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Cultural Heritage Tourism in Tanzania: A Systematic Literature Review

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22 February 2024

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22 February 2024

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Abstract
Cultural tourism in Tanzania presents a diverse tapestry of traditions, varied ethnic groups, and historical accounts. This article aims to pinpoint areas for further exploration in the cultural tourism sector of Tanzania and analyze their potential impacts. The study conducted a systematic review of the literature following established inclusion criteria as well as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. A total of 21 articles focused on Tanzania Cultural Heritage Tourism from sources such as Google Scholar and web databases were examined, revealing several research gaps, including theoretical, contextual and methodological aspects. Furthermore, the research offers insights into theoretical implications and recommends avenues for future studies that could advance the field by addressing these knowledge gaps providing valuable direction to new researchers interested in exploring these specific areas as well as practitioners seeking a comprehensive understanding of various aspects related to Tanzania's cultural heritage tourism
Keywords: 
Subject: Social Sciences  -   Tourism, Leisure, Sport and Hospitality

1. Introduction

Cultural heritage tourism globally is on the rise, with increasing interest and demand for experiencing and understanding the cultural heritage, traditions, history, arts, and lifestyle of different destinations. According to the World Tourism Organization 2022 report, cultural heritage tourism represents one of the fastest-growing segments of global tourism. In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the value of cultural heritage in tourism development (Starčević et al., 2022a). Cultural heritage tourism offers unique experiences for travelers, allowing them to immerse themselves in the history, traditions, and customs of a particular destination travelers are increasingly seeking authentic and meaningful experiences, moving away from conventional mass tourism. (Alawi et al., 2018; Atinafu & Muuz, 2017). The global heritage tourism market size was valued at USD 556.96 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.8% from 2022 to 2030 (Starčević et al., 2022b). Ramadhani, (2022) study projects that the global cultural heritage tourism revenue is set to total US$ 5,931.2 million by 2023, with demand likely to surge at a 14.4% CAGR over the next ten years, reaching around US$ 22,772.0 million by 2033. This growth is driven by the increasing importance of culture in international travel, as tourists are seeking out tangible and intangible cultures while on vacation (Mićović & Petrović, 2022).
Additionally, heritage tourism in sub-Saharan Africa, including countries like Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, has been identified as a significant focus for promoting local development opportunities (Wali et al., 2019). Cultural tourism in Tanzania not only showcases the nation's rich cultural diversity but also serves as a means of preserving and promoting its heritage. The diverse cultural tapestry of Tanzania attracts a significant number of international and intercountry tourists, drawn to the country's rich traditions of music, art, and dance (N. Lwoga, 2017; Mgonja et al., 2015a; MNRT, n.d.). This rich cultural heritage has led to the rise of cultural tourism as an important segment in the tourism industry, with over 39% of visitors engaging in cultural tourism activities, as reported by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (Malley & Gorenflo, 2023). The emphasis on local cultures in cultural tourism provides a deeper, more intangible perspective, drawing tourists with a curiosity to learn about the origins of cultural heritage in different regions. (Kiplimo & Makame, 2020, (Audax et al., 2010; Mgonja et al., 2015a)
Cultural tourism not only offers a unique travel experience but also plays a vital role in revitalizing and preserving intangible cultural heritage, such as music, performing arts, and oral traditions (Ndekwa & Katunzi, 2016). For instance, the Tanzania Tourist Board's support for local communities in organizing cultural excursions has not only shared Tanzania's cultural diversity with tourists but has also contributed to the preservation of this culture and generated income for numerous local people (N. Lwoga, 2017; Sheriff, 2014). Despite the rise of heritage tourism in Tanzania and other sub-Saharan African countries, there is limited scholarly attention on the local development impacts of heritage tourism in these regions (Firdausi, 2012). This presents a research gap that calls for further exploration and analysis to understand the broader impacts and potential opportunities for local development in the context of cultural tourism. Additionally, there is limited comprehensive knowledge and documentation on Tanzania's cultural heritage tourism, highlighting the need for a thorough systematic literature review to consolidate and analyze existing information and trends on cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania (N. Lwoga, 2017). Therefore, this review emphasizes the significance of conserving and promoting cultural heritage sites while emphasizing the under-representation of Tanzania's rich cultural assets.

2. Literature Review

Cultural heritage tourism refers to travel and exploration that focuses on experiencing the visual and performing arts, heritage buildings, landscapes, special lifestyles, values, traditions and events of a particular culture or community. It involves visiting historical sites, museums, festivals, and other heritage sites to immerse oneself in the cultural experiences and traditions of a place. Cultural heritage tourism also encompasses intangible cultural assets such as folk traditions, music, performing arts, and oral traditions (Stoddard et al., 2008)
Cultural heritage tourism plays a vital role in the economic development of Tanzania. It attracts tourists from outside the community, region, or country who are interested in the historical, artistic, scientific, or lifestyle heritage that Tanzania has to offer. Additionally, cultural heritage tourism contributes to the preservation and conservation of Tanzania's rich cultural heritage. Furthermore, cultural heritage tourism helps to establish and reinforce the identity of local communities and promotes intercultural understanding and harmony among people (Alawi et al., 2018). Additionally, Tanzania’s economy greatly benefits from cultural heritage tourism, drawing visitors worldwide and providing employment opportunities for local communities while also generating revenue for the government. Tourists interacting with Tanzania's cultural traditions drive various tourism-related endeavours, fostering economic prospects for native craftsmen and communities. It also plays a crucial role in safeguarding cultural heritage for future generations while promoting cooperation among stakeholders for a sustainable tourism industry. Also, it is essential for the preservation and revitalization of intangible cultural assets. It also acts as a platform for cultural exchange, fostering mutual respect, appreciation, and cross-cultural dialogue that contributes to global understanding and unity. Additionally, embracing and promoting cultural heritage tourism plays a crucial role in strengthening Tanzania's national identity by celebrating its rich diversity and historical legacies (Firdausi, 2012).
Numerous studies have been conducted on cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania, focusing on its significance, challenges, and potential. One particular study focused on the development of cultural heritage tourism in Dar es Salaam City Center, examining the demand within the tourism industry. The aim was to understand the factors that influence the advancement of cultural heritage tourism in this urban area with numerous important sites (Lwoga, 2017). Another study explored the role of cultural heritage tourism in fostering community development and poverty reduction in rural areas of Tanzania (Firdausi, 2012). The study found that cultural heritage tourism catalyzes economic growth and poverty alleviation in these communities by providing income-generating opportunities and preserving cultural traditions and practices Studies of Bakari, (2021); Lwoga, (2017); Mgonja et al., (2015b); Sheriff, (2014) and Innocent, (2023) investigated the connections between heritage tourism, sustainable community development, and the well-being of host communities in Tanzania. Through semi-structured interviews with residents, traditional Maasai leaders, village officials, and pastoral council representatives, these studies examined how the Maasai community perceives the impact of World Heritage Sites on their lives. Tanzania's cultural heritage is inextricably linked to its natural assets; protected areas such as the Serengeti National Park house valuable resources of significant economic and cultural importance. These studies' findings highlight the social and economic benefits of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania, as well as the challenges to its growth and the potential benefits for local communities, the industry, and national identity.

3. Methodology

The research utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram in three stages: "Identification, Screening, and Inclusion," as shown in Figure 1. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses are recommended for Systematic Literature Reviews to avoid bias in article selection, analysis, and reporting of findings. The search term "Tanzania Cultural Heritage Tourism" was used during the identification stage with articles sourced from databases like Google Scholar and Web of Science known for their access to peer-reviewed content (See Table 1 below)
A total of 35 articles were identified initially, out of which 8 duplicates were rejected along with 4 others not directly relevant to Tanzania's cultural heritage tourism. Abstracts of the remaining 23 articles underwent assessment against specific inclusion criteria based on relevance to Tanzanian cultural heritage tourism between 2013 and 2023 due to increasing scholarly interest during this period. Subsequently, these 23 selected full-length articles were screened against exclusion criteria considering methodological reporting quality leading to the rejection of 2 low-quality ones. Finally, Figure 1 illustrates the 21 articles that retained are and ready for review.

4. Analysis

Key Articles on Cultural Heritage Tourism in Tanzania from 2013-2023

Key research on cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania by different scholars from 2013 to 2023 was reviewed to comprehend the various areas explored. These research works comprised journal articles and conference papers at both international and local levels. A synopsis of these studies is detailed in Table 2.
According to Table 2, there were 21 research studies regarding cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania referenced by the researcher. Some focused on a conceptual overview of the existing literature on the impacts, education, history and interpretation of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania. Others empirically studied intangible cultural tourism heritage, community involvement, empowerment preservation and conservation with discussions on drivers and factors influencing the adoption of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania. The sustainable development of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania was also a highly discussed topic.
Number of studies carried out on Tanzania's cultural heritage tourism from 2013 to 2023
The graph in Figure 2 illustrates the increasing number of studies carried out on Tanzania's cultural heritage tourism from 2013 to 2023, with a slight decline in 2020. This indicates a rising interest and focus on Tanzania's cultural heritage tourism in recent years compared to earlier periods.

Key themes from the Reviewed Studies

The key themes that emerged from the reviewed studies on cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania include the impacts of tourism on cultural heritage preservation, education and interpretation of cultural heritage, community involvement and empowerment, preservation and conservation efforts, drivers and factors influencing the adoption of cultural heritage tourism, and sustainable development. Figure 3 presents 27% of the studies among the reviewed articles that have discussed community involvement and empowerment, 22% focused on the impacts of tourism on cultural heritage preservation, and 18% explored the education and interpretation of cultural heritage. Other themes that emerged from the reviewed studies include preservation and conservation efforts (12%), drivers and factors influencing intangible cultural heritage (2%), and sustainable development (19%). The findings of this research are in line with the key themes identified from the reviewed studies on cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania (Susilowati et al., 2018).

Research Methods

The selected studies (N =21) in this review have analyzed cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania from various perspectives and investigated different aspects of them. Each study underwent an in-depth review and content analysis to synthesize these findings. Based on the methodology applied, the studied papers were categorized into two basic groups: Qualitative, and Literature Review. As shown in Table 3, 20 studies are qualitative and include different categories such as survey questionnaires, focus group discussions, case studies, interviews and observations, as well as 1 study is under the literature review method.

Sample Size of Relevant Studies on Tanzania's Cultural Heritage Tourism

The majority of studies used for this review had a sample size between 250 and 299 respondents, as shown in Figure 4. There were only a few studies with more than 300 respondents.

5. Discussion

The chosen studies in this article have mainly focused on various aspects of tourism related to cultural heritage. Therefore, the section's discussion centres on the theoretical foundations, thematic areas, and diverse methodologies utilized. The theories applied include interpretive theory, sustainable tourism theory, community-based tourism theory, and cultural heritage preservation theory. The selected studies employ methodologies such as literature reviews, qualitative research methods, case studies, and interviews to gather insights about the impacts of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania along with education and interpretation of cultural heritage while also examining community involvement and empowerment.

Research Gaps and Future Directions

  • Theoretical gap
Although the studies by (Pastory Magayane Bushozi, 2015),(Kisusi & Masele, 2019), (Bushozi, 2022)and (N. B. Lwoga & Mapunda, 2017) have offered valuable insights into different aspects of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania like preservation, education, community involvement, sustainable development, and economic impacts, there is a noticeable theoretical gap in integrating various frameworks such as cultural sustainability, stakeholder theory, and destination management into the analysis of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania to comprehend the intricate dynamics between tourism and cultural heritage. Additionally, Pastory Magayane Bushozi, (2014), N. Lwoga, (2017), Mgonja et al., (2015), and Chami, (2018a), highlight the lack of research on the intersectionality between cultural heritage tourism, sustainable development, and economic impacts. Future research should aim to bridge this gap by integrating frameworks such as cultural sustainability, stakeholder theory, and destination management into the analysis of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania. This integration provides a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics between tourism and cultural heritage, leading to more effective strategies for sustainable development and economic impacts.
  • Thematic gap
Despite the wealth of research on cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania, there remains a thematic gap in terms of fully exploring the role of intangible cultural heritage in tourism development. While 18 selected articles have focused on tangible cultural heritage sites, landmarks, and artefacts, there is limited research (Chami, 2018, Chami & Lyaya, 2015), and Chami & Kajiru, (2023) focused on the utilization and promotion of intangible cultural heritage in tourism experiences. Specifically, there is a need for studies that investigate the integration of local traditions, rituals, performing arts, traditional knowledge systems, and oral histories into the cultural heritage tourism offerings in Tanzania. By filling this thematic gap, researchers shed light on the unique contributions of intangible cultural heritage to the tourism sector, enriching visitor experiences and fostering a deeper appreciation and understanding of Tanzania's rich cultural heritage.
  • Methodological gap
As per Table 3 the reviewed studies have utilized various methodologies such as literature reviews, qualitative research methods, and interviews, there is a need for more quantitative research to complement the qualitative findings. Quantitative research provides statistical data and quantitative measures that supports qualitative insights and findings. This helps to strengthen the research and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts and drivers of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania. Furthermore, there is a need for longitudinal studies that examine the long-term effects of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania. Longitudinal studies provide valuable insights into the sustainability and long-term impacts of cultural heritage tourism, allowing for a better understanding of how tourism development affects local communities and cultural heritage sites over time.
Most of the research analysed in this review was based on data collected from less than 300 participants. As a result, the findings may not be broadly applicable to Cultural Heritage Tourism in Tanzania. To address this limitation, future research should aim to include larger sample sizes to increase the generalizability of findings and enhance the understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, the importance of obtaining a representative and adequate sample size cannot be overstated in conducting meaningful research on Cultural Heritage Tourism in Tanzania.
Theoretical Contribution to the Literature:
The systematic review uncovers numerous untouched grounds in the available literature on cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania. While the chosen studies provide valuable perspectives on various fronts like impacts, education, community participation and sustainable development, it clearly evidences that there is a coherent integration lacking in terms of theoretical frameworks shaping cultural sustainability, stakeholder theory, and destination management. This integration is key to deciphering the intricate interplay between tourism and cultural heritage in Tanzania. Future research should attempt to fill this theoretical gap in a more systemic way, including input from a wider array of paradigms that may provide a more comprehensive approach towards the interrelations between tourism, cultural sustainability and local stakeholder involvement.

Implications of Findings

The implications of the results from the systematic review go a long way to help scholars and practitioners working on the cultural heritage tourism sector. Positive observations and experiences relating to tourists show that there is a need for cultural heritage safeguard, promotion as well as display in Tanzania. The employment opportunity benefits and yield generation in income, among many others, clearly depict the fact that there is a need for cultural heritage tourism in providing vital economic activity that grows the general economy in Tanzania. However, the paper also underscores the necessity along with a shrewd balance between growth and preservation to contain probable ill-impacts on cultural heritage.
The clearly defined research gaps put forth clear ways through which the future researchers pursue with their investigations to involve the integration of the different theoretical frameworks, explore into the impact of intangible cultural heritage as well as embracing more of quantitative research techniques. Filling these gaps not only improve the comprehension of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania but also extends at academic levels offering practical implications to policymakers, tourism boards as well as local communities. It further accentuates the requirement to embed the future social consequences of tourism development, themes linked with sustainability in cultural heritage conservation, and community involvement while constituting the future of cultural tourism in Tanzania.

Integration With Previous Studies

The systematic review combines and synthesizes results of 21 seminal articles on cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania covering from the year 2013 to the year 2023. The selected articles dwell on various thematic themes including education, community engagement, sustainable development, intangible cultural heritage, preservation, and conservation. This paper gives a detailed overview of the major themes that have echoed from studies such as presenting an insightful understanding about the multi-pronged entity of cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania. By classifying the research approaches used in reviewed articles, the paper unveils the bias towards qualitative methods and finally calls for a balanced use of quantitative approaches that would strengthen the empirical base of future studies. The discussion section brings to light the positive perceptions and experiences of tourists in the cultural heritage tourism of Tanzania. They underscore authenticity and uniqueness that lure victims. Therefore, integrating these studies brings a comprehensive understanding of the cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania and provides an insight into the economic, social, and culture dimensions within the sector. The identified research gaps and future directions provide a clear roadmap for the propelling of the field forward, to help both academia and practitioners in promoting the cultural heritage towards sustainability in Tanzania.

6. Conclusion and Recommendations

The paper's results suggest that cultural heritage tourism plays a significant role in Tanzania's tourism industry, attracting tourists and generating economic benefits for local communities. Cultural heritage tourism bolsters Tanzania's finances, employing locals and visitors to spend cash. Yet relying on nature's kindness alone risks future loses. Unless protecting the past provides a future, profits now may cost culture dearly later. Tanzania's rich history dresses her lands fair, but wearing wealth too soon may leave her bare. In order to delicately balance development and preservation like partners in dance, safeguarding traditions must hold hands with community plans.
Cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania sustains its economy. Visitors attract employment and money exchanges internationally. As Lwoga (2011) defined, cultural heritage tourism refers to leisure and education under one annual trip to cultural sites. This tourism drastically expanded in Tanzania, more guests every following year. The country brags a profuse cultural past, with diverse tribes talking differently and behaving customarily attracting tourists globally. These tourists contribute through lodging, nourishment, transportation, and souvenirs spending. At these sites, locals may steer visitors or sell handmade products, boosting finances furthermore. Additionally, cultural regions often provide job opportunities for locals as tour guides or souvenir sellers, further boosting the country's economy. Moreover, foreign exchange is generated through entrance fees and other tourist expenditures. Heritage tourism plays a monumental role in nourishing Tanzania's economy and securing its bountiful cultural heritage as an orchard for forthcoming generations to harvest. The country's rich diversity flows as a river through its ethnic groups, carrying their traditions downstream to discovery by visitors worldwide. Locals may guide tourists along its cultural currents or offer tokens of regional craftsmanship from its banks, feeding supplementary earnings back into the economy's circulation. In this manner, cultural heritage tourism endures as a wellspring sustaining Tanzania.
Tanzania's cultured past gifts its tourists. Its living legacy however depends on stewardship serving people and place first. Mass media, as Kisusia knew, spreads the word of heritage travel far. This shows how voice and visibility deliver visitors while cherishing what calls them. Tradition too is treasured beyond relic and record. Community care keeps custom and ritual for future generations. Locals must lead, their livelihoods linked to lands now lively with leisure. Thoughtful tending also maintains environment and saves species. Without care, culture travel could harm all enjoying Africa's arts. To endure, wise watch keeps heritage tours sustainable. As threads in a woven tale, people and planet prosper paired.
Tanzania's profound cultural roots run deep in the nation's core. A leading industry, it offers work and guards relics of history. How long can heritage tourism last rely heavily on safeguarding efforts and people power. Slocum says locals barely benefit from the tourist green, though tourism reducing poverty seems bright. This spotlights the must for balance between growth and guarding Tanzania's rich past. Involving communities in tourist actions lets them pluck profit while also aiding protection. Promoting responsible and sustainable practice among visitors can help maintain these cultural sites for generations to come. The waters of progress and preservation must mesh through community participation to water cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania sustainably. As an economic ocean, it washes ashore opportunities but also carries the ship of traditions to safe shore. However, a storm may arise without sheltering efforts and many hands. Locals are left high and dry on the market's bank, though a sunny view sees tourism lightening lives. We must anchor between gaining gold and keeping history floating. Communities can harvest cash while sowing seeds for conservation. Selling responsible fun to guests can help roots run deep. Therefore, crucially, progress and past must blend their banks through involved people to irrigate cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania enduringly.
Cultural heritage tourism in Tanzania, a vital contributor providing jobs and money from other places. How can people keep using it without messing it up though? So, Tanzania must care for old things and help people living. Keeping history alive while making a living, an important act of balance. As I uncover amazing secrets in this place of natural beauty, Tanzania should remember to guard its gifts for those after this generation. Like curating a museum exhibit, we hold treasures on loan for future generations. Together, through conservation as cultivating a garden and community involvement as gathering harvest, we can pick cultural heritage tourism's fruit for years to come. For Tanzania's rich fields to keep bearing fruit, responsible practices must irrigate preservation and locals' benefit. Tourism flows like a river through Tanzania's cultural landscape, its sustainability relying on conscious actions.

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Figure 1. Paper Selection Flow Diagram under Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Source: Researcher Review Article, 2023).
Figure 1. Paper Selection Flow Diagram under Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Source: Researcher Review Article, 2023).
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Figure 2. Number of studies carried out on Tanzania's cultural heritage tourism from 2013 to 2023(Source: Review Data 2023).
Figure 2. Number of studies carried out on Tanzania's cultural heritage tourism from 2013 to 2023(Source: Review Data 2023).
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Figure 3. Key Themes from 21 Selected Articles. (Source: Review Data 2023).
Figure 3. Key Themes from 21 Selected Articles. (Source: Review Data 2023).
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Figure 4. Sample Size of Relevant Studies on Tanzania's Cultural Heritage Tourism. (Source(s): Review Data, 2023).
Figure 4. Sample Size of Relevant Studies on Tanzania's Cultural Heritage Tourism. (Source(s): Review Data, 2023).
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Table 1. Criteria for Articles to be included in the study.
Table 1. Criteria for Articles to be included in the study.
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Source: Author’s Idea, 2023.
Table 2. Key Articles on Cultural Heritage Tourism in Tanzania from 2013-2023.
Table 2. Key Articles on Cultural Heritage Tourism in Tanzania from 2013-2023.
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Source: Researcher, 2023.
Table 3. Research Methods Employed in Selected Articles.
Table 3. Research Methods Employed in Selected Articles.
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Source: Review Data 2023.
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