In an era of mounting concerns about anthropogenic climate change, the surge in atmospheric CO₂ levels from industrial activities, deforestation, and fossil fuel combustion has triggered far-reaching effects. CO₂ emissions’ impact on human brain function is a vital but underexplored concern, holding significant implications for cognitive and societal health. CO₂ levels have sharply risen in the last century, surpassing 415 ppm from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, emphasizing the challenge of carbon emissions. [1]. This escalation not only drives planetary warming and its associated environmental disruptions but also raises complex questions about how elevated CO₂ levels might affect human cognition and brain activity. The human brain, as the epicenter of cognition, emotion, and behavior, is inherently sensitive to shifts in its environment. Complex neurophysiological processes orchestrate brain function, making it susceptible to even minor changes in atmospheric composition. While extensive research has shed light on the cardiovascular and respiratory impacts of CO₂ exposure, the nexus between elevated CO₂ concentrations and human brain activity remains an emerging frontier. A nuanced understanding of the potential cognitive implications of elevated CO₂ levels is critical, particularly as contemporary lifestyles often involve prolonged indoor exposure to environments with compromised ventilation and elevated CO₂ concentrations [2]. A notable body of research has begun to reveal the potential cognitive effects of increased indoor CO₂ levels. Studies by Allen et al. [3] and Satish et al. [4] demonstrated a direct correlation between elevated indoor CO₂ concentrations and impaired decision-making, cognitive function, and overall productivity among office occupants. However, these studies primarily focus on localized indoor environments, leaving a significant knowledge gap regarding the broader implications of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations on human cognitive health. In the quest to unravel the intricate interplay between atmospheric CO₂ levels and human brain activity, innovative computational modeling approaches offer an unprecedented opportunity to bridge empirical gaps. Advanced simulation models, integrating insights from neuroscience, atmospheric science, and computational biology, provide a controlled experimental platform to explore the multifaceted dynamics of CO₂-brain interactions. Through these models, researchers can simulate a spectrum of CO₂ exposure scenarios, ranging from current levels to projected future concentrations, enabling the observation of subtle cognitive shifts over extended periods. This research paper aims to address this crucial knowledge gap by utilizing simulation models to comprehensively examine the effects of varying atmospheric CO₂ concentrations on human brain activity. Drawing insights from neuroscientific research and atmospheric data, the study aspires to uncover potential trends, underlying mechanisms, and neural pathways that mediate the complex relationship between elevated CO₂ levels and cognitive responses. By delving into the molecular and systemic repercussions of CO₂ exposure on brain function, the study aims to contribute a nuanced understanding of the cognitive consequences of our changing atmospheric composition. This research aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the potential cognitive effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations.

The simulation outcomes underscore the potential cognitive consequences of elevated CO₂ concentrations, with significant alterations in neural activity and neurotransmitter profiles observed even at current atmospheric levels. The dose-response relationship observed in the simulations suggests that as atmospheric CO₂ levels continue to rise, the cognitive impact on humans may amplify, posing substantial challenges for societal productivity, decision-making, and overall cognitive health. The findings align with previous empirical studies showing adverse cognitive effects in indoor environments with elevated CO₂ levels [11][12]. However, this study extends these insights to a broader atmospheric context, emphasizing the urgency of addressing global CO₂ emissions. The sensitivity analysis underscores the need for precise parameterization in modeling CO₂-brain interactions, emphasizing the importance of accurately representing neurophysiological processes for robust simulations.

This research utilizes Agent-Based Modeling to elucidate the interplay between atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and human brain activity. The findings suggest that elevated CO₂ levels can significantly impact neural function, emphasizing the imperative to mitigate carbon emissions to preserve cognitive health. Further research is warranted to validate and refine the model, incorporating additional factors such as individual differences, specific cognitive tasks, and potential mitigating strategies. Understanding the cognitive repercussions of rising CO₂ levels is crucial for informed policy-making and public awareness campaigns aimed at curbing climate change and safeguarding human cognitive function.