excessive crosslinking beyond 20 minutes adversely affects tensile performance.
The paper's findings elucidate the complex interplay between crosslinking degree, OMMT dispersion, and electrical conductivity in nanocomposites. This research deepens our fundamental understanding of these interactions and offers practical insights for achieving optimal crosslinking for better mechanical and electrical properties in XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites.
In conclusion, the research highlights the critical role of crosslinking degree in determining the mechanical and electrical capabilities of XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites. Identifying a beneficial crosslinking period of 15-20 minutes provides a valuable guideline for future work in nanocomposite property optimization. The study also emphasizes the importance of the interplay between OMMT and the polymer matrix in enhancing these advanced materials' electrical and mechanical characteristics.
5.2.3. Al2O3 Reinforcement in Brass Matrix Nanocomposites
The study by Shayan Memar et al. [90] advances the understanding of nanocomposites, specifically Al2O3/brass matrix nanocomposites. Their research, "An evaluation on microstructure, wear, and compression behavior of Al2O3/brass matrix nanocomposites fabricated by stir casting method," focuses on using stir casting to create leaded brass composites reinforced with Al2O3 nanoparticles.
This research aims to evaluate the impact of Al2O3 nanoparticle reinforcement on the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites. While copper-matrix composites are well-studied, brass-matrix composites, particularly those reinforced with Al2O3, have yet to explore more. This study addresses this gap, examining mechanical properties and wear behavior through stir casting.
The paper's contributions are multifaceted. It explores how Al2O3 nanoparticles affect the nanocomposites' mechanical properties, focusing on changes in micro-hardness and toughness. The study also investigates wear and compression behavior, noting a shift in wear mechanism from cutting to plow abrasive wear with nanoparticle addition. FESEM and XRD analyses confirm the nanoparticles' uniform distribution within the brass matrix. This research enhances the understanding of wear-resistant materials.
The methodology encompasses material preparation with leaded brass ingot and Al2O3 nanoparticles, using stir casting for fabrication. Pre-treatment includes ball milling Al2O3 nanoparticles with copper microparticles. The microstructural analysis uses field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while mechanical testing includes Vickers hardness and micro-hardness measurements, along with compressive and wear testing following ASTM G99 standards. Porosity and chemical composition analyses are also crucial.
Results from this study show that FESEM images confirm uniform Al2O3 nanoparticle distribution in the brass matrix. The nanocomposites demonstrate improved micro-hardness and toughness compared to unreinforced brass. However, nanocomposites exhibit a higher wear rate, attributed to nanoparticle addition. The wear mechanism shifts from cutting to plow abrasive wear. The composites ' porosity remains below 5%, with density increasing and porosity decreasing due to nanoparticle addition. Wear testing indicates slightly higher specific wear rates and friction coefficients (COF) for nanocomposites than leaded brass.
In conclusion, Al2O3 nanoparticles significantly enhance the micro-hardness, toughness, and elongation percent of leaded-brass nanocomposites. The nanoparticles obstruct dislocation movement, increasing micro-hardness. Toughness and elongation improvements relate to a reduction in the β-phase percentage. While wear rates and COF are marginally higher in nanocomposites, the study highlights the overall positive effect of Al2O3 reinforcement on the mechanical properties of brass matrix nanocomposites.
5.2.4. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in PLA/PCL Bionanocomposites
Amir Babaei et al.'s work on polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) bionanocomposites stands out in nanocomposite research [91]. Their study, "Polylactic acid/polycaprolactone bionanocomposites containing zinc oxide nanoparticles: Structure, characterization and cytotoxicity assay," thoroughly examines the structural, thermal, mechanical, and biocompatible characteristics of these bionanocomposites.
The study aims to explore biodegradable polymers, particularly PLA, as alternatives to petroleum polymers, addressing environmental concerns. It investigates the integration of PCL into PLA to improve brittleness and thermal stability. Additionally, it pioneered zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in PLA/PCL blends, recognizing their potential to enhance antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and biocompatible properties.
The paper's contributions are diverse. The team synthesizes ZnO-NPs using a hydrothermal method. Analyses by FESEM, XRD, and FTIR confirm these nanoparticles' hexagonal structure and size. When added to the PLA/PCL blend, ZnO-NPs induce various structural improvements. The study examines morphological changes (via FESEM), increased crystallinity and melting temperature (via DSC analysis), enhanced tensile strength and modulus, altered rheological behavior indicating a 3D network structure, and accelerated degradation under UV light. It also evaluates the cytotoxicity of the nanocomposites on fibroblast cells, crucial for biomedical uses.
Methodologically, the study employs FESEM, XRD, and FTIR for synthesis and characterization, confirming ZnO-NPs' structure and dispersion in the PLA/PCL blend. DSC and tensile testing analyze thermal and mechanical aspects, while rheological properties are examined using a rheometrics mechanical spectrometer. The cytotoxicity assay uses MTT and acridine orange fluorescence staining to evaluate the bionanocomposites' impact on fibroblast cells.
Results show successful ZnO-NP synthesis and uniform PLA/PCL blend dispersion. ZnO-NPs increase PLA's crystallinity and melting temperature and improve tensile strength and modulus. Rheological analyses indicate the development of a 3D-network structure. The bionanocomposites also show accelerated photochemical degradation, suitable for light-responsive applications. Notably, the cytotoxicity assay shows no harmful effects on fibroblast cells, suggesting biomedical application potential.
In conclusion, this research is pioneering in incorporating ZnO-NPs into PLA/PCL blends, highlighting its structural, thermal, mechanical, and biocompatible properties. This study deepens our understanding of these bionanocomposites and opens avenues for their use in eco-friendly and biomedical fields.
5.2.5. Aluminum Oxyhydroxide in Dental Nanocomposites
Nanocomposite materials are crucial in dental advancements, as shown in Savita Kumari et al.s' study [92], "Enhanced physical and mechanical properties of resin added with aluminum oxyhydroxide for dental applications." This research focuses on adding aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) to resin composites to improve their mechanical and tribological properties for dental restorations.
The study aims to overcome the mechanical limitations of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), widely used in denture bases. Despite PMMA's transparency and heat resistance, its mechanical strength is insufficient for high-stress dental applications. The research explores resin-based composites (RBCs) with AlOOH, a non-toxic, heat-resistant metal oxide filler that strengthens polymers at room temperature, enhancing PMMA's mechanical performance while maintaining biocompatibility.
This paper makes significant contributions. The team develops resin composites with AlOOH, enhancing mechanical and tribological properties for dental use. They use a heat-curing method to synthesize these composites, showing the process's scalability for incorporating AlOOH into the PMMA-ZrO2 matrix. The study uses XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDAX, and Nanozetasizer to characterize the nanocomposites' structural and surface properties comprehensively. Optical and mechanical testing, including UV-Vis spectra analysis and Universal Testing Machine assessments, provide insights into the composites' optical behavior and mechanical properties.
The study finds that adding AlOOH to the PMMA-ZrO2 matrix increases crystallinity and crystallite size, affecting optical behavior as seen in direct and indirect band gap determination. The PZA15 composite, in particular, shows improved mechanical performance, with enhanced compressive and flexural strength and a reduced friction coefficient. Biocompatibility assessments using MTT assay confirm the PZA15 composite's suitability for dental applications. Although water absorption slightly increases, it does not significantly affect performance.
In conclusion, this research enhances the understanding of nanocomposite materials in dental applications, especially denture fabrication. AlOOH's addition effectively enhances PMMA's mechanical strength and tribological properties, paving the way for more robust, more biocompatible denture materials.
5.2.6. Partial Conclusions
The research underscores the vital role of friction stir processing (FSP) in enhancing the mechanical and antibacterial properties of WE43 magnesium-based nanocomposites. This process is critical to developing materials with superior strength and antibacterial functionality. In the study of XLPEOMMT nanocomposites, the crosslinking degree emerges as a critical factor in determining their mechanical and electrical capabilities. A crosslinking period of 15-20 minutes is identified as optimal for enhancing these properties.
Additionally, the incorporation of Al2O3 nanoparticles into brass matrix nanocomposites is found to improve micro-hardness, toughness, and elongation significantly. However, this addition may lead to slightly higher wear rates and friction coefficients. Despite these challenges, Al2O3 reinforcement positively affects the nanocomposites overall.
Furthermore, integrating ZnO-NPs into PLA/PCL blends has shown promising results in structural, thermal, mechanical, and biocompatible properties. This advancement opens new avenues for using these composites in eco-friendly and biomedical applications. In dental applications, adding AlOOH to PMMA has been proven to enhance mechanical strength and tribological properties, suggesting a pathway to more robust and biocompatible denture materials.
The study also reiterates the importance of the crosslinking degree in XLPEOMMT nanocomposites, emphasizing its influence on mechanical and electrical properties. Adding AlOOH to the PMMA-ZrO2 matrix has been observed to increase crystallinity and crystallite size, thereby improving optical behavior and mechanical performance. This finding further underscores the potential of nanocomposites in various applications, particularly in dental materials.
Future research in this field should focus on various aspects. Exploring the long-term stability and corrosion resistance of WE43 magnesium-based nanocomposites post-FSP is vital for their application in biodegradable orthopedic implants. Another potential study area is optimizing the crosslinking degree in XLPE/OMMT nanocomposites to balance mechanical and electrical properties. Understanding the impact of water absorption on the performance of nanocomposite materials, particularly for dental applications like denture fabrication, is also crucial. Additionally, investigating wear mechanisms and enhancing wear resistance in nanocomposites with Al2O3 nanoparticle addition is necessary. Finally, developing strategies to reduce wear rates and friction coefficients in nanocomposites while maintaining their improved micro-hardness and toughness remains a significant area for future work.
5.3. Nanocomposites and Microstructure
This section delves into the pivotal role of microstructure in nanocomposites, focusing on how crosslinking time impacts their surface characteristics. The scope of this discussion encompasses various functionalities, notably energy storage, within specified material systems, exemplified by the presence of "manganese tungstate" with enhanced performance criteria. Additionally, the terms "zoi" (Zone of inhibition) and "UV-Vis analytical spectroscopy" signify a keen interest in exploring the antimicrobial properties of nanocomposites through spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, the term "pure CF" directs our attention to the significance of pure carbon fibers within nanocomposite architecture.
To facilitate efficient navigation of the extensive literature corpus, we have provided a set of keywords that serve as a strategic framework. These keywords are intended to guide researchers in identifying seminal studies that comprehensively understand the current state-of-the-art in nanocomposites. Each set of keywords has been meticulously designed to highlight research at the forefront of this field, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies, cutting-edge characterization techniques, and focused material investigations.
5.3.1. Modulation of Electro-Optical Properties in PDLC Films Using MWCNT-Loaded Reticular Nanofibre Films
In their recent study, Miao et al. (2023) [93] conducted a comprehensive investigation focused on the modulation of electro-optical properties in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films. They achieved this modulation by incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) loaded reticular nanofibre films. This research is particularly significant within PDLC technology, where electro-optical performance is critical.
The study's primary objective was to enhance the electro-optical properties of PDLC films by addressing the challenges associated with conventional methods of incorporating MWCNTs. While PDLC films find extensive application in displays and smart windows, their improvement has historically involved the integration of nanomaterials and adjustments to polymerization conditions. However, the incorporation of MWCNTs, while holding promise for enhancing electro-optical properties, has faced issues such as agglomeration and a reduction in device lifespan. To overcome these limitations, the authors propose a novel approach: utilizing MWCNT-loaded reticular nanofibre films to optimize the interaction between MWCNTs and PDLC.
The contributions of this research are multifaceted. Firstly, adding MWCNT-loaded nanofibres significantly enhances the electro-optical properties of PDLC films, resulting in improved stability and a heightened contrast ratio. Moreover, the study explores the influence of different polymer monomer ratios, focusing on the multifunctional monomer HPMA, on the overall performance of PDLC films. The findings demonstrate that an increase in HPMA content reduces the polymer network's size, ultimately improving electro-optical properties.
The methodological framework employed in this study is both robust and thorough. PDLC films were fabricated using the polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) method, incorporating a prepolymer, liquid crystal, and MWCNT-loaded reticular nanofibre films. Subsequently, advanced techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarized light microscopy (POM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electro-optical curve analysis were employed to analyze the microstructure and electro-optical profiles of various PDLC samples.
Furthermore, the electro-optical properties of the PDLC films were meticulously evaluated using a liquid crystal comprehensive parameter meter (LCT-5016). This comprehensive analysis provided insights into threshold voltage, drive voltage, contrast ratio, off-state transmittance, and on-state response time. Additionally, the study delved into the morphological aspects of PDLC films and MWCNTs using SEM, TEM, and POM.
The results underscore the positive impact of MWCNT-loaded reticular nanofibre films on PDLC films. This impact is evident in the lower driving voltages required, higher contrast achieved, and faster response times observed. The proportion of liquid crystals in PDLC films emerged as a critical factor influencing transmittance, threshold and saturation voltages, and contrast. Additionally, adjusting the multifunctional monomer HPMA ratio within the polymer matrix proved instrumental in controlling the size of the polymer network and, consequently, enhancing electro-optical properties.
In conclusion, Miao et al. (2023) present a significant advancement in PDLC films by exploring MWCNT-loaded reticular nanofibre films. This research sheds light on the achieved electro-optical enhancements and provides valuable insights into the influence of polymer monomer ratios on the overall performance of PDLC films. These findings pave the way for developing PDLC-based devices with superior response times, enhanced electro-optical properties, and prolonged stability, expanding their potential applications in optical windows, displays, energy storage, and flexible devices.
5.3.2. Enhancing Nanocomposites with Well-Crystallized Zinc Oxide Nanorods and Chitosan/PVP Polymers
In the study conducted by Alghamdi and Rajeh (2023), [94] a comprehensive investigation was undertaken to analyze various parameters, including structural, optical, thermal, and electrical characteristics, of nanocomposites formed by blending well-crystallized zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) with chitosan/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (Cs/PVP) polymers. The primary objective of this research was to enhance our understanding of the synergistic effects of combining ZnO nanostructures with Cs/PVP blends and elucidate their potential applications in energy storage devices and thin-film solar cells.
This study aligns with the increasing interest in environmentally friendly and renewable materials for electrochemical devices. It introduces biopolymer-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), derived from natural sources such as chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone, as a sustainable alternative. Notably, incorporating ZnO nanostructures into these biopolymer matrices represents a novel approach, considering the favorable properties of ZnO nanoparticles. The investigation aimed to bridge existing knowledge gaps by unraveling the impact of ZnO nanostructures on the structural, optical, thermal, and electrical characteristics of Cs/PVP blends.
The contributions of this research are manifold. Firstly, it delves into the structural aspects, confirming the well-crystallized nature of ZnO NRs through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis while noting an increase in amorphous character within the polymer composites. The dimensions of the ZnO nanorods, which play a crucial role in their optical and electrical properties, were determined through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), revealing lengths ranging from 200 to 300 nm and diameters ranging from 40 to 80 nm.
The optical characteristics of the nanocomposites were comprehensively investigated, revealing a narrowing of the optical bandgap and an increase in the Urbach energy, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and optical conductivity upon incorporating ZnO NRs into the polymer matrix. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra further highlighted a distinctive photoemission peak around 470 nm in films made of polymer nanocomposites, emphasizing the intriguing optical properties of the Cs/PVP-ZnO system.
Regarding electrical properties, the Cs/PVP-ZnO nanocomposite exhibited elevated ionic conductivity at normal temperature, indicating its potential for use in energy storage devices. Electric modulus and dielectric permittivity studies provided valuable insights into conductivity relaxation and charge storage characteristics, shedding light on the nuanced electrical behavior of the nanocomposite.
The results portrayed a comprehensive picture of the Cs/PVP-ZnO nanocomposite, emphasizing its improved structural, optical, thermal, and electrical characteristics. Notably, the observed reduction in crystallinity, blue shift in optical reflectance onsets, and enhanced thermal stability further underscored the suitability of this nanocomposite for applications in thin-film solar cells and energy storage devices.
In conclusion, Alghamdi and Rajeh (2023) have significantly advanced our understanding of nanocomposites by systematically investigating the Cs/PVP-ZnO system. Their findings contribute to fundamental knowledge regarding the structural and optical modifications induced by ZnO NRs in the Cs/PVP blend and highlight the enhanced electrical conductivity and dielectric properties. This positions the Cs/PVP-ZnO nanocomposite as a promising candidate for various energy storage applications.
5.3.3. High-Entropy Nanofibers Transforming the Energy Storage Performance of Polymer Composites
Polymer dielectrics, though flexible and scalable, encounter challenges in high-temperature environments, prompting the inclusion of fillers to enhance their properties. This study by Dou et al. (2023) [95] builds upon the high-entropy approach, originally designed to boost the energy density of ceramic film capacitors to create high-entropy nanofibers. The primary goal is to transform the energy storage performance of polymer composites. The central focus is on systematically investigating how these high-entropy nanofibers impact the microstructure and properties of the polymer matrix, particularly emphasizing dielectric breakdown properties and cyclic charge-discharge reliability.
This research offers several noteworthy contributions. Firstly, it introduces a high-entropy approach for synthesizing nanofibers, presenting a unique strategy to control the microstructure of ceramic fillers within polymer composites. This approach significantly improves dielectric breakdown properties and cyclic charge-discharge reliability, directly influencing fatigue resistance and overall composite reliability. The study imparts valuable insights into designing high-performance dielectric polymer nanocomposites by manipulating filler characteristics, such as crystal phase, grain size, and the amorphous-like region.
Regarding methodology, high-entropy nanofibers are synthesized using an electrospinning method followed by calcination, resulting in 1D ceramic nanofibers with diverse crystal structures. Rigorous analysis of dielectric properties and energy storage performance of resulting polymer composites is conducted through various techniques. Morphology characterization utilizes optical and SEM images, while dielectric performance is evaluated through dielectric constant and dissipation factor measurements, considering their frequency and temperature dependencies. Dielectric breakdown properties are assessed using a two-parameter Weibull statistic distribution function, and P-E loops are employed to measure the polarization-electric field behavior of the composites.
The results demonstrate the effectiveness of high-entropy nanofibers in enhancing the dielectric and energy-storage performance of polymer composites. Adding high-entropy nanofibers results in a refined microstructure characterized by an increased proportion of the amorphous-like phase and reduced grain size, leading to a smoother surface and improved properties. Notably, the PEIHEnf composite film exhibits superior cycling stability and fatigue resistance compared to pure polymer films, displaying minimal performance variation in energy density and efficiency.
In conclusion, Dou et al. (2023) have pioneered the utilization of high-entropy nanofibers to revolutionize the energy storage performance of polymer nanocomposites. Their findings pave the way for developing advanced energy storage materials, influencing the design and performance of electric devices and power systems. High-entropy nanofibers emerge as promising candidates for the next generation of dielectric polymer nanocomposites.
5.3.4. Surface Decoration of MnNiWO4 Nanostructures on Carbon Nanofiber for Photocatalytic Dye Removal
In the study titled 'Surface decoration of MnNiWO4 nanostructures on carbon nanofiber to build nanocomposites towards the removal of anionic azo and cationic dyes under light illumination,' conducted by Sai Kumar A. et al. (2023) [96], the primary focus is on the synthesis and characterization of MnNiWO4 hybrid nanostructures attached to carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The overarching goal is to enable the photocatalytic removal of anionic azo and cationic dyes when exposed to light. This research addresses the increasing concerns regarding water contamination, particularly from industrial activities such as the textile sector, and aims to overcome the limitations of traditional water treatment methods. Leveraging the cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness of photocatalysis, the researchers explore the potential of MnNiWO4/CNF hybrid nanocomposites for efficient dye removal.
This study makes multifaceted contributions. Primarily, it involves the synthesis and detailed characterization of MnNiWO4 hybrid nanostructures on CNFs, achieved through hydrothermal and wet impregnation methods. The investigation encompasses an array of factors, including the crystal structure, optical and electrical properties, microstructure, elemental composition, and structural characteristics of the prepared photocatalysts. To achieve this, a range of advanced techniques, such as XRD, UV-Vis DRS, FL, FESEM, EDS, XPS, and TEM, are employed to unravel the factors influencing the superior photocatalytic performance of the MnNiWO4/CNF hybrid nanocomposite. These factors include size, surface charge, electronic effects, and effective charge-transfer abilities.
The methodology section provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis process, involving the creation of manganese tungstate (MnWO4) nanosheets, nickel tungstate (NiWO4) nanoparticles, and manganese nickel tungstate (MnNiWO4) hybrid nanostructures via a hydrothermal method. The attachment of these hybrid nanostructures to CNFs is achieved through a wet impregnation method. Extensive characterization techniques, including XRD, UV-Vis DRS, FL, FESEM, EDS, XPS, and TEM, are employed to scrutinize the crystal structure, optical and electrical properties, microstructure, elemental composition, and structural characteristics of the photocatalysts. Photocatalytic activity tests assess the degradation efficiency of the synthesized samples towards anionic azo dyes (Orange II sodium salt) and cationic dyes (methyl orange and methylene blue) under light illumination, utilizing a commercial solar simulator as the light source.
The results of the study reveal the exceptional performance of the MnNiWO4/CNF hybrid nanocomposite, with an 85% degradation efficiency for the anionic azo dye Orange II sodium salt under light illumination, surpassing the performance of other photocatalysts. Additionally, the hybrid nanocomposite exhibits high degradation efficiencies for anionic dye methyl orange (77%) and cationic dye methylene blue (61%). The photocatalytic degradation process follows pseudo-1st-order reaction kinetics. Distinctive characteristics of the MnNiWO4/CNF hybrid nanocomposite, such as a substantial red shift in absorption, a reduced energy band gap, and higher crystallinity, contribute to its superior performance.
In conclusion, Sai Kumar A. et al. (2023) provide valuable insights into the development of MnNiWO4/CNF hybrid nanocomposites as efficient photocatalysts for the removal of anionic azo and cationic dyes. Their contributions extend to the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of these nanocomposites, elucidating the key factors influencing their superior photocatalytic performance. These findings hold significant promise for addressing water contamination challenges stemming from industrial dye discharge, offering a promising avenue for advanced water treatment technologies.
5.3.5. Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO:GO/rGO Composite Thin Films for Energy Harvesting
The investigation carried out by Joshi et al. (2023) [97] focuses on the synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their impact on the structural and optical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films. This study's primary objective is to assess these nanocomposites' potential for energy harvesting applications, particularly in the context of photovoltaic technology and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
The paper's objectives are multifaceted. Firstly, it explores the synthesis and characterization of GO and rGO, followed by an investigation into their influence on ZnO thin films. These thin films are deposited on glass substrates using the practical and straightforward spin coating method. The structural properties of the films are analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), revealing the presence of oxygen functionalities and a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure.
The study further examines the optical properties of the films, demonstrating their high transmittance in the UV-visible region, making them suitable for optoelectronic applications. Moreover, the electrical properties are analyzed, revealing that an increase in GO and rGO weight percentage leads to an increase in crystallite size and a decrease in resistivity. Additionally, the surface microstructure of the GO and rGO-inserted samples is scrutinized using high-resolution electron microscopy.
The investigation resulted in several key findings regarding composite thin films' structural, optical, and electrical properties. Firstly, concerning structural properties, both undoped and doped ZnO thin films exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure, as confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Notably, the insertion of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) led to an increase in crystallite size, consequently enhancing the conductivity of the thin films.
Moving on to optical properties, the study revealed a noteworthy enhancement in the optical transmittance of rGO/ZnO thin films due to the increased presence of sp2 carbon domains in rGO. This improved optical property renders these films suitable for utilization as photoelectrodes in solar cells and various optoelectronic devices.
Lastly, the investigation into electrical properties demonstrated a reduction in resistivity upon adding GO and rGO in ZnO. This decrease in resistivity signifies an increase in conductivity. The observed improvement in conductivity can be attributed to the interface formed between GO/rGO and the ZnO surface, which facilitates the flow of charge carriers. Furthermore, this reduction in resistivity correlates with the increase in crystallite size obtained from the XRD results, further underlining the suitability of these composite thin films for applications as photoelectrodes in energy devices.
These findings suggest that ZnO:GO/rGO composite thin films exhibit favorable structural, optical, and electrical properties, positioning them as promising candidates for photoelectrodes in energy harvesting applications.
In conclusion, the study underscores the significant contributions of incorporating GO and rGO into ZnO thin films for energy harvesting applications. The optimized structural and optical properties and improved electrical characteristics make these nanocomposites potential candidates for photoelectrodes in solar cells and other optoelectronic devices, contributing to the advancement of sustainable and renewable energy solutions.
5.3.6. Promoting Cell Growth with Laser-Synthesized Magnesium Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering
The article by Nyabadza et al. (2023) [98] is centered on producing magnesium nanoparticles (MgNPs) using laser ablation techniques. These MgNPs are subsequently employed for immobilizing amino acids and enzymes to enhance biochemical reactions and enable targeted delivery to tissues.
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the growth-promoting effects of MgNPs on human dermal fibroblast cells, along with assessing the dynamic reciprocity environment created by these MgNPs. The immobilization of amino acids and enzymes onto the MgNPs is achieved through adsorption, resulting in composites characterized by highly connected needle-like structures, as observed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM).
This paper offers noteworthy contributions, detailing the fabrication of MgNPs through laser ablation and showcasing their potential for tissue engineering applications, evidenced by their cell growth-promoting effects and improved cell adhesion. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the adsorption mechanism for immobilizing amino acids and enzymes onto MgNPs and visualizes the resulting composites through FESEM.
The methods employed in this study encompass the laser ablation technique for MgNP synthesis, nanoparticle characterization utilizing Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and FESEM with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and the examination of optical properties and concentration via UV-Vis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Additionally, an image processing algorithm developed in MATLAB aids in quantitatively extracting data from FESEM images. The study involves physical and chemical elution processes, analyzing microstructural changes in MgNP-trypsin and MgNP-glutamine composites before and after elution. Specific details about Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL) are provided, encompassing parameters such as laser fluence, pulse width, repetition rate, and laser scan speed.
The results of this study demonstrate the promising cell growth-promoting effects and improved cell adhesion achieved by the synthesized MgNPs. FESEM visualizations reveal the presence of highly interconnected needle-like structures in MgNP composites, and the microstructure of MgNP-trypsin composites remains stable post-elution. At the same time, morphological changes are observed in MgNP-glutamine composites. Successful bonding of MgNPs with trypsin and glutamine suggests potential applications in enzyme and amino acid delivery.
In conclusion, Nyabadza et al. (2023) establish the potential utility of laser-synthesized MgNPs for immobilizing and delivering enzymes and amino acids, with implications for various biomedical applications. Their research underscores the importance of MgNPs in creating dynamic reciprocity environments, enhancing cell adhesion, and providing a foundation for future investigations, including microbial lysis efficacy and biocompatibility studies.
5.3.7. Enhancing Bio-Based PLA Composites with Graphene-Based Materials and Wheat Straw
The article authored by Chougan et al. (2023) delves into the enhancement of wheat straw's compatibility with a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix through the utilization of graphene-based materials (GBMs) for surface functionalization. This endeavor aims to elevate PLA bio-based composites' mechanical and thermal performance. The study compares composites with and without GBM surface functionalization of straw particles, demonstrating superior thermal stability, flexural strength, tensile strength, and tensile toughness in the former, signifying improved interfacial bonding between straw and PLA matrix.
The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of graphene-based materials as surface-modifying agents to enhance the performance of bio-based PLA composites. The authors build upon their prior research, which established wheat straw as a partial replacement for the PLA polymer matrix. This study introduces a physical pre-treatment (HthS) to modify wheat straw's surface chemical functional groups, reducing hydrophobic components. Notably, the research demonstrates the effectiveness of GBMs in functionalizing the surface of pre-treated straw particles, resulting in noteworthy improvements in the mechanical and physical properties of straw-PLA composites.
The employed methods encompass dry-mixing and pre-heating PLA polymer pellets and wheat straw particles, with and without GBM surface functionalization, followed by hot-pressing. Tensile and flexural experiments, morphology assessments, and tests for dimension stability (thickness swelling and water absorption) contribute to the comprehensive evaluation of the modified composites. The integration of the area under the stress-strain curve is employed to assess tensile toughness.
The results confirm the positive impact of GBM surface functionalization on wheat straw, leading to improved mechanical and thermal performance of PLA bio-based composites. Graphene oxide-functionalized straw particles, in particular, exhibit significant enhancements, with a 27% increase in flexural strength, a 66% increase in tensile strength, and a remarkable 322% increase in tensile toughness compared to control samples. Morphological assessments affirm improved straw/PLA matrix interfacial bonding induced by GBMs, while water absorption and thickness swelling tests underscore the improved dimension stability of functionalized straw-PLA composites.
In conclusion, the study demonstrates the efficacy of surface modification of wheat straw with GBMs to enhance bio-based PLA composites' performance significantly. The findings have implications for developing sustainable and high-performance materials, bridging the gap in the literature regarding the use of graphene-based materials for surface functionalization in wheat straw bio-based composites.
5.3.8. Improving Carbon Foam with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Functionalized Nanodiamonds
The article authored by Aslam et al. (2023) [99] delves into the enhancement of pitch-derived carbon foam (CF) through the incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and functionalized nanodiamonds (FNDs). The study, rooted in improving CF properties at the microstructural level, explores the ensuing impact on mechanical, thermal, electrical, and photocatalytic properties.
The primary objective of this investigation is to scrutinize the structural, morphological, and catalytic attributes of CF composites featuring MWCNTs and FNDs as double hybrid nano reinforcements. By comparing CF/MWCNTs, CF/MWCNTs-FNDs, and pure CF samples, the study aims to elucidate the impact of these nanofillers on the properties of CF composites. Additionally, the paper aims to contribute to the scientific understanding of the photocatalytic activity of CF samples, particularly in the degradation of Alizarin red (AR) dye.
The contributions of this work are multifaceted. Firstly, the paper delves into the structural and morphological characterizations of CF composites containing MWCNTs and FNDs, emphasizing a comparative analysis with pure CF samples. Noteworthy is the demonstration that including nanofillers, particularly FNDs, enhances the microstructure, pore size, and dispersion of CF composites, leading to improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical attributes. The best performance is observed in the CF/MWCNTs-FNDs hybrid samples. Furthermore, the study explores the photocatalytic activity of CF samples against AR dye, elucidating the synergistic effects of MWCNTs and FNDs in achieving a remarkable decolorization rate of approximately 88%.
The employed methods encompass the synthesis of pretreated CF pitches using coal tar pitch, followed by forming, carbonization, and graphitization techniques. The structural and morphological properties of CF composites are characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, confirming elemental composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verifies the crystalline structure, while thermal conductivity is measured using Laser Flash Technology. The investigation of photocatalytic activity against AR dye involves repeated measurements to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the results.
The results underscore the success of incorporating MWCNTs and FNDs into the CF matrix, leading to improved structural and morphological properties. The CF/MWCNTs-FNDs hybrid composites exhibit superior thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties, with remarkable compressive strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of CF/MWCNTs-FNDs composites, particularly with 4 wt% loading, stands out with an 88% decolorization rate of AR dye. This decolorization is influenced by catalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration.
In conclusion, the study demonstrates that incorporating MWCNTs and FNDs into CF composites significantly enhances their mechanical, electrical, thermal, and photocatalytic properties. The findings contribute to understanding hybrid nanomaterial reinforcements in carbon foam, offering insights for applications demanding superior multifunctional properties.
5.3.9. Partial Conclusions
In conclusion, this paper presents significant findings and insights from a comprehensive exploration of nanocomposites and their multifaceted applications. The study underscores the paramount importance of microstructure in shaping the properties of nanocomposites, shedding light on how variations in crosslinking time can profoundly influence their surface characteristics.
Furthermore, the research delves into the antimicrobial properties of nanocomposites, employing advanced spectral analysis techniques, specifically UV-Vis analytical spectroscopy, to provide a deeper understanding of their performance in this crucial aspect.
A noteworthy highlight is recognizing the pivotal role of pure carbon fibers in nanocomposites' intricate architecture. These fibers emerge as a fundamental component with the potential to enhance such materials' overall properties significantly.
The paper also offers a glimpse into the vast landscape of contemporary research, showcasing a diverse array of articles across various scientific domains. This assortment emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of modern scientific inquiries, highlighting the intricate connections between different fields of study.
Moreover, the transformative impact of nanomaterials, such as laser-synthesized magnesium nanoparticles, graphene-based nano-functional materials, and carbon foam composites, is elucidated within biomedical applications, polymer science, and structural engineering. These materials are revealed as catalysts for innovation with far-reaching implications.
The integration of cutting-edge technologies, particularly the fusion of machine learning with nanomaterials, demonstrates the evolving synergy between scientific advancements and the potential for further breakthroughs.
In materials science, the paper discusses the promising prospects of ZnO:GOrGO composite thin films, lauding their favorable structural, optical, and electrical properties. These attributes position them as prime candidates for future deployment as photoelectrodes in energy harvesting applications.
Lastly, exploring MnNiWO4CNF hybrid nanocomposites reveals their impressive photocatalytic performance, particularly in the degradation of anionic azo and cationic dyes. This promising avenue showcases the potential of advanced water treatment technologies.
In terms of future research directions, the paper advocates for continued exploration of the intersection between nanotechnology and various scientific domains to address contemporary challenges and shape the trajectory of research and innovation.
Furthermore, it emphasizes the aspiration to deepen our understanding of the photocatalytic behavior of carbon foam (CF) composites, particularly in the context of Alizarin red (AR) dye degradation.
The investigation of electrical properties hints at potential applications in energy-related devices, thanks to the introduction of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into zinc oxide (ZnO) matrices.
The research on graphene-based materials within zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films opens up possibilities in energy harvesting applications, explicitly focusing on photovoltaic technology and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
The study's exploration of carbon foam (CF) enhancements through the incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and functionalized nanodiamonds (FNDs) underscores the need for further investigation at the microstructural level.
Finally, using graphene-based materials for surface modification in bio-based composites featuring wheat straw presents an enticing avenue for future research, holding the promise of sustainable and high-performance materials.
5.4. Results Overview
This study has significant practical implications across various technological domains, particularly highlighting nanocomposites' increasing recognition and potential applications in sectors such as microelectronics, optoelectronics, power transmission, and optoelectronic devices.
It offers valuable insights into the intricate interplay between nanocomposites' material composition, structure, and functionality, thereby facilitating the development of materials tailored to specific technological requirements.
Furthermore, a meticulous analysis of crosslinking time's impact on nanocomposite attributes underscores the critical importance of optimizing crosslinking degrees. This optimization can result in fine-tuning electrical properties and improved durability in power systems, thereby delivering tangible benefits in technological applications.
Integrating graphene nanoparticles into aluminum conductors is a promising avenue for enhancing their mechanical and electrical properties, especially for high-capacity power transmission. Investigating the fatigue behavior of nanocomposites at elevated temperatures holds the potential for addressing challenges related to fatigue failure in commercial aluminum conductors.
Moreover, the study suggests a promising direction for future research involving synthesizing and characterizing CdO:Sn nanocomposites using laser ablation. These endeavors deepen our understanding of these materials' structural, optical, and electrical properties, potentially opening new avenues for technological advancement.
Beyond technological applications, this research underscores the versatility of nanocomposites, spanning diverse domains, including eco-friendly and biomedical applications. Notably, they promise improved dental healthcare by being employed in denture materials.
In light of these findings, future research should prioritize optimizing crosslinking degrees in nanocomposites, investigating the impact of water absorption on performance, and devising strategies to mitigate wear rates and friction coefficients while preserving enhanced material properties.
Concurrently, the study presents an extensive bibliometric and sentiment analysis of nanocomposite literature, revealing evolving trends and heightened recognition within the academic discourse.
A thematic analysis of the Scopus database underscores the substantial emphasis on microstructural studies in nanocomposite research, highlighting the significance of understanding microscopic organization and its correlation with material properties.
Moreover, focused attention on the electrical properties of nanocomposites sheds light on their critical attributes and intricate relationship with microstructure.
Furthermore, the analysis emphasizes the necessity of investigating nanocomposites' mechanical behavior, especially their responses to varying stress conditions.
Notably, sentiment analysis of abstracts reveals a gradual shift towards more positive sentiment over time, indicative of researchers' improved articulation of the significance of their work or enthusiasm for their findings.
In summary, this study significantly contributes to a deeper understanding of nanocomposite research themes, fosters interdisciplinary collaborations, and underscores the expanding interest in nanocomposites across various fields.
Conclusions
In conclusion, an examination of bibliometric data concerning nanocomposites, with a focus on their electrical attributes, unveils significant patterns and novel areas worthy of attention. The significance of crosslinking duration in defining nanocomposite performance stands out, pinpointing it as a prime subject for subsequent exploration. Delving deeper into the nexus between microstructure and electrical properties while fine tuning crosslinking variables emerges as imperative.
The sentiment analysis uncovers a favorable research ambiance, implying effective communication of findings within the research community. It is advisable for upcoming research endeavors to adopt a long-term sentiment analysis strategy, correlating sentiment trajectories with technological landmarks and policy modifications.
The exploration into cooperative research accentuates the vital role of bridging various disciplines. Crafting a structured approach for these interdisciplinary liaisons through digital channels can elevate the cumulative research efficacy and real-world applications.
However, this investigation has its limitations. A predominant reliance on the Scopus database and literature penned in English presents certain boundaries. It is recommended that subsequent inquiries broaden their scope, incorporating varied databases and embracing literature from multiple languages to capture a more comprehensive global snapshot.
Venturing into domains like cutting-edge characterization methodologies, applications in the medical sphere, integration with optoelectronics, and the development of conductive nanocomposites holds promise. Channeling efforts into these arenas, with a spotlight on materials amplified by nanoparticles, can propel progress in vital sectors such as healthcare and sustainable energy solutions.
To encapsulate, this inquiry enriches the comprehension of the nanocomposite research landscape, steering the direction of future academic pursuits. The ramifications of this study span both technological evolution and broader societal advancements, underscoring the premise that sustained growth and collaboration in this domain are pivotal for bolstering global technological prowess.
Author Contributions
The article was authored by FG, who also collected and analyzed the data. The text was reviewed by SB, FM, and KP. Additionally, MS, VV, DB, and GS conducted investigations on the cases presented in Section 5 (Literature Revision Guided by Artificial Intelligence).
Funding
Agência Nacional de Petróleo (PRH 16.1), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq BRICS-STI-5 440090/2022-9 and PQ-2022 302508/2022-8), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES–Finance Code 001), and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ E-26/210.800/2021 (Energy), E-26/211.122/2021 (COVID), E-26/210.511/2021 (ConBraPA2022), E-26/201.154/2021 (CNE), and E-26/210.080/2023 (Thematic)).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the following funding agencies for their generous support and scholarships: Agência Nacional de Petróleo (ANP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ). Without their invaluable assistance, this research project wMDPIould not have been possible.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data files are available here https://github.com/ftir-mc/MEMD.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose. This research was conducted in compliance with ethical standards.
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Figure 1.
Scatter Plot of Word Frequencies and WordCloud of Most Common Words as figure"s inset.
Figure 2.
Top ten collaborations between authors.
Figure 3.
Top ten most cited works.
Figure 4.
Top 10 Most Cited Articles (Last 5 Years).
Figure 5.
Funding sources by country.
Figure 6.
Cumulative Language Evolution.
Figure 7.
Titles Sentiment Scatter Plot.
Figure 8.
Titles Sentiment Scatter Plot.
Figure 9.
LDA-generated word clouds from titles.
Figure 10.
LDA-generated word clouds from abstracts.
Figure 11.
Total link strength vs. Occurrences from VOS analysis.
Figure 12.
Network visualization from VOS analysis.
Figure 13.
Overlay visualization from VOS analysis.
Figure 14.
Top five pairs of terms depending on the value of LSBI.
Figure 15.
Top five pairs of terms depending on the value of Year.
Figure 16.
Elbow plot.
Figure 17.
Network Illustrating the Strength of Links Between Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties.
Figure 17.
Network Illustrating the Strength of Links Between Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties.
Figure 18.
Network of Closest Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties.
Figure 19.
Network Illustrating the Newest Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties.
Figure 19.
Network Illustrating the Newest Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Electrical Properties.
Figure 20.
Network Illustrating the Strength of Links Between Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Mechanical behavior.
Figure 20.
Network Illustrating the Strength of Links Between Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Mechanical behavior.
Figure 21.
Network of Closest Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Mechanical behavior.
Figure 22.
Network Illustrating the Newest Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Mechanical behavior.
Figure 23.
Network Illustrating Term Associations in Nanocomposites and Microstructure.
Figure 24.
Network of Closest Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Microstructure.
Figure 25.
Network Illustrating the Newest Terms Related to Nanocomposites and Microstructure.
Figure 26.
Overview of Nanocomposites Research.
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