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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Donor cell | Cell lines | Application | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cervical and ovarian cancer | HeLa | Homologous targeting | [22,23,24,25] | |
Multiple myeloma | ARD, KMS11, 5TGM1 | [26] | ||
Melanoma | B16-F10, MDA-MB-435 | [12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33] | ||
Leukemia | CHRF-288-11, C1498, RAW264.7, THP-1, Jurkat, HL-60 | [24,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] | ||
Breast cancer | 4T1, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 | [6,38,41,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57] | ||
Colon carcinoma | CT-26 | [24,59] | ||
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | CAL 27, SCC7 | [60,61,62,63] | ||
Lung cancer | NCI-H460, A549 | [55,64] | ||
Glioma | GL261, C6, U87MG | [65,66] | ||
Glioblastoma | U251 | [67,68] | ||
Prostate cancer | RM-1 | [69] | ||
Liver cancer | HepG2 | [70] | ||
Fibroblasts | NIH 3T3 | [50,104] | ||
Embryonic kidney cells | HEK293 | [105] | ||
Vaginal endothelial cells | VK2/E6E7 | [106] | ||
Neural stem cells | Primary cells | [107] | ||
Microglia | HMC3 | [68] | ||
Keratinocytes | Hacat | [108] | ||
Mesenchymal stem cells | Primary cells | [96,97,98,99,100] | ||
Neuroblastoma | Neuro-2a | Neurotoxin capture | [58] | |
Erythrocytes | Primary cells | Cancer tissue targeting | [19,30,47,49,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90] | |
Avoidance of immune recognition | ||||
Leukocytes | Primary cells | [71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,88,91,92,93,94,95] | ||
Platelets | Primary cells | Cancer cell binding ability | [49,72,85,86,101,102,103] |
Lysis buffer used 1 | References |
---|---|
Tris-HCl-based hypotonic buffers | [6,12,24,26,28,31,32,35,39,46,51,52,55,57,60,64,65,69,71,74,91,92,93,99,104,106,107,108] |
PBS-based hypotonic buffers | [22,47,63,80,81,86,87,89,90,98] |
HEPES-based hypotonic buffers | [23,49,72] |
EGTA-based hypotonic buffers | [36,58] |
NaHCO3-based buffers | [40,66] |
Double distilled water | [94] |
Unspecified hypotonic buffers | [25,27,33,34,37,42,43,47,50,59,62,67,68,76,85,88,95,97] |
Technique | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Hypotonic lysis | Maintains membrane characteristics Compatible with downstream applications |
Typically necessitates a combination with other techniques to obtain the fragments. |
Homogenization | Maintains membrane characteristics |
Typically necessitates a combination with other techniques to obtain the fragments |
Freeze-thaw | Simplicity | Potential damage to temperature-sensitive membrane proteins Impact on the activity of sensitive enzymes Cryoconcentration |
Sonication | Fastest method | Potential damage to temperature-sensitive membrane proteins Generation of free radicals |
Nanoparticles | Size range (nm) | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
PLGA | 50-300 | Drug loading | [12,19,23,28,29,31,32,36,39,41,44,46,48,58,64,65,67,79,81,83,84,85,86,91,92,93,94,95,96,103,104] |
Polystyrene | 100-200 | [22] | |
PCEC | 50-150 | [26] | |
MPEG-PLGA | 50-150 | [27] | |
PCN-224 | 50-150 | [59] | |
PEG-PLGA | 25-150 | [35,107] | |
PEGDA | 100-150 | [80] | |
Gelatin | 50-100 | [60] | |
Poly(β-amino ester) | - | [73] | |
ZIF-8 MOF | 100-300 | [51,75,101] | |
Spherical nonporous SiO2 nanoparticles | 50-150 | [24] | |
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | 150-200 | [6] | |
Colloidal silica nanoparticles | 200-250 | [99] | |
Porous silica | 150-200 | [57] | |
Chitosan-silica nanoparticles | 100-200 | [25,70] | |
Nanoporous silica | - | [71] | |
Silk fibroin | 100-150 | [37] | |
Graphene oxide | 150-200 | [82] | |
Magnetic beads | 50-150 | [72] | |
Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles | 50-450 | [38] | |
Heparan sulfate | 100-200 | [89] | |
PMBEOx-COOH | 25-75 | [69] | |
Curdlan | 50-150 | [90] | |
PFC | 150-200 | [106] | |
Pluronic F127 nanomicelles | 50-250 | [54] | |
Liposomes | 100-150 | [34,77] | |
CB[7]-PEG-Ce6 polymer | 100-200 | [68] | |
Polydopamine-fructose-curcumin nanoparticles | 100-200 | [78] | |
Hollow gold nanoparticles | 100-200 | Chemo/Photothermal therapy | [47,100] |
Hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles | 150-250 | [30] | |
Polypyrrole | 100-150 | [102] | |
Melanin nanoparticles | 200-250 | Photothermal therapy | [49] |
Fe3O4 nanoparticles | 50-250 | [40,61] | |
Hollow polydopamine | 150-200 | [33] | |
DHTDP | 50-150 | [52] | |
BiOI nanodots | 5-10 | Radiotherapy | [76] |
NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles | 50-100 | Photodynamic therapy | [74] |
NaYF4:Nd5@NaYF4 | 100-200 | Imaging | [50] |
NaGdF4:Yb,Tm nanoparticles | 100-150 | [87] | |
Gd MOF | 150-200 | [63] | |
MPBzyme | 100-200 | Ischemic stroke therapy | [42] |
Co-Fc MOF | 250-300 | ROS production | [62] |
BTO nanoparticles | 50-150 | [105] | |
MnO2 | 25-150 | [45,66,98] | |
IrO2 | 50-150 | [53] | |
CuPt nanoalloys | 25-50 | [55] | |
Fucose-based CQDs | 5-10 | [56] | |
Gelatin microribbon scaffolds | 200-300 | Bone regeneration | [97] |
AMPNP | 50-100 | Antibacterial function | [69] |
Load | Use/Function | Nanoparticles | Bioactive loading | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dexamethasone | Anti-inflammatory drug Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy |
PLGA | 2-10% 3 | [23,36,48] |
Hollow copper sulfide | 45.52% 2 | [88] | ||
Doxorubicin | Chemotherapy | NPS | - | [71] |
HGNPs | 31-37% 3 | [47,100] | ||
PEG-PLGA | 14.2±2.4% 1 | [35] | ||
PEGDA | 15% 3 | [80] | ||
GO | 42.9% 3 | [82] | ||
DCuS | 87.7% 1 | [30] | ||
PLGA | 9-10% 1 | [41,84] | ||
Mesosporous silica | - | [6] | ||
Liposome | 40% 3 | [34] | ||
Chitosan-silica | 18-33% 3 | [25,70] | ||
Polypyrrole | - | [102] | ||
MnO2 | 40-70% 3 | [66] | ||
Curdlan | - | [90] | ||
Paclitaxel | PLGA | 4-16% 2 | [64,96] | |
Poly(β-amino ester) | 9.88% 3 | [73] | ||
MnO2 | - | [98] | ||
Cisplatin (Pt) | Gelatin nanoparticles | 12.55% 3 | [60] | |
Docetaxel | Heparan sulfate | 9-10% 2 | [89] | |
Dacarbazine | Fucose-based CQDs | - | [56] | |
SN-38 | Liposomes | 5.54+-0.73% 1 | [77] | |
MTIC | (CB[7]-PEG-Ce6) | 5.42% 3 | [68] | |
KLA peptide | Induces apoptosis | PLGA | - | [95] |
Temozolomide | Alkylating agent | PLGA | 8% 3 | [65] |
Epirubicin | Immunogenic cell death inducer | ZIF-8 | - | [51] |
Bortezomib | Proteasome inhibitor | PCEC | 2.87±0.51% 3 | [26] |
Carfilzomib | Proteasome inhibitor | PLGA | 3.74±0.28% 3 | [93] |
ABT-737 | Bcl-2 inhibitor | PLGA | 5-10% 1 | [46] |
Rapamycin | Specific inhibitor of the mTOR signaling pathway [109] | PLGA | 11.39% 2 | [91] |
TPI-1 | Inhibitor of the downstream effector molecule SHP-1 | Liposome | 40% 3 | [34] |
Mefuparib hydrochloride | poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor | Mesoporous silica | - | [6] |
Hydroxychloroquine | Autophagy inhibitor | Co-Fc | 12,81±4.21% 3 | [62] |
NLG919 | IDO-1 enzyme inhibitor | Pluronic F127 | 5.08% 3 | [54] |
aPD-1 | PD-1 inhibitor | Gd-MOF | - | [63] |
MLN4924 | Neddylation inhibitor | PLGA | 10% 3 | [44] |
R837 | Antagonist against TLR-7 | PLGA | 8% 1 | [29] |
PMBEOx-COOH | 6.1% 3 | [69] | ||
L-γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (GPNA) | Glutamine transporter antagonist (Glycolysis inhibition) |
IrO2 | - | [53] |
Bexarotene | hydrophobic retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonist | PEG-PLGA | 43.24% 3 | [107] |
siCdk4 | Knocks down Cdk4 | PCN-224 | 1.3 μg/mg | [59] |
siRNASur | Knocks down Survivin | ZIF-8 | - | [101] |
Ca2+ targeting siRNA | Knocks down the expression Ca2+ channels | Chitosan-silica | 1.12% 3 | [25] |
mRNA transcripts for EGFP and CLuc | Silence EGGP and CLuc | PLGA | 1 μg/mg | [32] |
L-7 | Immune adjuvant | MPEG-PLGA | 2.69% 3 | [27] |
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 | Immunological adjuvant that triggers the maturation of antigen-presenting cells | PLGA | 1 nmol/mg | [28] |
TCPP | Photosensitizer | MPEG-PLGA | 4.84% 3 | [27] |
Indocyanine green (ICG) | Photothermal agent | Graphene oxide | 10.7% 3 | [82] |
Pluronic F127 | 10.26% 3 | [54] | ||
PLGA | - | [103] | ||
Glucose oxidase | Mediators of the cascade generation of ROS | ZIF-8 | - | [51] |
Hemin | - | |||
Calcitriol | Anti-metastasis agent | Heparan sulfate | 2.92±0.16% 2 | [89] |
Cannabidiol | Neuroprotective product | PLGA | 3.9±0.2% 3 | [92] |
Elamipretide | Antioxidant | PLGA | - | [103] |
hySF | Vascular regeneration | PLGA | - | [86] |
BMP-2 | Boosting bone regeneration | Gelatin microribbon scaffolds | - | [97] |
Minocycline hydrochloride | Antimicrobial agent | Silk fibroin | 7.86% 3 | [37] |
LMWF | Anti methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | PLGA | 4.7% 1 | [94] |
Biphosphonate | Chelator for 89Zr radiolabeling | Porous silicon | - | [57] |
Ag2S nanodots | Biosensing and bioimaging | Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles | - | [38] |
AgAuSe quantum dots | Bioimaging | PEG-PLGA | 10% 3 | [107] |
Uricase | PoC study | MOF | - | [75] |
DiI | Fluorophore, PoC study | Hollow dopamine | - | [33] |
Fe3O4 | - | [40] | ||
SiO2 | - | [99] | ||
DiD | PLGA | 0.2% 1 | [81] | |
DiR | 0.1% 1 | [39] | ||
DiO | 0.1% 1 | |||
Hollow polydopamine | - | [33] | ||
IR780 | AMPNP | - | [43] |
Technique | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Sonication | Allows the fusion of multiple cell membranes from different cell types Favors right-side out orientation of the membranes |
Potential damage to temperature-sensitive membrane proteins Generation of free radicals |
Extrusion | Allows the creation of multi-layer structures Does not denature proteins |
Can cause a reduction in drug loading It is not applicable for irregularly shaped nanoparticles |
Sonication-extrusion | Combines the advantages of both | Retains the disadvantages of both, except the inability to coat irregularly shaped nanoparticles |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
supplementary.pdf (1.04MB )
Submitted:
01 February 2024
Posted:
02 February 2024
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
supplementary.pdf (1.04MB )
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
01 February 2024
Posted:
02 February 2024
You are already at the latest version
Donor cell | Cell lines | Application | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cervical and ovarian cancer | HeLa | Homologous targeting | [22,23,24,25] | |
Multiple myeloma | ARD, KMS11, 5TGM1 | [26] | ||
Melanoma | B16-F10, MDA-MB-435 | [12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33] | ||
Leukemia | CHRF-288-11, C1498, RAW264.7, THP-1, Jurkat, HL-60 | [24,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] | ||
Breast cancer | 4T1, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 | [6,38,41,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57] | ||
Colon carcinoma | CT-26 | [24,59] | ||
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | CAL 27, SCC7 | [60,61,62,63] | ||
Lung cancer | NCI-H460, A549 | [55,64] | ||
Glioma | GL261, C6, U87MG | [65,66] | ||
Glioblastoma | U251 | [67,68] | ||
Prostate cancer | RM-1 | [69] | ||
Liver cancer | HepG2 | [70] | ||
Fibroblasts | NIH 3T3 | [50,104] | ||
Embryonic kidney cells | HEK293 | [105] | ||
Vaginal endothelial cells | VK2/E6E7 | [106] | ||
Neural stem cells | Primary cells | [107] | ||
Microglia | HMC3 | [68] | ||
Keratinocytes | Hacat | [108] | ||
Mesenchymal stem cells | Primary cells | [96,97,98,99,100] | ||
Neuroblastoma | Neuro-2a | Neurotoxin capture | [58] | |
Erythrocytes | Primary cells | Cancer tissue targeting | [19,30,47,49,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90] | |
Avoidance of immune recognition | ||||
Leukocytes | Primary cells | [71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,88,91,92,93,94,95] | ||
Platelets | Primary cells | Cancer cell binding ability | [49,72,85,86,101,102,103] |
Lysis buffer used 1 | References |
---|---|
Tris-HCl-based hypotonic buffers | [6,12,24,26,28,31,32,35,39,46,51,52,55,57,60,64,65,69,71,74,91,92,93,99,104,106,107,108] |
PBS-based hypotonic buffers | [22,47,63,80,81,86,87,89,90,98] |
HEPES-based hypotonic buffers | [23,49,72] |
EGTA-based hypotonic buffers | [36,58] |
NaHCO3-based buffers | [40,66] |
Double distilled water | [94] |
Unspecified hypotonic buffers | [25,27,33,34,37,42,43,47,50,59,62,67,68,76,85,88,95,97] |
Technique | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Hypotonic lysis | Maintains membrane characteristics Compatible with downstream applications |
Typically necessitates a combination with other techniques to obtain the fragments. |
Homogenization | Maintains membrane characteristics |
Typically necessitates a combination with other techniques to obtain the fragments |
Freeze-thaw | Simplicity | Potential damage to temperature-sensitive membrane proteins Impact on the activity of sensitive enzymes Cryoconcentration |
Sonication | Fastest method | Potential damage to temperature-sensitive membrane proteins Generation of free radicals |
Nanoparticles | Size range (nm) | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
PLGA | 50-300 | Drug loading | [12,19,23,28,29,31,32,36,39,41,44,46,48,58,64,65,67,79,81,83,84,85,86,91,92,93,94,95,96,103,104] |
Polystyrene | 100-200 | [22] | |
PCEC | 50-150 | [26] | |
MPEG-PLGA | 50-150 | [27] | |
PCN-224 | 50-150 | [59] | |
PEG-PLGA | 25-150 | [35,107] | |
PEGDA | 100-150 | [80] | |
Gelatin | 50-100 | [60] | |
Poly(β-amino ester) | - | [73] | |
ZIF-8 MOF | 100-300 | [51,75,101] | |
Spherical nonporous SiO2 nanoparticles | 50-150 | [24] | |
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | 150-200 | [6] | |
Colloidal silica nanoparticles | 200-250 | [99] | |
Porous silica | 150-200 | [57] | |
Chitosan-silica nanoparticles | 100-200 | [25,70] | |
Nanoporous silica | - | [71] | |
Silk fibroin | 100-150 | [37] | |
Graphene oxide | 150-200 | [82] | |
Magnetic beads | 50-150 | [72] | |
Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles | 50-450 | [38] | |
Heparan sulfate | 100-200 | [89] | |
PMBEOx-COOH | 25-75 | [69] | |
Curdlan | 50-150 | [90] | |
PFC | 150-200 | [106] | |
Pluronic F127 nanomicelles | 50-250 | [54] | |
Liposomes | 100-150 | [34,77] | |
CB[7]-PEG-Ce6 polymer | 100-200 | [68] | |
Polydopamine-fructose-curcumin nanoparticles | 100-200 | [78] | |
Hollow gold nanoparticles | 100-200 | Chemo/Photothermal therapy | [47,100] |
Hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles | 150-250 | [30] | |
Polypyrrole | 100-150 | [102] | |
Melanin nanoparticles | 200-250 | Photothermal therapy | [49] |
Fe3O4 nanoparticles | 50-250 | [40,61] | |
Hollow polydopamine | 150-200 | [33] | |
DHTDP | 50-150 | [52] | |
BiOI nanodots | 5-10 | Radiotherapy | [76] |
NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles | 50-100 | Photodynamic therapy | [74] |
NaYF4:Nd5@NaYF4 | 100-200 | Imaging | [50] |
NaGdF4:Yb,Tm nanoparticles | 100-150 | [87] | |
Gd MOF | 150-200 | [63] | |
MPBzyme | 100-200 | Ischemic stroke therapy | [42] |
Co-Fc MOF | 250-300 | ROS production | [62] |
BTO nanoparticles | 50-150 | [105] | |
MnO2 | 25-150 | [45,66,98] | |
IrO2 | 50-150 | [53] | |
CuPt nanoalloys | 25-50 | [55] | |
Fucose-based CQDs | 5-10 | [56] | |
Gelatin microribbon scaffolds | 200-300 | Bone regeneration | [97] |
AMPNP | 50-100 | Antibacterial function | [69] |
Load | Use/Function | Nanoparticles | Bioactive loading | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dexamethasone | Anti-inflammatory drug Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy |
PLGA | 2-10% 3 | [23,36,48] |
Hollow copper sulfide | 45.52% 2 | [88] | ||
Doxorubicin | Chemotherapy | NPS | - | [71] |
HGNPs | 31-37% 3 | [47,100] | ||
PEG-PLGA | 14.2±2.4% 1 | [35] | ||
PEGDA | 15% 3 | [80] | ||
GO | 42.9% 3 | [82] | ||
DCuS | 87.7% 1 | [30] | ||
PLGA | 9-10% 1 | [41,84] | ||
Mesosporous silica | - | [6] | ||
Liposome | 40% 3 | [34] | ||
Chitosan-silica | 18-33% 3 | [25,70] | ||
Polypyrrole | - | [102] | ||
MnO2 | 40-70% 3 | [66] | ||
Curdlan | - | [90] | ||
Paclitaxel | PLGA | 4-16% 2 | [64,96] | |
Poly(β-amino ester) | 9.88% 3 | [73] | ||
MnO2 | - | [98] | ||
Cisplatin (Pt) | Gelatin nanoparticles | 12.55% 3 | [60] | |
Docetaxel | Heparan sulfate | 9-10% 2 | [89] | |
Dacarbazine | Fucose-based CQDs | - | [56] | |
SN-38 | Liposomes | 5.54+-0.73% 1 | [77] | |
MTIC | (CB[7]-PEG-Ce6) | 5.42% 3 | [68] | |
KLA peptide | Induces apoptosis | PLGA | - | [95] |
Temozolomide | Alkylating agent | PLGA | 8% 3 | [65] |
Epirubicin | Immunogenic cell death inducer | ZIF-8 | - | [51] |
Bortezomib | Proteasome inhibitor | PCEC | 2.87±0.51% 3 | [26] |
Carfilzomib | Proteasome inhibitor | PLGA | 3.74±0.28% 3 | [93] |
ABT-737 | Bcl-2 inhibitor | PLGA | 5-10% 1 | [46] |
Rapamycin | Specific inhibitor of the mTOR signaling pathway [109] | PLGA | 11.39% 2 | [91] |
TPI-1 | Inhibitor of the downstream effector molecule SHP-1 | Liposome | 40% 3 | [34] |
Mefuparib hydrochloride | poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor | Mesoporous silica | - | [6] |
Hydroxychloroquine | Autophagy inhibitor | Co-Fc | 12,81±4.21% 3 | [62] |
NLG919 | IDO-1 enzyme inhibitor | Pluronic F127 | 5.08% 3 | [54] |
aPD-1 | PD-1 inhibitor | Gd-MOF | - | [63] |
MLN4924 | Neddylation inhibitor | PLGA | 10% 3 | [44] |
R837 | Antagonist against TLR-7 | PLGA | 8% 1 | [29] |
PMBEOx-COOH | 6.1% 3 | [69] | ||
L-γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (GPNA) | Glutamine transporter antagonist (Glycolysis inhibition) |
IrO2 | - | [53] |
Bexarotene | hydrophobic retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonist | PEG-PLGA | 43.24% 3 | [107] |
siCdk4 | Knocks down Cdk4 | PCN-224 | 1.3 μg/mg | [59] |
siRNASur | Knocks down Survivin | ZIF-8 | - | [101] |
Ca2+ targeting siRNA | Knocks down the expression Ca2+ channels | Chitosan-silica | 1.12% 3 | [25] |
mRNA transcripts for EGFP and CLuc | Silence EGGP and CLuc | PLGA | 1 μg/mg | [32] |
L-7 | Immune adjuvant | MPEG-PLGA | 2.69% 3 | [27] |
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 | Immunological adjuvant that triggers the maturation of antigen-presenting cells | PLGA | 1 nmol/mg | [28] |
TCPP | Photosensitizer | MPEG-PLGA | 4.84% 3 | [27] |
Indocyanine green (ICG) | Photothermal agent | Graphene oxide | 10.7% 3 | [82] |
Pluronic F127 | 10.26% 3 | [54] | ||
PLGA | - | [103] | ||
Glucose oxidase | Mediators of the cascade generation of ROS | ZIF-8 | - | [51] |
Hemin | - | |||
Calcitriol | Anti-metastasis agent | Heparan sulfate | 2.92±0.16% 2 | [89] |
Cannabidiol | Neuroprotective product | PLGA | 3.9±0.2% 3 | [92] |
Elamipretide | Antioxidant | PLGA | - | [103] |
hySF | Vascular regeneration | PLGA | - | [86] |
BMP-2 | Boosting bone regeneration | Gelatin microribbon scaffolds | - | [97] |
Minocycline hydrochloride | Antimicrobial agent | Silk fibroin | 7.86% 3 | [37] |
LMWF | Anti methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | PLGA | 4.7% 1 | [94] |
Biphosphonate | Chelator for 89Zr radiolabeling | Porous silicon | - | [57] |
Ag2S nanodots | Biosensing and bioimaging | Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles | - | [38] |
AgAuSe quantum dots | Bioimaging | PEG-PLGA | 10% 3 | [107] |
Uricase | PoC study | MOF | - | [75] |
DiI | Fluorophore, PoC study | Hollow dopamine | - | [33] |
Fe3O4 | - | [40] | ||
SiO2 | - | [99] | ||
DiD | PLGA | 0.2% 1 | [81] | |
DiR | 0.1% 1 | [39] | ||
DiO | 0.1% 1 | |||
Hollow polydopamine | - | [33] | ||
IR780 | AMPNP | - | [43] |
Technique | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Sonication | Allows the fusion of multiple cell membranes from different cell types Favors right-side out orientation of the membranes |
Potential damage to temperature-sensitive membrane proteins Generation of free radicals |
Extrusion | Allows the creation of multi-layer structures Does not denature proteins |
Can cause a reduction in drug loading It is not applicable for irregularly shaped nanoparticles |
Sonication-extrusion | Combines the advantages of both | Retains the disadvantages of both, except the inability to coat irregularly shaped nanoparticles |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Jan Van Deun
et al.
Cells,
2020
Kyoung Ah Min
et al.
Pharmaceutics,
2010
Isa de Boer
et al.
Pharmaceutics,
2022
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