2.1. The Fall of Traditional Educational Systems and the Rise of Smart Teaching and Learning Environments
Many researchers have tried to shed light on traditional learning and how it can be improved, but few have tried to clarify how Smart Learning Systems can best be used in modern educational environments [
4,
5]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the ability of online learning innovations to improve teaching and learning systems. The need for smart learning systems existed long before the global pandemics, as the emergence of smart cities and smart technologies created the critical need for smarter innovative educational and learning environments. The unexpected events of 2020 called for further urgent investigation of innovative online teaching and learning methods and their backgrounds [
3]. Within a year, the teaching and learning environment changed drastically. To meet all the critical needs of the tetrad (e.g., teachers, learners, learning environment, learning content) that the traditional education system was trying to meet, smarter education systems along with supporting virtual tools began to appear on the educational horizon. Consequently, Smart Learning Systems become an important scientific research subject. Models and tools for virtual education systems are developing rapidly and researchers need to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of this or that smart learning system because they need to improve the way they are used for learners worldwide.
Prior to the pandemic, learners and educators were accustomed to acquiring the necessary knowledge from such Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) platforms as Coursera, Udemy, EdX, Future Learn, Shaw Academy, SWAYAM, Udacity, Kadenze, Canvas Network, Stanford Lagutina, Miriadax, EduOpen, Federica Web Learning, ThaiMOOC, NPTEL, Complexity Explorer, Campus-IL, XuetangX. Zhihuishu, CNMOOC, Edraak, European Multiple MOOC Aggregator (EMMA), OpenHPI, Open Education, Gacco, Fisdom, Open Learning, JMOOC, Open Education, K-MOOC, Prometheus, Khan Academy, PBS Teachers [
6,
7]. Common to all the above online MOOC providers is that most of them are based on video delivery and repository systems, although supplementary reading materials and other bibliographic references are also provided within the course.
The history of MOOC platforms dates back to the early 2010s [
8]. In October 2011, professors at Stanford University launched three online courses that were open to anyone. Gradually, such courses evolved into mass events with more than 100000 registrations per course. The term ‘MOOC’ was coined by representatives of the mass media. Since then, more than 1000 universities worldwide have offered both free and paid online courses accessible to everyone. The biggest MOOC platforms are Coursera and EdX, but many governments and ministries of education have also tried to start their own online education platforms. Some websites usually provide the necessary information about the growing number of different online courses offered by different universities. Usually, all the courses are organized by subject. According to the website, more than 180 million users have registered for online courses by the end of 2020. Due to the global pandemic, the number of registered online learners on MOOC platforms is increasing daily and 2020 is often referred to as ‘The Year of the MOOC’. The number of online learners will continue to grow with more than 35 MOOC platforms now offering a variety of educational opportunities [
9]. The success of these platforms so far has shown that video materials with real lecturers from reputed universities are best received by students. Most of these platforms also support learners with online reading materials and other necessary bibliographic references. Most of the courses are also based on peer reviews of the material learnt as well as discussion forums on the knowledge acquired. What most of them lack is live online interaction between learners and instructors. These interactive and innovative features of online learning are setting new standards for global education systems.
2.2. Global Pandemics and New Requirements of Modern Educational Systems
In 2020, all universities had to adapt to modern online learning environments due to global pandemics and total closures. Zoom became the most used online platform and tool to deliver online learning worldwide [
10]. One of the benefits and advantages of this new system on the Zoom platform was the online interaction between learners and instructors. Additional discussion forums and clubs were immediately created. A more creative approach to teaching by instructors helped ensure that not only unprepared first-year students, but also undergraduate students received the feedback they needed.
Currently, a smart academic environment is one of the first necessities for all higher educational institutions, but the methods, resources, and facilities used have not yet been studied. Although there are many virtual tools, most of them have not been properly studied scientifically. With the help of questionnaires and related data obtained from learners of different higher education institutions, we have tried to integrate the best Smart Learning Systems and tools into the virtual learning atmosphere of a higher education institution.
So far, our research has shown that purposefully designed lectures have facilitated the teaching-learning process with the advancement of technology-based teaching tools. Previous video-based lectures from MOOC platforms have also had a positive impact on the pedagogical aspects of new online learning and teaching systems. Lecturers around the world who had no experience with online teaching could freely explore the necessary aspects of the video-based teaching materials that have served as the key to the success of these online platforms for almost a decade. This could also help them improve their traditional teaching approaches, make the learning environment smarter, and explore its impact on the overall learning experience and increase student learning potential.
Empirical research on smart learning systems could help determine the pedagogical and instructional advantages and disadvantages of online learning [
11]. As a result, in one year, many significant unexplored problems of online learning have remained unresolved due to the new challenges that higher education in particular faces on a daily basis. The demands are increasing as well as the setbacks that can harm the teaching and learning processes. Scholars still need to examine various sources to understand which tools best support modern educational needs. In addition to the Zoom platform, many universities have established their own online learning platforms where both learners and instructors can download the necessary material for peer reviews and group discussions. The question of how to synchronize all the existing approaches and take full advantage of different smart education sources is one of the main issues that currently needs more in-depth study. Over the year, MOOC platforms and other learning sources have tried to improve their methods to make the learning environment more interactive, the interaction between teachers and learners more effective, and the learning process more engaging.
Nowadays, millions of learners worldwide confirm that they have become accustomed to online learning systems despite the failures and setbacks that higher education has experienced. Moreover, most of them confirm that they enjoy learning online and have the privilege to learn about this or that subject on different platforms. By using such different devices as PCs, smartphones or tablets, they feel more connected to their educational goals. This amount of combined learning is the advantage of modern higher education. The number of potentially interested learners is growing day by day. Content-based education is becoming one of the most preferred aspects of online learning. This complex learning reality makes most of the lecturers to consider learner-centered approaches and try to improve the traditional teaching methods.
In the smart learning environment, not only the learner's behavior but also the instructor's behavior should be considered. So far, researchers have considered the behavior of the learner. This can be considered as the first step to improve the existing and emerging Smart Learning Systems. The second step should be to consider the teacher's behavior, which is no less important in achieving better outcomes in higher education. This can also help to improve the studies and try to manage and adapt the existing smart resources according to the requirements of the specific learning environment. In our opinion, comprehensive environmental awareness and adaptive teaching methods are the first steps to create and use smart educational systems and smart tools. The high priority of smart learning environment is undeniable, as it helps to improve the performance of pedagogical interaction between teachers and learners according to the requirements of smart learning in higher education.
2.4. Most Used Learning Management Systems
Technological solutions for smart learning management systems primarily target educational institutions. Teaching and learning management systems are designed to help instructors manage their educational goals in the virtual space. Most of them provide a single platform through which course material can be accessed online. The course material may include not only the learning content but also assignments, syllabi, quizzes, tests, multimedia files and assessment systems. This allows both learners and instructors to have a more connected and accessible learning experience. Instructors can also create their own digital courses, distribute course materials, and even assess learners’ progress online.
Our research would lack background information if we did not refer to
https://www.g2.com/categories/learning-management-system-lms which regularly updates its list of the best technology solutions not only for educational purposes, but also for businesses. The website also updates the information about the best learning management systems. Users openly rate the smart learning management systems based on their own experiences, which makes the list more objective. According to users’ ratings on the website, the top 10 learning management systems are: 1) Canvas, 2) D2L Brightspace, 3) Google Classroom, 4) Blackboard, 5) Docebo, 6) Schoology, 7) TalentLMS, 8) Cornerstone Learning, 9) Edmodo, 10) Moodle.
Canvas is generally used via open, cloud-based technologies that enable effortless integration of content, specific tools, and services that educators and learners need to achieve their educational goals [
16]. 99% of users have confirmed in various surveys that Canvas, as a smart learning management system for users, is generally known for considering the needs of users and then standing out as the most suitable, flexible, customizable, and reliable smart learning platform. This is an important reason for its wider acceptance as a smart learning tool in universities. This is one of the reasons why Canvas is adopted and used more frequently than any other smart learning system. As a smart learning tool, it has simplified the teaching and learning system. Instructure, the company that developed this revolutionary technology for education, confirms that it is doing its best to improve the options to make the smart software more useful and people smarter. The Canvas learning management system is usually complemented by Canvas Commons, the Learning Object Repository (LOR), Canvas Catalog, Canvas Network offered by the same company Instructure. Canvas Network is an open educational resource that offers online courses worldwide. Long-time users of the Canvas smart learning system point out in various educational forums certain advantages of Canvas that other similar Smart Learning Systems lack. First of all, they highlight that Canvas is an incredibly consistent learning management system and is more cost effective. During the global pandemic, the transition to Canvas was smooth and without technical difficulties for most users. One of the best features is that instructors from different educational institutions can share their content with other instructors or learners. The Canvas learning management system also provides the ability to create videos within the system. Sharing videos in Canvas encourages collaborative exchanges between learners and instructors. Another beneficial feature of Canvas is the grading system for online assignments, which is better than the capacity of other learning management tools as it allows teachers to comment on learners' submitted assignments. This allows both teachers and learners to have a great mutual learning experience and an instructive process. Some users also mention that this is the best solution to engage a large number of students in the learning process. The in-app messaging system allows students and instructors to stay in constant contact with each other. Instructors can also add upcoming assignments before moving on to the online lecture. Canvas is easy to use in some ways because it is based on the background features and primary learning management systems of other educational platforms that most learners and instructors fundamentally understand, so all users can navigate the platform with ease. As simple as it is, it is robust because of its useful features. Canvas also allows users to integrate other smart learning platforms into the learning process across the college, making it one of the most beneficial educational tools. Learning completely virtually is one of the most undesirable yet expected realities of modern times. That is why Canvas has become one of the most helpful educational products with its 24/7 support and extensive content editor features. One of the positive aspects of Canvas is its calendar, which helps users keep track of publishing new learning content and grading assignments in these hectic times. It's a straightforward learning management system that's hard to replace with another. Learners and teachers can also create their own curriculum by topic and access resources such as “unboxed” learning standards and pacing requirements. This is also helpful in that the user can not only create a blueprint, but also find all courses, learning materials, and resources in one place and organize them the way they want. All grades, messages, emails, grades, assignments, tests, quizzes, and other supplemental materials are stored on one page, which can help users switch to other external resources to navigate their curriculum effortlessly. Communicating with both learners and their parents through the Canvas network helps teachers make useful connections to better organize the educational process. So, the overall impression of all Canvas users is that it is a very dynamic, flexible and useful learning management tool that can be easily synchronized with other educational tools. The layout of the modules is precise and clear and tracking tasks can be easily added to the to-do list. It is one of the best options for time management and planning for instructors working with a large number of students. It is a great tool to keep track of all the courses and automate them.
D2L (Desire to Learn) Brightspace is another advantageous learning management system that combines powerful educational tools, services and support to deliver an outstanding teaching and learning experience [
17]. The package includes a time-saving experience on any device, adaptable to any screen size, coupled with any mobile app to streamline common educational tasks. One of the standout features is award-winning accessibility that makes it easy for students to navigate with assistive technology. An innate interface and built-in templates make it easier for instructors to design courses, create engaging content, and grade assignments. Instructors are encouraged to enrich course content directly with online audio, video, and other media sources or external websites. In this way, D2L Brightspace as a learning management system increases learner engagement with integrated video capabilities that allow for the use of a video-based grading system, web conferencing, and anchored positive feedback. Learners, in turn, can document and share their learning expedition, motivated by personalized learning experiences, and even seek to recognize individual achievements with awards and certificates. D2L Brightspace provides an easy way to share content through its integration with Google Drive and the ability to share content from YouTube or other social networks. In addition, D2L Brightspace can be used to implement various course methods and competency-based online instruction to meet the needs of each learner. It is an easy-to-use, powerful teaching and learning management tool that provides feedback across courses and from anywhere with its inline comments on documents, audio or video materials. Instructors can easily access and analyze each learner’s performance using Class Progress Dashboard. Students, in turn, can generate reports and have access to detailed grade statistics. This smart learning tool provides the best optimization opportunity for all resources and helps focus on personalized delivery and training experience based on the learner’s personal needs. D2L Brightspace is an interactive, powerful tool, smart learning space and virtual community open to all users to explore questions and find solutions, share ideas with peers and other experts in the field. It is an easy and quick to use application for all with supporting leverage resources and tools to help the system run smoothly. What users like most about D2L Brightspace is the ease of use and even access to other college assignments. The lecturer and the learner can easily communicate with each other when the learner has a question to answer. It also transparently shows the instructor who has submitted assignments and who has ignored them. The second feature that most users highlight is the fact that it is a highly customizable learning management system for higher education and corporate training. Users can easily create virtually any type of content and adhere to the required standards. Another pleasing feature is that D2L Brightspace has a perfect customer service and the team members are always ready to help with any technical issues. Users also point out that this is a perfect learning system for instructor-student interaction. Instructors have access to a customizable interface to design their course, and the many tools allow them to personalize each student’s learning experience by providing a customizable learning experience. Another aspect highlighted by users is the D2L Brightspace community, where users from different educational institutions can constantly share ideas, doubts, problems and solutions related to educational processes and other organizational procedures. There is also the Product Idea Exchange, which allows users to share improvement and development of ideas for future updates to the platform. The best thing that this product offers is the integration of presence and virtuality. This feature has proven its usefulness during the pandemic. There is also an encouraging moment for fans of smart learning management, D2L Brightspace is constantly updating and expanding to meet the rapidly changing requirements in education. Recently D2L Brightspace has started using a chat feature for tech support, which is very helpful. This allows users to constantly update to the new system or revert to the oldest version.
Google Classroom is a smart learning management tool in Google Apps for Education that helps teachers create and organize a quick assignment system, provide efficient feedback, and facilitate in-class communication [
18]. Users of Google Classroom highlight that it is the best smart teaching and learning management system for teachers to manage all classroom activities. It allows both teachers and learners to manage all classroom activities: for learners to submit assignments and for teachers to give assignments via Google Classroom. The backup feature also helps in not avoiding any possible challenges. This is the best app available for managing multiple online classroom activities, including setting deadlines for learners to ensure their timely submission. It is easy to navigate and it is easy to share the material through the website. Google Classroom also allows users to collaborate in the modern digitized world, and even if people are physically far away, Google Classroom makes the virtual meeting like a physical one in a sense and facilitates the exchange of ideas. Some users still admit that Google Classroom was the best smart learning and teaching solution in the virtual education reality of the global pandemic. But most admit that it works best with various learning systems like Canvas, Moodle, and Blackboard. Its simple layout is easy for any student to navigate without being overwhelmed by the difficulty of using the software. And even if someone is quarantined after a Covid-19 infection, they can still access all materials and the teaching process. Google Classroom is a smooth transition to virtual learning.
Blackboard Learn is a scalable, unfailingly smart learning management tool and a world- class learning experience [
17]. It is a flexible learning platform that enables users to enhance online learning opportunities, increase and promote learner engagement, and optimize learning outcomes. With its engaging learning environment and insightful features added daily, users can effortlessly manage content, personalize lessons, connect with learners, and foster collaboration between teachers and learners. When we look at user reviews, in addition to the benefits, they also note that it is sometimes difficult to navigate through the application. In any case, learners and teachers can create folders of learning materials, assignments, tests, and quizzes on the site by week or other criteria. Blackboard allows learners to complete online coursework and access all grades so they can keep track of the learning process. It allows instructors to teach a variety of courses in person and online, with the ability to share course materials with learners.
Docebo is another impactful smart learning technology that enables users to create, deploy, and understand the benefits of smart learning [
17]. Docebo is a multi-product learning tool that addresses any learning challenge and creates a true smart learning culture within the modern education system. It covers the entire learning cycle, from content creation to learning organization to materials delivery - all from a single vendor. Docebo currently stands out as a market leader, offering excellent live customer support, a learner-centric application with a user-friendly interface, the potential of a mobile app, 24/7 access with password protection, and requires no programming skills or advanced knowledge of internet technology. Docebo is also a great solution for corporate learning goals. It is a great digital platform for training all employees, customers and clients, making the training process exciting and friendly. It is best customized from both laptop and mobile. It is therefore essential to define the requirements of the learning objectives before attempting to implement them.
Schoology has supported all intelligent learning and instructional management systems for online courses and blended learning environments for over a decade [
17]. It is part of the PowerSchool Unified Classroom™ solution, which ensures that all users should have access to all high-quality teaching and learning opportunities. Schoology enables the deployment of the most comprehensive integrated classroom solution that provides teachers with personalized learning opportunities to enhance their academic background. Schoology provides the best communication tools that connect learners and teachers to collaborate on a high-quality learning mode that stimulates the learning experience and improves overall impartiality and access on a daily basis. Teachers can easily organize their courses in files and folders, duplicate them and publish the lessons and content by controlling the learning process in the Schoology app.
TalentLMS is largely customized to meet the training objectives of the organization [
17]. With the help of the fully customizable TalentLMS learning management system, companies grow as team members embrace training in this mode and enjoy guidance and support before taking an important step. TalentLMS team members emphasize that their mission is to democratize training by bringing together all possible training tools and materials into one suitable platform. It can be easily combined with other apps and services so that learners can have complete control over their training and have the best learning experience ever. Although it helps teachers create training courses easily by adding all the necessary learning materials, tests, quizzes, and live sessions, it also offers ready-made courses from TalentLibrary. By adding all the necessary details, a homepage and a language localization option for everyone. Users of the TalentLMS platform emphasize what they like most about it: it allows them to automate the learner experience, freeing up the instructor's time for other tasks and saving money on video management services.
Cornerstone Learning is another exceptional smart learning management system that aims to create a culture of lifelong learning. Cornerstone Learning leverages machine learning to create a personalized learning systems hub for users. Each user can customize the portal options to their own needs. The mobile training app is also an easily accessible option that allows for skillful learning. Cornerstone Learning is also used for corporate training that helps learners develop, grow, and reach their full potential within their organization. Through a personalized learning system, engaging content and modern training methods, employee performance is enhanced. More than 75 million users worldwide from over 180 countries have already benefited from Cornerstone Learning. What users highlight most in their reviews is that this product is the best for all learning management needs. Its endless possibilities offer constant updates that take into account the user's contribution to improve the dynamics of the learning or training process. The application also allows holding virtual conferences to achieve their educational goals.
Edmodo is another top-rated learning management system that connects potential participants and learners with the people and resources they need to reach their full potential [
19]. Users say it is the best learning system they have ever experienced. This is indeed because of its ease, convenience and hassle-free delivery. It is mainly used for communication between learners and teachers at any time of the day. In the virtual classroom, learners can generate and share ideas with each other, with the teacher individually or in a group.
Moodle is the best and most trusted world-class online learning system. The Moodle ecosystem is a secure and customizable open-source platform used daily by over 250 million users worldwide [
20]. Although it is an open-source teaching and learning management system, it also has an innate security and privacy system. Moodle enables all educators to create flexible, accessible and engaging learning environments. Moodle proved its effectiveness during the 2020 lockdown when all the world-famous universities had to completely switch to a virtual education system, and Moodle was the best solution for most of them as it is compatible with other learning platforms. Most users particularly emphasize in their reviews that it can be used as a central source repository for all course materials. Students do not have to speculate outside the university platform to access all their course material. The Moodle platform combines all mart learning management tools and materials into one platform. For most universities, Moodle even served as a remote administration and management system during the pandemic. With its many useful features, it makes all set up projects accessible.