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Hybrid FSO/RF Communications in Space–Air–Ground Integrated Networks: A Reduced Overhead Link Selection Policy

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09 January 2024

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11 January 2024

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Abstract
Space–air–ground integrated network (SAGIN) is considered as an enabler for the sixth-generation (6G) networks. By integrating terrestrial and non-terrestrial (satellite, aerial) networks, SAGIN seem to be a quite promising solution to provide reliable connectivity everywhere and all the time. Their availability can be further enhanced if hybrid free space optical (FSO)/radio frequency (RF) links are adopted. In this paper, the performance of a hybrid FSO/RF communication system operating in SAGIN has been analytically evaluated. In the considered system, a high altitude platform station (HAPS) is used to forward the satellite signal to the ground station. Moreover, the FSO channel model assumed takes into account the turbulence, pointing errors and path losses, while for the RF links, a relatively new composite fading model has been considered. In this context, a new link selection scheme has been proposed that is designed to reduced the signaling overhead required for the switching operations between the RF and FSO links. The analytical framework that has been developed is based on the Markov chain theory. Capitalizing on this framework, the performance of the system has been investigated using the criteria of outage probability and the average number of link estimations. The numerical results presented reveal that the new selection scheme offers a good compromise between performance and complexity.
Keywords: 
Subject: Engineering  -   Telecommunications

1. Introduction

In recent years, the concept of space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN), which integrates satellite, aerial, and terrestrial communications, has emerged as a noteworthy architectural paradigm [1]. This integrated approach has received significant research attention, in an evolving and compelling area of study as is the sixth generation (6G) communication network [2]. SAGIN aim to address the connectivity challenges that arise in remote and hard-to-reach areas by offering a cost-effective and high-capacity solution. Therefore, this type of networks seems to be the only path towards realizing the Internet of remote things. However, despite the undoubtedly benefits of these networks, they also come with certain disadvantages, including unbalanced distribution of resources [3], channel impairments [4], complexity and integration challenges [5], security concerns [2]. SAGIN can overcome some of the limitations associated with traditional communication methods by incorporating free space optical (FSO) links. FSO-assisted SAGIN will lead to improved performance, reliability, and adaptability in diverse operational scenarios, since they will offer increased bandwidth availability, low latency, increased security, and immunity to electromagnetic interference [6].
However, FSO communication are also prone to various environmental and channel attenuation effects, e.g., atmospheric turbulence, that result to severe degradation of the performance, e.g., [7,8]. An alternative approach to mitigating the impact of atmospheric turbulence involves integrating radio-frequency (RF) links alongside the FSO ones to exploit their complementary attributes. This hybrid RF/FSO communication strategy allows for the advantages of both RF and FSO technologies, and as a result effectively minimizing the detrimental effects associated with adverse weather conditions [9]. The performance of these systems can be further enhanced if unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or high altitude platforms station (HAPS) are used as relays [10,11]. The cooperation of HAPS and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites is expected to guarantee higher capacity with lower propagation delay.

1.1. Relevant Works

In the past few years, there have been numerous contributions within the realm of integrated networks that combine FSO and RF technologies with satellite and aerial components, e.g., [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. In [12], an analytical expression for the outage probability (OP) in a SAGIN has been presented, taking into account the impact of pointing errors in the satellite-aerial segment. In [13], based on the selective decode-and-forward (DF) protocol the ergodic capacity of a multiuser downlink SAGIN has been analytically studied. In [14], the assessment of a dual-hop hybrid FSO/RF SAGIN has been analytically investigated using the criteria of OP and bit error probability. In [15] a HAPS-selection scheme has been introduced in a cooperative SAGIN communication scenario. This scheme was based on a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) criterion, while the OP analysis that was presented took also into account various impairment effects, including atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors.
In [16], the utilization of a LEO satellite was explored in order to enhance the performance of two mixed FSO/RF HAPS-assisted communication systems. Moreover, [17] focuses on a hybrid FSO/RF and SAGIN, in which the OP and the average symbol error probability were investigated, taking also into account various propagation phenomena such as turbulence and weather effects. Finally, in [18], the performance of hybrid FSO/RF relay systems in satellite terrestrial integrated network was investigated, in which the effect of weather conditions was also taken into consideration. In that study, three different schemes were designed on HAPS, while reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) assisted UAVs were also considered. It is noted that in most of the aforementioned studies, valuable insights were also provided that were based on the asymptotic expressions that have been also provided. Moreover, another parameter that is very important for the performance of hybrid RF/FSO SAGIN is signalling overhead. In particular, for the various network operations that frequently take place in these systems, e.g., handover, link switching, signaling exchanges between the network nodes should be made. However, this signaling is responsible for latency increase and effective capacity reduction. Therefore, algorithms that will efficiently achieve the trade-off between signaling overhead and system’s performance should be proposed [19,20].

1.2. Contributions

Motivated by this, in this paper, we introduce a lower signaling overhead channel selection scheme in hybrid FSO/RF SAGIN. More specifically, the contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:
  • A new channel selection scheme has been proposed and used in a hybrid FSO/RF SAGIN dual-hop communication scenario. The new scheme is designed to offer reduced overhead signalling with satisfactory performance.
  • For the new scheme, based on the Markov chain theory, exact analytical expressions are derived for the statistics of the end-to-end output SNR. The analysis presented takes also into account the impact of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors (for the FSO link) as well as multipath fading and shadowing (for the RF link).
  • In the high SNR regime, simpler asymptotic closed-form expressions are also provided, which have been employed to elaborate on the physical insights of the considered scenarios.
  • The analytical results derived are used to study the OP of the proposed scheme, while the signaling overhead has been also quantified using the criteria of average number of links estimation (NLE) and switching probability (SP).
  • The numerical evaluated results that are presented, reveal the reduction of the computational complexity, which results to important energy savings, without a significantly affecting the performance.
The remainder of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, the system and channel models under investigation are presented. In Section 3, a Markov chain based analytical framework is proposed that is used to investigate the end-to-end OP. In Section 4, various numerically evaluated results are presented and discussed, while in Section 5, the conclusions can be found.

2. System and Channel Models

2.1. System Model

We consider a dual-hop SAGIN where the LEO satellite (S) communicates with the ground station (G), with the aid of a HAPS (H), as it is shown in Figure 1. The direct S-G link is assumed to be blocked due to severe shadowing and atmospheric attenuation phenomena. In the first phase of communication, S transmits the signal to H using an FSO link. In that case, the received SNR at the HAPS is given by1
γ 1 = η P f G T f G R f I b F b σ f 2 ,
where η denotes the optical-to-electrical conversion coefficient, P f denotes the transmit power of the FSO communication system, G T f , G R f are the transmit and receive telescope gains, respectively, I denotes the random fluctuations of the received amplitude, F = ( 4 π d k / λ f ) , where λ f is the wavelength of the FSO communications, and d k denotes the transmission distance between the FSO transmitter and FSO receiver (with k ∈ s , h ) as it is also shown in Figure 1. Moreover, b = 1 and b = 2 for heterodyne and direct detection schemes, respectively, while σ f 2 denotes the noise variance of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).
As far as the RF communication links are concerned, the instantaneous received SNR per symbol at the G is given by
γ 2 = γ ¯ 2 | h r | 2 ,
where γ ¯ 2 is defined as
γ ¯ 2 = P t N 0 G T r G R r λ r 2 16 π 2 d h v .
In (3), G T r , G R r denote the transmit and receive antenna gains for the RF systems, respectively, λ r is the RF wavelength, and d h denotes the H-G distance. Moreover, h r denotes the normalized magnitude of the channel fading coefficient, | · | denotes absolute value.
The H acts as a relay and implements DF protocol. Therefore, if H has correctly decoded the received from the satellite signal, it forwards it to the G using hybrid RF/FSO communications. At the G, a new link selection policy is adopted that offers reduced overhead in terms of channel monitoring. According to this policy, it is examined whether the previously selected link exceeds a predefined switching threshold γ th . If this is the case, the algorithm remains to that link, otherwise it switches to the link (after examining both RF and FSO ones) that has the highest SNR value. Based on the above definitions, the end-to-end received instantaneous SNR at the G is given by
γ o = min { γ 1 , γ t }
where γ t denotes the instantaneous received SNR at the G for the H-G link as a result of the mode of operation of the proposed policy. Next, the channel models assumed for both communication links are presented.

2.2. Channel Model

For the FSO links, the joined impact of atmospheric turbulence-induced fading (modeled using the gamma-gamma distribution [21]), pointing errors (modeled using the Rayleigh distribution [22]), and path loss (based on the Beers-Lampert law [23]) have been taken into account. In that case, it can be proved that the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received SNR is given by [14]
F γ 1 ( γ ) = A G 3 b , 1 b + 1 , 3 b + 1 D b γ b 2 b γ ¯ 1 f | 1 , Δ b , ζ 2 + 1 Δ b , ζ 2 , Δ b , α , Δ b , β , 0 ,
where D = α β κ , A = ζ 2 b α + β − 2 ( 2 π ) b − 1 Γ ( α ) Γ ( β ) ) , Δ x , y = y x , y + 1 x , y + x − 1 x , while γ ¯ 1 f denotes the average received SNR defined as
γ ¯ 1 = η P f G T f G R f κ I p f A 0 F f b σ f 2 ,
with κ = ζ 2 ζ 2 + 1 . Moreover, I p f denotes the path loss attenuation, A 0 is the fraction of total power collected at the receiver aperture, F f is the free space loss defined as F f = 4 π d k λ f . Moreover, ζ denotes the pointing error parameter coefficient, while α and β are large and small scale turbulence parameters, respectively, related to the scattering environment, whose expressions are provided next. Finally, G m , n p , q · | · denotes the Meijer’s G-function [24, eq. (9.301)], and Γ ( · ) the gamma function [24, eq. (8.310/1)]. The corresponding PDF expression is given by
f γ 1 ( γ ) = B γ G 3 , 0 1 , 3 D γ γ ¯ 1 f 1 / b | ζ 2 + 1 ζ 2 , α , β ,
where B = ζ 2 b Γ ( α ) Γ ( β ) . As far as the large and small scale turbulence parameters are concerned, they are, respectively, defined as [21]
α = { 5.95 ( h k − h ℓ ) 2 sec θ 2 2 W 0 r 5 / 3 Δ p e W 2 + exp 0.49 σ 2 1 + 0.56 σ 12 / 5 7 / 6 − 1 } − 1 ,
β = exp 0.51 σ 2 1 + 0.69 σ 12 / 5 5 / 6 − 1 − 1 ,
where the pair k , ℓ takes values s , h when S-H link is considered and h , p , when H-G link is considered. Next, details for the parameters included in (8) and (9) will be provided. More specifically, in (8), σ 2 denotes the Rytov variance and is given by
σ 2 = 2.25 k 1 7 / 6 h k − h ℓ 5 / 6 sec θ 11 / 6 × ∫ h ℓ h k C n 2 ( h ) 1 − h − h ℓ h k − h ℓ 5 / 6 h − h ℓ h k − h ℓ 5 / 6 d h .
Moreover, C n 2 ( h ) denotes the refractive index structure parameter, which is defined as [25]
C n 2 ( h ) = 0.00594 w 27 2 10 − 5 h 10 exp − h 1000 + 2.7 · 10 − 16 exp − h 1500 + C n 2 ( 0 ) exp − h 100 ,
where C n 2 ( 0 ) = 1 . 7 × 10 − 14 m − 2 / 3 and w denotes the wind velocity. Moreover, in (8), W 0 denote the beam size at the transmitter, while the corresponding parameter at the receiver is given by W = W 0 Θ 2 + Λ 2 , where Θ = 1 − d k F 0 and Λ = 2 d k k 1 W 0 2 . Furthermore, F 0 denotes the phase front radius of the curvature of the beam at the transmitter and d k = h k cos ( θ ) . Additionally, the Fried parameter r is given by
r = 0.42 sec ( θ ) k 1 2 ∫ h ℓ h k C n 2 ( h ) d h − 3 / 5 ,
while Δ p e = σ p e 2 d k denotes the beam-wander-induced pointing errors, with the beam-wander-induced pointing error variance given by
σ p e 2 = 0.54 h k − h ℓ 2 sec ( θ ) 2 λ f 2 W 0 2 × 2 W 0 r 5 / 3 1 − C r 2 W 0 2 / r 2 1 + C r 2 W 0 2 / r 2 1 / 6 ,
with C r = 2 π being the scaling constant.
For the RF links, the PDF of the instantaneous received SNR at the G can be expressed as [26, eq. (7)]
f γ 2 ( γ ) = γ − 1 S 1 G 2 , 2 2 , 2 m 1 m 2 γ γ ¯ 2 | 1 − α 2 , 1 − α 1 m 1 , m 2 ,
where S 1 = 1 Γ ( m 1 ) Γ ( m 2 ) Γ ( α 1 ) Γ ( α 2 ) . It is noted that (14) is a experimentally verified composite fading model that accurately describes both small scale and large scale fading effects in UAV-to-ground communication scenarios. In particular coefficients m 1 , m 2 the severity of the small scale fading, i.e., as m 1 , m 2 increase line-of-sight conditions are approximated. Moreover, coefficients α 1 , α 2 are related to the secerity of the shadowing, i.e., lower values of α 1 , α 2 result to lighter shadowing conditions. The corresponding CDF expression is given by
F γ 2 ( γ ) = S 1 G 2 , 3 3 , 3 m 1 m 2 γ γ ¯ 2 | 1 − α 2 , 1 − α 1 , 1 m 1 , m 2 , 0 .

3. Markov-Chain based Statistical Analysis

Based on the mode of operation, the proposed selection policy, a 2-state ergodic and regular Markov chain is defined, whose state 1 corresponds to the event that FSO link is selected and state 2 corresponds to the event that RF link is selected (see Figure 1). This Markov chain is characterized by a unique vector of stationary probabilities π = [ π 1 , π 2 ] . Given the fact that the previously mentioned events are mutually exclusive, the CDF of the output SNR at the G using the proposed scheme, γ t , can be expressed as [27]
F γ t ( γ ) = ∑ i = 1 2 π i Pr γ th ≤ γ i ≤ γ + Pr γ i < γ th × Pr γ 2 ≤ γ , γ ≥ γ th Pr max γ 1 , γ 2 ≤ γ , γ < γ th .
where γ i , with i ∈ { 1 , 2 } denotes the instantaneous received SNR from link i. Based on the definition of the CDF presented in (16) can be expressed as
F γ t ( γ ) = ∑ i = 1 2 π i F γ i ( γ ) − F γ i ( γ th ) + F γ i ( γ th ) F γ i ¯ ( γ ) , γ ≥ γ th F γ 1 ( γ ) F γ 2 ( γ ) , γ < γ th
where F γ 1 ( · ) , F γ 2 ( · ) are given by (5) and (15), respectively. Moreover, by differentiating (17) with respect to γ , the following expression for the PDF of γ t can be obtained
f γ t ( γ ) = ∑ i = 1 2 π i f γ i ( γ ) + F γ i ( γ th ) f γ i ¯ ( γ ) , γ ≥ γ th ∑ i = 1 2 f γ i ( γ ) F γ i ¯ ( γ ) , γ < γ th ,
where f γ 1 ( · ) , f γ 2 ( · ) are given by (7) and (14), respectively.
The aforementioned stationary probabilities can be evaluated using π = π · P in conjunction with ∑ i = 1 2 π = 1 , where P denotes the transition matrix given by
P = P 11 P 12 P 21 P 22 .
Exploiting (19), the stationarity probabilities can be obtained as follows
π 1 = P 21 P 12 + P 21 π 2 = P 12 P 12 + P 21
In (19), the transition probabilities of the corresponding Markov chain can be evaluated using the following formulas
P i , j = Pr γ i ≥ γ th + Pr γ i < γ th , γ i ≥ γ j , i = j Pr γ i < γ th , γ j ≥ γ i , i ≠ j .
In (21), it is obvious that
Pr γ i ≥ γ th = 1 − F γ i ( γ th ) .
Moreover,
Pr γ i < γ th , γ i ≥ γ j = ∫ 0 γ th ∫ 0 x f γ j ( y ) f γ i ( x ) d y d x = ∫ 0 γ th F γ j ( x ) f γ i ( x ) d x .
Furthermore, when i ≠ j , P i , j = 1 − P i , i . All these transition probabilities can be efficiently evaluated by substituting the corresponding PDF and CDF expressions in (22), (23) and employing the Gauss–Laguerre quadrature method [28].

4. Performance Analysis

In this section, analytical expressions for the performance of the scheme under consideration will be provided. More specifically, its performance will be evaluated using the criteria of OP, average NLE and SP.

4.1. Outage Probability

The OP is defined as the probability that the end-to-end instantaneous SNR falls below a predefined threshold γ T and is given by
P out = Pr [ γ o < γ T ] = F γ o ( γ T ) .
Since a DF relay protocol has been assumed, the CDF of the received SNR γ o can be expressed as
F γ o ( γ T ) = F γ 1 ( γ T ) + F γ t ( γ T ) − F γ 1 ( γ T ) F γ t ( γ T ) ,
where F γ 1 ( γ T ) is given by (5) and F γ t ( γ T ) is given by (17).

4.1.1. High SNR Analysis

In the high SNR regime, i.e., γ ¯ 1 , γ ¯ 2 → ∞ simpler expressions for (5) and (15) can be obtained. More specifically, using [29, 07.34.06.0006.01] in (5) and after some mathematical simplifications, the following asymptotic closed-form expression is obtained for the CDF of γ 1
F γ 1 ( γ ) ≈ ∑ k = 1 3 b A i ∏ j = 1 j ≠ k 3 b Γ B j − B k Γ ( 1 − D 1 + B k ) ∏ j = 2 b + 1 Γ D j − B k Γ ( 1 − B 3 b + 1 + B k ) D i b γ b 2 b γ ¯ i f B k ,
where D 1 = 1 , D 2 = Δ b , ζ i 2 + 1 , B 1 = Δ b , ζ i 2 , B 2 = Δ b , α i , B 3 = Δ b , β i , B 4 = 0 . From the above expression, it becomes evident that the diversity gain ( G d ) for FSO links, given by ( γ ¯ i f ) − G d as γ ¯ i f → ∞ , depends on the small and large scale turbulence parameters as well as the pointing error coefficient.
As far as the RF link is concerned, by following the same procedure for (15), the corresponding expression is given by
F γ 2 ( γ ) ≈ S 1 ∑ i = 1 2 Γ ( m 3 − i − m i ) Γ ( m i + α 2 ) Γ ( m i + α 1 ) Γ ( m i ) Γ ( m i + 1 ) m 1 m 2 γ γ ¯ 2 m i .
Following the same approach used for the FSO link, it can be shown that diversity gain for the RF link depends only on the small scale fading parameters.

4.2. Overhead Estimation

In order to quantify the overhead signaling required for the operation of the scheme under consideration two metrics will be adopted, namely the average NLE and the SP.

4.2.1. Average Link Estimation

The overhead and signaling required for allowing the proposed scheme properly function are linear related to the average NLE, which can be evaluated as
N = π 1 ( 1 + F γ 1 ( γ th ) ) + π 2 ( 1 + F γ 2 ( γ th ) ) .
From the above equation it can be concluded that the NLEs increases as γ th increases until it reaches to its maximum value that is 2, i.e., always both links are examined before selecting the one that offers the maximum SNR

4.2.2. Switching Probability

Switching between the two links results to increased signalling and also consumes more power. Therefore, SP is one more metric that is related to the overhead signaling of the proposed scheme and is given by
S p = π 1 ( 1 − P 11 ) + π 2 ( 1 − P 22 ) .

5. Numerical Results and Discussion

In this section, based on the previous presented theoretical analysis, numerical evaluated results are presented and discussed. If not otherwise stated the values of the parameters considered in these results can be found in Table 1 and are mainly based on previous relevant studies, e.g., [17]. Moreover, for comparison purposes, we have also investigate the performance of a scheme in which the link with the highest SNR, between the RF and the FSO, is always selected. This selection policy is also adopted in [15].
In Figure 2, the performance of both schemes, i.e., the one introduced in this paper, labeled as “Proposed Scheme”, and the one that always selects the highest SNR, labeled as “Maximum SNR”, is evaluated using the criteria of OP (using (25)), the NLE (using (28)), and the SP (using (29)). The performance of these criteria is evaluated as a function of switching threshold γ th , assuming that γ T γ k ¯ = − 10 dB. It is shown that as γ th increases,the OP performance of the proposed scheme approaches the one of Maximum SNR. What is very important to be noted is that the proposed scheme offers a considerable improvement on overhead estimation criteria that have been examined in this paper, namely the NLE and PS. For example, for γ th = 5 dB, the OP is equal for both schemes, while SP is 10 − 14 % lower for the proposed scheme, while the NLE is more than 70 % lower. Therefore, based on the results of this figure, it can be concluded that in the proposed scheme, an excellent compromise between performance improvement and overhead reduction can be achieved by setting γ th = γ T .
In Figure 3, an effort to depict the impact of the wind velocity w to the OP has been made. More specifically, the OP is plotted as a function of the average SNR (assuming γ ¯ 1 = γ ¯ 2 ). In this figure, it is shown that the OP improves as the wind velocity increases, with the highest improvement being noticed when w decreases from 51m/s to 31m/s. In the same figure and using the corresponding high SNR expression for the CDF, based on (26) and (27), it is proved the excellent tightness between the exact and the asymptotic results. In Figure 4, the impact of the elevation angle θ on the OP of the proposed scheme has been evaluated. More specifically, the OP is plotted as a function of the average SNR for various values of θ . It is shown that the performance improves as θ decreases. Moreover, an excellent tightness is also observed between the exact and the asymptotic results.
Finally, in Figure 5, the impact of small and large scale fading, which are controlled by parameters m , α , respectively, on the OP and SP has been evaluated. In these figures it is shown the important difference that exist between the two limiting scenarios, i.e., the one with light fading/shadowing conditions ( m = 3 , α = 1 ) and the one with severe fading/shadowing ( m = 1 , α = 3 ). For the other scenarios under investigation, it seems that when light fading and severe shadowing exists, i.e., m = 3 , α = 1 , the performance is better for lower values of the average SNR, as compared to the reverse scenario. As far as the SP is concerned, it is depicted that for all scenarios investigated, except the one with good fading/shadowing conditions, as the average SNR increases the performances become equal.

6. Conclusions

In this paper, a new channel selection policy is employed in hybrid FSO/RF SAGIN. This policy can dynamically improve the system’s performance or reduce the overhead signalling according to the network operator requirement. To this aim, a stochastic analysis has been performed to investigate the end-to-end outage probability. Moreover, the overhead has been evaluated using the criteria of switching probability and average number of link selection. It has been shown that the proposed scheme offers similar OP performance with an other benchmark with reduced however overhead. As a future step, it is planned to investigate the impact of time correlated fading to the proposed system’s performance.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, P.S.B. and H.E.N.; methodology, P.S.B.; software, P.S.B.; validation, P.S.B., H.E.N., A.K. and L.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, P.S.B.; writing—review and editing, P.S.B., H.E.N., A.K. and L.Y.; visualization, P.S.B; supervision, H.E.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
DF Decode-and-Forward
FSO Free Space Optical
HAPS High Altitude Platform Station
LEO Low Earth Orbit
NLE Number of Link Estimation
OP Outage Probability
PDF Probability Density Function
RF Radio Frequency
RIS Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
SAGIN Satellite Aerial Ground Integrated Networks
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SP Switching Probability
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

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1
Without loosing the generality, it is assumed that at the received SNR, subscript 1 denotes FSO links and subscript 2 denotes RF links.
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Figure 1. System Model.
Figure 1. System Model.
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Figure 2. OP vs average SNR for various propagation conditions.
Figure 2. OP vs average SNR for various propagation conditions.
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Figure 3. OP vs average SNR for various propagation conditions.
Figure 3. OP vs average SNR for various propagation conditions.
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Figure 4. OP vs average SNR for various propagation conditions.
Figure 4. OP vs average SNR for various propagation conditions.
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Figure 5. OP vs average SNR for various propagation conditions.
Figure 5. OP vs average SNR for various propagation conditions.
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Table 1. Communications Parameters Definitions and Simulation Values
Table 1. Communications Parameters Definitions and Simulation Values
Parameter Definition Value
λ f FSO wavelength 1550nm
h s Satellite height 620km
h h HAPS height 20km
h p Ground station height 10m
G T f Transmit telescope gain 5dB
P f FSO transmit power 5dBm
G R f Receive telescope gain 10dB
σ f 2 Variance of the AWGN noise 4.435 · 10 − 28
η Optical to electrical conversion coefficient 0.8
ζ i Pointing error coefficient 13.07
θ Zenith angle 65 o
w Wind velocity 41m/sec
W 0 Beam radius at the transmitter 2cm
F 0 Phase front radius of curvature of the beam ∞
m 1 , m 2 Small scale fading shaping parameters 2.5 , 2.8
α 1 , α 2 Shadowing shaping parameters 1.2 , 1.4
v Path loss factor 2.1
P t Transmit power for RF communications 20dBm
N 0 Noise power − 97 . 8 dBm
G T r RF transmit antenna gain 20dB
G R r RF receive antenna gain 20dBm
λ r RF links wavelength 0 . 158 m
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Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
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