Prerpints.org logo
Preprint
Article

Investigation of Inter- and Intra-Chain Interactions in Mixtures of Long-Chain Polymer Monomer with Relations to Applications in agriculture of Plant Cuticular Waxes: Using n-Nonadecane and 1-Octadecanol Mixture as example

Altmetrics

Downloads

97

Views

30

Comments

0

Submitted:

11 March 2024

Posted:

11 March 2024

You are already at the latest version

Alerts
Abstract
The article delves into the intricate phase transitions of 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane within a binary system, unveiling dynamic structural changes under varying conditions. Through Fouri-er-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, specific molecular vibrations were identified, shedding light on the molecular composition and interactions. The study highlights the challenges in detecting subtle phase transitions and emphasizes the individuality of molecular behaviours in closely related compounds. The findings underscore the complexity of phase transitions in binary systems and advocate for a nuanced approach to studying molecular structures and behaviours. Addi-tionally, the research contributes valuable insights into the molecular dynamics of Organic Polymer Functional Adsorption Materials, offering implications for synthetic waxy layers in plant epidermis.
Keywords: 
Subject: Chemistry and Materials Science  -   Organic Chemistry

1. Introduction

1.1. Research Backgrounds

Agriculture is one of the most important primary industries in the world today and a vital prerequisite for supporting the most basic livelihoods in all countries and regions. In almost all plants with large leaves (non-coniferous species), the leaves are one of most indispensable parts of the plants [1]. We know that leaves contain chloroplasts, which absorb sunlight for photosynthesis and provide energy for the plant, and cuticles, which regulate the internal and external osmotic pressure and keep the water in the leaves at a healthy level.
According to current research, there is no direct link between plant cuticle wax and osmosis, and this paper is an attempt to establish the relationship between the two; abiotic stresses are also one of the critical issues for plants to survive long terms, such as Heat, Drought, Metals, Cold, Salt and Flooding [2]. How plants survive such abiotic stresses is not yet clear [3]. At the same time, improving crop yields is a global problem, and many scholars have conducted in-depth research on crop yield improvement through physical, chemical, biological, and geographical aspects. This project's results will significantly help improve crop performance, for example, this project's results will greatly help improve crop performance, for example, by optimizing plant cuticle waxes through genetic engineering or other means. In addition, the cuticle wax will act as a protective measure for the plant epidermis, blocking growth-aiding agrochemicals from being sprayed [4]. The agrochemicals can be designed to work around this protective layer by studying this project. In addition, this is a process of chemically creating a distinct biomimetic plant surface that can be applied to, for example, biology or other disciplines.

1.2. Plant Cuticle Waxes

The transition of land plants from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle was accompanied by the development of a novel structure known as the cuticle [4,13]. This lipophilic layer, composed of cutin and cuticular waxes, had the primary purpose of limiting water loss that was not caused by stomata by acting as a physical barrier between the surface of the plant and the environment outside of the plant [5,6,14]. Forming a cuticular wall is one of the primary adaptation strategies that allow plants to survive and thrive in water-restricted terrestrial environments [7,8,15]. The cuticle protects the plant from mechanical rupture or injury, poisonous chemicals, and ultraviolet radiation [9,10,14]. It serves as the primary barrier between the aerial surface of plants and the external environment. The cuticle also plays essential roles in the processes of growth and development, such as avoiding epidermal fusion by establishing appropriate organ borders [11,13] and maintaining phytohormone homeostasis [2,12]. These are only two examples of these roles. It is well known that the cuticle and the components that make up the cuticle perform essential roles as signaling molecules for pathogens that attack plants and the plants themselves [16]. It also plays a significant function in fruits, affecting quality, defense, and shelf life after harvest [13]. In fruits, the cuticle can affect water retention, hardness [14,17], and reactions to both biotic and abiotic stressors.
There is much research on plant wax globally, and the understanding of its composition is also more profound. Plant epidermal wax is a mixture of hydrophobic organic substances that appear as a whitish-grey or greenish-grey frost covering the outer layers of epidermal plant cells. Waxes are not unique to plant leaves, but studies on waxes have been mainly focused on plant leaves. The chemical composition of waxes is mixed, and the chemical substances in waxes can be extracted effectively with organic solvents such as trichloromethane (CHCl3). Modern studies primarily rely on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to identify wax components, and more than 100 compounds have been identified. The chemical features of waxes mainly include aliphatic compounds and cyclic compounds. Aliphatic compounds include long-chain (larger than C18) and ultra-long-chain (C24-C36) fatty acids, alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters, with different odd-even state advantages. Ring compounds contain phenols, terpenoids and flavonoids, and some of them are small molecular secondary metabolites of plants. The form and content of plant cuticle varies greatly across and within species and includes plate-, needle-, and pillar-shaped wax crystals. This variation is to be anticipated given the diversity of plants, the ecosystems they occupy, and the unique life histories of individual plants [15]. In certain species, the composition of the cuticular wax is known to change with increasing depth, resulting in the formation of layers that may be chemically differentiated [18]. In addition, the cuticle has been demonstrated to have a crucial role in both the development and the pathophysiology of diseases [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. It should not come as a surprise, therefore, that interest in the content, structure, and physiology of cuticles is growing [14, 24, 25, 26]. A better understanding of the relationship between the structure and the chemical composition of cuticle waxes (and its relation to Inter- and Intra-Chain Interactions in Mixtures of Long-Chain Hydrocarbons) is essential for increasing agricultural yields. This is because it will further our knowledge of how plants regulate water balance and inform the application of nutrition (foliar feeds) and pesticides, which will lead to improved formulation strategies for agrochemicals. Moreover, agriculture yields can be increased by Therefore, a knowledge of the inter- and intra-chain interactions in mixtures of long-chain hydrocarbons, in connection to plant cuticular waxes, can give a leading niche to the fulfilment of the protection and future investigations into a more effective cuticular protection component.
According to recent research, the major transpiration barrier is formed by intra-cuticular waxes, and the contribution of the epi-cuticular waxes as a transpiration barrier varies on the makeup of the cuticle of each species. And also, intra-cuticular wax acts as a transportational barrier [17].

1.3. Approaching

This study's primary goal was to create a model of plant leaf intra-cuticular wax that could be used to calculate the effects of formulations on cuticle stresses. The model should be as straightforward and uncomplicated as is practicable, but it should also retain some essential characteristics of the cuticular membrane that has been removed (such as response to changes in ambient conditions and susceptibility to the use of surfactants and solvents as adjuvants).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Mass Calculation

Twenty-one samples were made at the beginning of the experiment. The samples were differenced by 5% each. All the samples were thoroughly mixed to confirm they were in equilibrium. Then crush the sample into powder since all the analysis methods are using fine powder for the analysis.
The desired weight size of each sample was around 30-40 milligrams.
The total molar weight is:
M t o t a l = ∑ m o l e % × M
The weight percentage of each chemical is:
W t % = m o l e % × M M t o t a l
The mass of each chemical for making the samples is:
M a s s ( g ) = W t % × 20
The compositions of samples(mol%) we prepared are listed in Table 1 and Table 2:

2.2. Data Collection and Analysis

2.2.1. DSC

The Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) instrument was used to investigate the long chain hydrocarbons' thermal properties. These properties included the phase change enthalpy, melting and solidification temperature and total enthalpy. For the purposes of the measurements, the instrument was calibrated using internal standards crucible made of Aluminum. The DSC measurements were carried out in an inert N2 environment with a heating-cooling rate of 1°C min-1 throughout a temperature range of 20 to 70 degrees Celsius. Putting each crucible in the specific place on the pan holder, record the name of each sample, position on the holder, then set the method of this analysis (cooling and heating rate), input the empty weight of crucible which sample in and the weight of reference crucible, in this case, the weight of reference crucible was 49.000mg. Finally, sent the experiment to the instrument and run it for analysis.
The method of DSC used during this project was a heatwave-type, and the heating and cooling rate for major experiments was 1°C per minute and a 3-time repeat. This step was designed to analyze the fusion and crystallization process of the samples. And using different rate which was 0.75 and 0.5 °C per minute for further analysis.
Using STARe software to analyze the collected DSC diagrams, displaying the Onset Temperature, End set Temperature, and Peak Temperature, then integrating the peaks, getting the area of each peak, and shading the peak area.

2.2.2. FTIR

Utilizing Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, long-chain hydrocarbons were chemically characterized. Between 4000 and 400 cm-1, a NICOLET iS10 produced by Thermo-Scientific was utilized for the FT-IR analyses. There was a crystal on the surface of the FTIR instrument. An environment diagram was analyzed before the experiment. Then the sample powder covered the crystal completely during the experiment. Then the samples were analyzed by operating the computer, and the diagram of the sample was shown on the screen of the PC.
Using OriginLab® for plotting the Infrared spectra after getting the raw data from the FTIR instrument. Then Analysis the wavenumber of the peaks and get different vibration types of each sample.

3. Results

This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.

3.1. DSC Diagrams

3.1.1. Cooling rate at 1℃/min

The cooling Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram for heating and cooling cycle 1, conducted at a rate of 1℃/min, reveals a nuanced profile with a maximum of four peaks and a minimum of two peaks. The dynamic nature of the peaks is closely tied to the evolving composition during the process. Notably, the rightmost peak signifies the crystallization of 1-Octadecanol from the liquid phase into a rotator phase. Following this, the subsequent peak denotes the transition of 1-Octadecanol from the rotator phase to an ordered phase. On the left side of the spectrum, attention is drawn to the two peaks related to n-Nonadecane. The rightward of these depicts the crystallization of n-Nonadecane from the liquid phase into a rotator phase, while the leftward peak marks the transition of the rotator-phase-n-Nonadecane into an ordered phase. The shifting positions of these peaks as the composition undergoes alterations provide valuable insights into the intricate thermodynamic transformations occurring within the substance, offering a comprehensive understanding of its phase transitions and crystallization behaviour during the specified heating and cooling cycle [27].
Preprints 101059 g001
Figure 1. Cooling Phase diagram at 1℃/min (Cycle 1).
Figure 1. Cooling Phase diagram at 1℃/min (Cycle 1).
Preprints 101059 g001
Presented below are comprehensive Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagrams recorded at a scan rate of 1 degree Celsius per minute (1°C/min). The upper trio of diagrams illustrates the cooling phase, providing a detailed exploration of the thermal transitions occurring in the material under decreasing temperatures. Conversely, the subsequent set of diagrams captures the heating phase, shedding light on the reverse process as the material warms up. This collection of DSC diagrams serves as a meticulous representation of the thermal behaviour, elucidating key transformations and transitions that unfold within the substance across varying temperature ranges. The cooling diagrams offer insights into the solidification and crystallization processes, while the heating diagrams unveil the corresponding melting events and other thermal phenomena, collectively contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the material's thermal characteristics.
Preprints 101059 g002
Figure 2. Cooling(a) and Heating(b) Phase diagram at 1℃/min (Cycle 1).
Figure 2. Cooling(a) and Heating(b) Phase diagram at 1℃/min (Cycle 1).
Preprints 101059 g002
Preprints 101059 g003
Figure 3. Cooling(a) and Heating(b) Phase diagram at 1℃/min (Cycle 2).
Figure 3. Cooling(a) and Heating(b) Phase diagram at 1℃/min (Cycle 2).
Preprints 101059 g003
Preprints 101059 g004
Figure 4. Cooling(a) and Heating(b) Phase diagram at 1℃/min (Cycle 3).
Figure 4. Cooling(a) and Heating(b) Phase diagram at 1℃/min (Cycle 3).
Preprints 101059 g004
The analysis of the thermal behaviour presented in the comparison of the three cycles, each conducted at a constant cooling and heating rate of 1℃ per minute, reveals a remarkable consistency. In observing the Specific DSC diagram provided below, the cooling and heating segments are visually distinguishable. The blue portion signifies the cooling procedure of the sample, while the red part corresponds to the heating phase. Notably, despite the dynamic transitions in temperature, the absence of discernible differences in the cooling and heating rates across the three cycles indicates an exceptional level of stability exhibited by the samples.
Delving deeper into the intricacies of the analysis, attention is drawn to the significance of the peaks within the DSC diagram. These peaks encapsulate critical information about the sample's behaviour during phase transitions. By integrating the area under each peak, we gain valuable insights into the enthalpy associated with each specific phase transition. This approach allows for a nuanced understanding of the energy changes occurring within the sample, providing a comprehensive perspective on its thermal properties. In essence, the Specific DSC diagram serves as a visual representation of the stability and thermodynamic characteristics of the material under investigation, elucidating the subtleties of its responses to varying temperature conditions. For instance, the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) profile of pure 1-Octadecanol, as depicted in Figure 5 using STARe software, was obtained under specific experimental conditions. These conditions included a heating rate of 1°C per minute and a corresponding cooling rate. Within this diagram, the blue segment illustrates the exothermic reaction phase of 1-Octadecanol, whereas the red segment delineates its endothermic reaction phase. Two tables of Phase transition temperature and enthalpy value of each peak (Table 3 and Table 4) was obtained by concluding all DSC diagram.

3.1.2. Cooling Rate at 0.75℃/min and 0.5℃/min

The DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) diagrams depicting various cooling or heating rates for sample No.11 with a composition of 50% n-Nonadecane and 50% 1-Octadecanol are illustrated through Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8. Notably, the altitude of the peaks exhibited a decreasing trend as the rate of cooling or heating diminished. This phenomenon is attributed to the profound influence of the temperature ramp rate on resolution and sensitivity during sample analysis.
In general, a faster rate of temperature increases results in lower resolution and higher sensitivity, while a slower rate contributes to higher resolution and lower sensitivity. As the ramp rate escalates, the onset temperature of the melt peak remains relatively stable, but the peak top and end temperatures rise, leading to a broader peak shape. Rapid ramp-up processes tend to induce superimposed thermal effects, causing inadequate separation of individual peaks or melts associated with different phases.
Conversely, during the cooling phase, the rate influences the crystallization behaviour. A swift cooling rate tends to delay crystallization, yet this method proves advantageous in optimizing product processing. Notably, the overall peak shape at varying rates closely resembled the diagram obtained at a consistent rate of 1℃/min. This consistency implies that the sample utilized for diverse rate scanning exhibited stability. Consequently, it can be inferred that all samples share a common stability, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the thermodynamic behaviour and phase transitions in the tested mixtures.

3.1.3. Reproducibility

The reproducibility of the experiment was a crucial aspect of our investigation, and rigorous measures were taken to ensure the reliability of the results. To assess this, three separate samples were independently run at 1dCpm, each undergoing two additional repetitions. The obtained data was meticulously analyzed, and the corresponding chromatograms were compared. The resulting chromatograms, as depicted in Figure 9, revealed a striking similarity in both the shape and height of the peaks across all replicates. In fact, the resemblance was so pronounced that the chromatograms appeared almost identical. This remarkable consistency in the patterns observed strongly indicates that the experiment was highly reproducible. The reliable replication of results not only attests to the robustness of our methodology but also instills confidence in the credibility and accuracy of the findings derived from this experimental setup.

3.2. Phase Diagram

3.2.1. Cooling Phase Diagram

The construction of a binary system phase diagram involved a meticulous analysis of the DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) diagram, where the peak temperatures were systematically summarized. This comprehensive diagram serves as a visual representation of the intricate phase transitions occurring within the constituent materials. Each segment of the binary system is distinctly depicted, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the thermodynamic behaviour.
Upon careful examination of the phase diagram, a significant observation emerges: the absence of any discernible evidence pointing towards Eutectic or Peritectic reactions. Eutectic reactions typically involve the simultaneous solidification of two or more phases from a liquid, while Peritectic reactions entail the transformation of one solid phase into another. The lack of indicators for these reactions in the diagram underscores the stability and unique characteristics of the binary system under consideration.
In essence, the plotted phase diagram not only elucidates the temperature-dependent transitions within the binary system but also provides crucial insights into the absence of specific reactions that might alter its composition or structure. This analytical approach not only enhances our understanding of the thermodynamic behaviour of the materials involved but also contributes to the broader field of materials science by unraveling the intricate interplay of phases within binary systems.
In the thermal journey from elevated temperatures to lower ones, the dynamic transformations of 1-Octadecanol exhibit a sequence of phases. Initially existing in a liquid state, it undergoes a transition to the R'IV phase, characterized by specific structural arrangements. As the temperature further decreases, the 1-Octadecanol experiences another shift in its molecular organization, entering the Monoclinic (γ) phase. This progression signifies the intricate interplay of molecular forces and interactions within the substance as it responds to variations in thermal energy.
Conversely, the phase transitions of n-Nonadecane follow a distinct pathway. Originating as a liquid at higher temperatures, it undergoes a transformative shift to the R'I phase, marked by a distinct structural configuration. Subsequently, as the temperature continues to decrease, n-Nonadecane transitions into the Orthorhombic (β) phase, denoting a specific crystalline arrangement of its molecular constituents. This intricate transitions between liquid and crystalline phases underscores the nuanced behaviour of n-Nonadecane under varying thermal conditions. In essence, these observations emphasize the sensitivity of these substances to temperature variations, unveiling a rich tapestry of phase transitions governed by molecular intricacies.
The blue line in the graph represents the temperature profile of 1-Octadecanol as it transitions from the liquid phase to the R'IV phase under varying ratios of 1-Octadecanol to n-Nonadecane. Concurrently, the green line delineates the temperature trajectory of 1-Octadecanol during its phase transition from R'IV to the Monoclinic (γ) phase. Meanwhile, the red line corresponds to the temperature curve of n-Nonadecane as it shifts from the liquid phase to the R'I phase. Lastly, the orange line illustrates the temperature progression of n-Nonadecane as it undergoes a phase transition from the R'I phase to the Orthorhombic (β) phase.
Overall, due to the phase diagram, from high temperature to low temperature, the phase transitions of 1-Octadecanol are Liquid → R’IV → Monoclinic (γ); [30] on the other hand, the phase transitions of n-Nonadecane are Liquid → R’I → Orthorhombic (β) [27].
Preprints 101059 g010
Figure 10. A binary system Phase Diagram of n-Nonadecane and 1-Octadecanol (Cooling) and Phases. Note: (Preprints 101059 i003) Thermal profile of 1-Octadecanol from the liquid state to the R’IV phase, observed across varied proportions of 1-Octadecanol to n-Nonadecane, (Preprints 101059 i004) Temperature trajectory of 1-Octadecanol during its phase transition from R’IV to the Monoclinic (γ) phase, (Preprints 101059 i005) Temperature evolution of n-Nonadecane as it undergoes a phase shift from the liquid state to the R’I phase, (Preprints 101059 i006) Thermal progression of n-Nonadecane during its transition from the R’I phase to the Orthorhombic (β) phase.
Figure 10. A binary system Phase Diagram of n-Nonadecane and 1-Octadecanol (Cooling) and Phases. Note: (Preprints 101059 i003) Thermal profile of 1-Octadecanol from the liquid state to the R’IV phase, observed across varied proportions of 1-Octadecanol to n-Nonadecane, (Preprints 101059 i004) Temperature trajectory of 1-Octadecanol during its phase transition from R’IV to the Monoclinic (γ) phase, (Preprints 101059 i005) Temperature evolution of n-Nonadecane as it undergoes a phase shift from the liquid state to the R’I phase, (Preprints 101059 i006) Thermal progression of n-Nonadecane during its transition from the R’I phase to the Orthorhombic (β) phase.
Preprints 101059 g010

3.2.2. Heating Phase Diagram

In Figure 11, the blue trajectory delineates the thermal profile of 1-Octadecanol during its phase transition from the liquid state to the R'IV phase, observed across varied proportions of 1-Octadecanol to n-Nonadecane. Simultaneously, the red trajectory signifies the temperature evolution of n-Nonadecane as it undergoes a phase shift from the liquid state to the R'I phase. Furthermore, the orange trajectory graphically represents the thermal progression of n-Nonadecane during its transition from the R'I phase to the Orthorhombic (β) phase.
Examining the Cooling and Heating Phase diagram allows for a discerning analysis of the phase transitions undergone by 1-Octadecanol. Notably, the transition from a stable phase to a rotator phase is evident. Intriguingly, during the heating process, this transition seems to dissipate (The region delineated by the green ellipse, comparing with Figure 10), suggesting that the disordered phase is not thermodynamically stable under elevated temperatures. Although a subtle phase transition is observable during heating, its intensity appears insufficient for accurate recognition by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). This implies that certain alterations in the molecular arrangement or energy state occur, but they might be subtle or transient, eluding detection by the precision of the DSC technique. This nuanced understanding of the phase behaviour of 1-Octadecanol sheds light on the intricacies of its thermodynamic stability and the sensitivity required in experimental methodologies to capture subtle transformations.

3.3. FTIR Spectra

The analysis of seven samples, as outlined in Table 1, involved the utilization of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These samples, with varying compositions of 1-Octadecanol at 100%, 80%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 20%, and 0%, were selected for a comprehensive investigation.
The FTIR spectra obtained from these samples are visually represented below, offering valuable insights into the molecular composition. Figure 12 illustrates a spectrum comparing transmittance and wavenumber, while Figure 13, derived transformation from Figure 12 through OMNIC, depicts additional spectra comparing absorbance and wavenumber.
In the spectral analysis, distinctive peaks were identified, each corresponding to specific molecular vibrations. Notably, the peak observed around wavenumber 750 cm⁻¹ was attributed to the out-of-plane bending of the O-H bond. The peak at approximately 1000 cm⁻¹ indicated the stretching vibration of the C-O bond, while the peak around 1500 cm⁻¹ was associated with the bending vibration of the C-H bond. The double-peak evident around 3000 cm⁻¹ was identified as the saturated C-H stretching vibration absorption peak.
Of particular interest was the inconspicuous yet significant wide peak at around 3300 cm⁻¹. This peak was attributed to the O-H stretching vibration associated with intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The presence and characteristics of these peaks provide valuable information about the molecular structure and interactions within the samples, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the composition and behaviour of 1-Octadecanol in different proportions. This FTIR analysis serves as a crucial tool in unraveling the intricate details of the molecular dynamics of these samples and contributes to the broader understanding of their chemical properties [8].

4. Results

To delve deeper into the complexities of the 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane binary system, we observe a fascinating sequence of phase transitions that reveal the intricate nature of these compounds. For 1-Octadecanol, the transition begins in a liquid state, before transitioning to a R'IV phase, and finally stabilizing in a monoclinic structure. This progression demonstrates the compound's dynamic structural changes under varying conditions.
Similarly, n-Nonadecane exhibits its own unique transformation path. It starts from a liquid state and then moves into the R'I phase. Following this, it settles into an orthorhombic structure. This pathway underscores the distinct molecular behaviours of n-Nonadecane compared to 1-Octadecanol, even though they are part of the same binary system.
A particularly intriguing aspect of this study is the transition of 1-Octadecanol from the γ-phase to the rotator phase. This specific transition phase, which is of significant scientific interest, proves elusive when attempting to detect it using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The challenge in detecting this transition lies in the extremely subtle nature of the signal that this phase change generates. It's a testament to the sensitivity required in measuring techniques and the need for precise instrumentation in the study of molecular phase transitions.
Moreover, the differences in the transition pathways of 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane, despite being components of the same binary system, highlight the complexity and individuality of molecular structures and behaviours. These findings have broader implications for the study of phase transitions in binary systems, suggesting that even closely related compounds can exhibit markedly different behaviours under similar conditions. This complexity necessitates a more nuanced approach to the study of phase transitions in such systems, with a focus on the individual characteristics of each component as well as their interactions.
Drawing upon preceding research [31, 32], the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis yielded valuable insights. Manifesting as a peak around the wavenumber 750 cm⁻¹, the out-of-plane bending of the O-H bond was discerned. The peak encompassing 1000 cm⁻¹ signified the stretching vibration of the C-O bond, while the peak at 1500 cm⁻¹ denoted the bending vibration of the C-H bond. The distinctive double-peak discerned around 3000 cm⁻¹ was attributed to the saturated C-H stretching vibration absorption. Notably, an inconspicuous yet broad peak around 3300 cm⁻¹ was identified as the O-H stretching vibration indicative of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. These nuanced analytical findings contribute significantly to our understanding of the molecular dynamics and structural intricacies within this binary system, mirroring the complex nature of plant cuticle waxes.

5. Discussion

The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, based on previous studies, provided valuable insights into the molecular dynamics of Organic Polymer Functional Adsorption Materials. The identification of peaks at specific wavenumbers, such as 750 cm⁻¹ for the O-H bond bending, 1000 cm⁻¹ for the C-O bond stretching, 1500 cm⁻¹ for the C-H bond bending, and 3000 cm⁻¹ for the saturated C-H stretching vibration absorption, offered a detailed understanding of the material's composition. Additionally, the detection of a broad peak at 3300 cm⁻¹, indicating O-H stretching vibration related to intermolecular hydrogen bonds, highlighted the complex molecular interactions within the binary system, akin to the intricate nature of plant cuticle waxes. Pascal. S [33] founds that the synthesis pathway of plant epidermal wax can be divided into three steps: 1) de novo synthesis of C16 and C18 fatty acids; 2) C16 and C18 fatty acids extend to form waxy synthesis precursors, namely VLCFAs; 3) Waxy components such as alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, and wax esters are synthesized by VLCFAs through acyl reduction and decarboxylation pathways. The above synthesis process is completed in plant epidermal cells. The results of FTIR related research in this paper will play a supporting role in the synthetic waxy layer of plant epidermis.
Exploring the complexities of the 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane binary system revealed a fascinating sequence of phase transitions, showcasing the dynamic structural changes of these compounds under varying conditions. 1-Octadecanol transitions from a liquid state to a R'IV phase before stabilizing in a monoclinic structure, while n-Nonadecane follows a unique transformation path from a liquid state to the R'I phase and eventually settling into an orthorhombic structure. These distinct molecular behaviours underscore the individuality of n-Nonadecane compared to 1-Octadecanol within the same binary system. Zhang [34] founds that different cuticle waxes can form different and reversible wax modifications, thus adjusting the water transpiration and adsorption properties of the leaf cuticle in response to the degree of water change in the soil. Skamnioti [35] founds that changes in cuticle permeability can affect plant disease resistance. Therefore, based on the phase transition path analysed in this paper, the plant epidermal wax layer modification can be artificially adjusted to improve the water transpiration and adsorption and disease resistance properties of plants and emphasizing the diverse nature of Organic Polymer Functional Adsorption Materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Wentao. Guo. ; Yi. Xing. and Wei. Su. ; methodology, Wentao. Guo. ; software, Guotao. Li. ; validation, Changjiang. Hou. , Yi. Xing. and Wei. Su.; formal analysis, Wentao. Guo. ; investigation, Changjiang. Hou. ; resources, Yi. Xing. ; data curation, Wentao. Guo. ; writing—original draft preparation, Wentao. Guo. Guotao. Li. ; writing—review and editing, Wei. Su, Wei. Wen ; visualization, Guotao. Li. ; supervision, Yi. Xing, Wei. Wen ; project administration, Wentao. Guo. ; funding acquisition, Changjiang. Hou. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Please turn to the CRediT taxonomy for the term explanation.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFE0208100), Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province (No. 22373706D), Key Science and Technology Planning Project of HBIS Group Co., Ltd. (No. HG2020204–2), and Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Air Pollution Control (20193236- 09-06).

Data Availability Statement

All the data can be collected by contacting wentao_guo@ustb.edu.cn.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to Prof. Kevin J. Roberts, Laksha Parameswaran, Alexander Jackson, and Yu Liu from University of Leeds for their continued assistance throughout the project, providing advice and guidance that was essential for completing this project.

Conflicts of Interest

The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

  1. Isaacson, T.; Kosma, D.; Matas, A.; Buda, G.; He, Y.; Yu, B.; Pravitasari, A.; Batteas, J.; Stark, R.; Jenks, M.; Rose, J. Cutin deficiency in the tomato fruit cuticle consistently affects resistance to microbial infection and biomechanical properties, but not transpirational water loss. The Plant Journal 2009, 60, 363–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Jetter, R.; Riederer, M. Localization of the Transpiration Barrier in the Epi- and Intra-cuticular Waxes of Eight Plant Species: Water Transport Resistances Are Associated with Fatty Acyl Rather Than Alicyclic Components. Plant Physiology 2022, 170, 921–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Lee, T.; Greenkorn, R.; Chao, K. Statistical thermodynamics of group interaction in n-alkane-n-alkanol and n-alkanol-n-alkanol solutions. Chemical Engineering Science 1973, 28, 1005–1011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Anwar, M.; Turci, F.; Schilling, T. Crystallization mechanism in melts of short n-alkane chains. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2013, 139, 214904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Carey, F.; Giuliano, R. Synthesis of 7,9-DI-O-Methly-11-Oxosibirmoycinone. Journal of Organic Chemistry 1981, 46, 1366–1371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Maissara, M.; Devaure, J. Raman study of n-nonadecane and n-heneicosane mixtures in the solid state. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 1987, 18, 425–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Lehmler, H.; Bergosh, R.; Meier, M.; Carlson, R. A novel synthesis of branched high-molecular-weight (C-40(+)) long-chain alkanes. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2002, 66, 523–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Ventolà, L.; Calvet, T.; Cuevas-Diarte, M.; Solans, X.; Mondieig, D.; Négrier, P.; van Miltenburg, J. Solid state equilibrium in the n-alkanols family: the stability of binary mixed samples. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2003, 5, 947–952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. PubChem. Available online: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8221 (accessed on 28 June 2022).
  10. HSDB. Available online: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov (accessed on 16 July 2022).
  11. Estimation of Henry's Law Constant for a Diverse Set of Organic Compounds from Molecular Structure. Available online: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NERL&dirEntryId=191325 (accessed on 6 August 2022).
  12. Janardhanaiah, M.; Gangadhar, S.; Govinda, V.; Sreenivasulu, K.; Venkateswarlu, P. Effect of alkanol chain length on excess thermodynamic properties of p-cresol with 1-alkanol (C3–C8) at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2015, 211, 169–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Dhanyalakshmi, K.; Soolanayakanahally, R.; Rahman, T.; Tanino, K.; Nataraja, K. Leaf Cuticular Wax, a Trait for Multiple Stress Resistance in Crop Plants; [online] Academia.edu 2022. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/47867774/Leaf_Cuticular_Wax_a_Trait_for_Multiple_Stress_Resistance_in_Crop_Plants (accessed on 3 September 2022).
  14. Buschhaus, C.; Jetter, R. Composition and Physiological Function of the Wax Layers Coating Arabidopsis Leaves: β-Amyrin Negatively Affects the Intracuticular Water Barrier. Plant Physiology 2012, 160, 1120–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Koch, K.; Barthlott, W.; Koch, S.; Hommes, A.; Wandelt, K.; Mamdouh, W.; De-Feyter, S.; Broekmann, P. Structural analysis of wheat wax (Triticum aestivum, c.v. ‘Naturastar’ L.): from the molecular level to three dimensional crystals. Planta 2005, 223, 258–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Van Maarseveen, C.; Han, H.; Jetter, R. Development of the cuticular wax during growth of Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Hamet et Perr. de la Bathie) leaves. Plant, Cell, and Environment 2009, 32, 73–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Riederer, M.; Muller, C. Biology of the Plant Cuticle; Annual Plant Reviews 2006; Volume 23.
  18. Yeats, T.; Rose, J. The Formation and Function of Plant Cuticles. Plant Physiology 2013, 163, 5–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Koornneef, M.; Hanhart, C.; Hilhorst, H.; Karssen, C. In Vivo Inhibition of Seed Development and Reserve Protein Accumulation in Recombinants of Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis and Responsiveness Mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology 1989, 90, 463–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Yong-Hwan Lee. R.; Hydrophobicity of contact surface induces appressorium formation in Magnaporthe grisea. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1994, 115, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Gilbert, S.; Opitz, J.; Raff, R. Resynthesizing Evolutionary and Developmental Biology. Developmental Biology 1996, 173, 357–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Bessire, M.; Chassot, C.; Jacquat, A.; Humphry, M.; Borel, S.; Petétot, J.; Métraux, J.; Nawrath, C. A permeable cuticle in Arabidopsis leads to a strong resistance to Botrytis cinerea. The EMBO Journal 2007, 26, 2158–2168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Delventhal, R.; Falter, C.; Strugala, R.; Zellerhoff, N.; Schaffrath, U. Ectoparasitic growth of Magnaporthe on barley triggers expression of the putative barley wax biosynthesis gene CYP96B22 which is involved in penetration resistance. BMC Plant Biology 2014, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Hen-Avivi, S.; Savin, O.; Racovita, R.; Lee, W.; Adamski, N.; Malitsky, S. A Metabolic Gene Cluster in the Wheat W1 and the Barley Cer-cqu Loci Determines β-Diketone Biosynthesis and Glaucousness. The Plant Cell 2016, 28, 1440–1460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Heredia-Guerrero, J.; Benà tez, J.; Domà nguez, E.; Bayer, I.; Cingolani, R.; Athanassiou, A.; Heredia, A. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic features of plant cuticles: a review. Frontiers in Plant Science 2014, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Liu, J.; Sheng, L.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Yang, Z.; Huang, H.; Xu, L. WOX11 and 12 Are Involved in the First-Step Cell Fate Transition during de Novo Root Organogenesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 2014, 26, 1081–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Dirand, M.; Bouroukba, M.; Chevallier, V.; Petitjean, D.; Behar, E.; Ruffier-Meray, V. Normal Alkanes, Multialkane Synthetic Model Mixtures, and Real Petroleum Waxes:  Crystallographic Structures, Thermodynamic Properties, and Crystallization. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data 2002, 47, 115–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Miquel. Àngel. Cuevas-Diarte.; Y. Haget.; N. B. Chanh.; H. A. J. Oonk. Molecular Mixed Crystals, 1st ed.; Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland AG Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland, 2021; Volume 3, pp. 9–46. [Google Scholar]
  29. Cholakova, D.; Denkov, N. Rotator phases in alkane systems: In bulk, surface layers and micro/nano-confinements. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2019, 269, 7–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Cuevas-Diarte, M. and Oonk, H., n.d. Molecular Mixed Crystals.
  31. Hastie, G.P.; Roberts, K.J. Investigation of inter- and intra-molecular packing in the solid state for crystals of normal alkanes and homologous mixtures using FT-IR spectroscopy. Journal of Materials Science 1994, 1915–1919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Gorce, J.; Spells, S. FTIR studies of conformational disorder: crystal perfecting in long chain n-alkane. Polymer 2004, 45, 3297–3303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Pascal. S, Bernarda, Deslous. P., Arabidopsis CER1-LIKE1 functions in a cuticular very-long-chain alkaneforming complex. Plant Physiology 2019, 179, 416. [Google Scholar]
  34. Zhang, Y. Study on the correclation between cuticular wax composition and cuticular transpiration in Camellia Sinensis leaves. [D] Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2021, DOI: 10.27018/d.cnki.gfjnu.2020.000036, Supervisor: Chen M.J., and Chen C.S., pp.51-67. [CrossRef]
  35. Skamnioti, P.; Gurr, S.J. Magnaporthe grisea cutinase 2 mediates appressorium differentiation and host penetration and is required for full virulence. The Plant Cell 2007, 19, 2674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Preprints 101059 g005
Figure 5. An example of DSC diagram in STARe software (pure 1-Octdecanol) Note: (Preprints 101059 i001) Exothermic reaction phases of 1-Octadecanol, (Preprints 101059 i002) Endothermic reaction phases.
Figure 5. An example of DSC diagram in STARe software (pure 1-Octdecanol) Note: (Preprints 101059 i001) Exothermic reaction phases of 1-Octadecanol, (Preprints 101059 i002) Endothermic reaction phases.
Preprints 101059 g005
Preprints 101059 g006
Figure 6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram at cooling(a)/ heating(b) different rates (1,0.75,0.5℃/min, Cycle 1), Note: (■): 1, (■): 0.75, (■): 0.5.
Figure 6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram at cooling(a)/ heating(b) different rates (1,0.75,0.5℃/min, Cycle 1), Note: (■): 1, (■): 0.75, (■): 0.5.
Preprints 101059 g006
Preprints 101059 g007
Figure 7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram at cooling(a)/ heating(b) different rates (1,0.75,0.5℃/min, Cycle 2), Note: (■): 1, (■): 0.75, (■): 0.5.
Figure 7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram at cooling(a)/ heating(b) different rates (1,0.75,0.5℃/min, Cycle 2), Note: (■): 1, (■): 0.75, (■): 0.5.
Preprints 101059 g007
Preprints 101059 g008
Figure 8. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram at cooling(a)/ heating(b) different rates (1, 0.75, 0.5℃/min, Cycle 3), Note: (■): 1, (■): 0.75, (■): 0.5.
Figure 8. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram at cooling(a)/ heating(b) different rates (1, 0.75, 0.5℃/min, Cycle 3), Note: (■): 1, (■): 0.75, (■): 0.5.
Preprints 101059 g008
Preprints 101059 g009
Figure 9. Reproducibility Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram (1℃/min) with different compositions; (a)1-Octadecanol 0% / n-Nonadecane 100%; (b)1-Octadecanol 50% / n-Nonadecane 50%; (c)1-Octadecanol 100% / n-Nonadecane 0%, Note: (■): Samples in Table 1, (■): 1st Reproduction, (■): 2nd Reproduction.
Figure 9. Reproducibility Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram (1℃/min) with different compositions; (a)1-Octadecanol 0% / n-Nonadecane 100%; (b)1-Octadecanol 50% / n-Nonadecane 50%; (c)1-Octadecanol 100% / n-Nonadecane 0%, Note: (■): Samples in Table 1, (■): 1st Reproduction, (■): 2nd Reproduction.
Preprints 101059 g009
Preprints 101059 g011
Figure 11. A binary system Phase Diagram of n-Nonadecane and 1-Octadecanol (Heating), Note: (Preprints 101059 i003) Thermal profile of 1-Octadecanol from the liquid state to the R’IV phase, observed across varied proportions of 1-Octadecanol to n-Nonadecane, (Preprints 101059 i005) Temperature evolution of n-Nonadecane as it undergoes a phase shift from the liquid state to the R’I phase, (Preprints 101059 i006) Thermal progression of n-Nonadecane during its transition from the R’I phase to the Orthorhombic (β) phase, (Preprints 101059 i007) Phase transitions undergone by 1-Octadecanol.
Figure 11. A binary system Phase Diagram of n-Nonadecane and 1-Octadecanol (Heating), Note: (Preprints 101059 i003) Thermal profile of 1-Octadecanol from the liquid state to the R’IV phase, observed across varied proportions of 1-Octadecanol to n-Nonadecane, (Preprints 101059 i005) Temperature evolution of n-Nonadecane as it undergoes a phase shift from the liquid state to the R’I phase, (Preprints 101059 i006) Thermal progression of n-Nonadecane during its transition from the R’I phase to the Orthorhombic (β) phase, (Preprints 101059 i007) Phase transitions undergone by 1-Octadecanol.
Preprints 101059 g011
Preprints 101059 g012
Figure 12. FTIR spectra (Transmittance).
Figure 12. FTIR spectra (Transmittance).
Preprints 101059 g012
Preprints 101059 g013
Figure 13. FTIR spectra (Absorbance).
Figure 13. FTIR spectra (Absorbance).
Preprints 101059 g013
Table 1. The Chemicals information of each sample.
Table 1. The Chemicals information of each sample.
Sample No. Molar fraction (C18OH/C19) n-Nonadecane mass (g) 1-Octadecanol mass (g) Total mass (g)
1 0 0 0.03 0.03
2 5 0.001923 0.037107 0.03903
3 10 0.003846 0.035154 0.039
4 15 0.005769 0.033201 0.03897
5 20 0.007692 0.031248 0.03894
6 25 0.009615 0.029295 0.03891
7 30 0.011538 0.027342 0.03888
8 35 0.013461 0.025389 0.03885
9 40 0.015384 0.023436 0.03882
10 45 0.017307 0.021483 0.03879
11 50 0.01923 0.01953 0.03876
12 55 0.021153 0.017577 0.03873
13 60 0.023076 0.015624 0.0387
14 65 0.024999 0.013571 0.03857
15 70 0.026922 0.011718 0.03864
16 75 0.028845 0.009765 0.03861
17 80 0.030768 0.007812 0.03858
18 85 0.032691 0.005859 0.03855
19 90 0.034614 0.003906 0.03852
20 95 0.036537 0.001953 0.03849
21 100 0.03 0 0.03
Table 2. The crucible weight and sample weight for Reproducibility (in crucible).
Table 2. The crucible weight and sample weight for Reproducibility (in crucible).
Sample No. Molar fraction
(C18OH/C19)		 Crucible weight (empty)/mg Crucible weight (full)/mg Sample weight (mg)
Re-1 (1) 0 48.38 58.07 9.69
Re-1 (11) 50 48.63 58.54 9.91
Re-1 (21) 100 48.43 56.57 8.14
Re-2 (1) 0 48.26 56.19 7.93
Re-2 (11) 50 48.59 55.06 6.47
Re-2 (21) 100 49.19 59.61 7.93
Table 3. Comparison of Transition Enthalpy between the Experimental Results and the Mean Values of the Literature.
Table 3. Comparison of Transition Enthalpy between the Experimental Results and the Mean Values of the Literature.
Cn Molar Mass (g/mol) Tm (K) ΔHm (kJ/mol) TR-C (K) ΔHR-C (kJ/mol) ΔHtotal (kJ/mol) Reference
18 270.49 330.3 - 328.00 - - Miquel Àngel, 2021 [28]
328.2 44.742 321.78 15.756 60.498 This study
19 268.52 304.9 45.580 295.5 13.750 59.330 Dirand et al., 2002 [27]
305.1 46.047 294.5 13.801 59.848 Cholakova et al., 2019 [29]
303.6 31.417 294.2 9.134 40.551 This study
Table 4. Comparison of Different Compositions between 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane.
Table 4. Comparison of Different Compositions between 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane.
Composition
(C18OH %)		 Mw(g/mol) Tm (K) ΔHm (kJ/mol) TR-γ (K) ΔHR-γ
(kJ/mol)		 TL-RI (K) ΔHL-RI
(kJ/mol)		 TR-Oi
(K)		 ΔHR-Oi (kJ/mol) ΔHtotal (kJ/mol)
0 268.5200 303.60 9.134 - - 301.79 31.417 - - 40.551
5 268.6185 305.02 7.211 - - 301.89 31.093 - - 38.304
10 268.7170 308.33 3.727 - - 302.03 28.532 290.27 6.909 39.168
15 268.8155 316.75 4.449 - - 301.71 27.107 290.18 6.804 38.36
20 268.9140 318.38 6.868 - - 301.81 26.061 290.30 6.4619 39.391
25 269.0125 319.15 8.248 - - 301.97 24.074 290.21 5.617 37.939
30 269.1110 319.62 9.368 - - 301.86 22.662 290.11 5.253 37.283
35 269.2095 321.05 11.853 - - 301.91 21.542 289.87 4.937 38.332
40 269.3080 321.55 13.024 - - 301.84 21.203 289.69 4.551 38.778
45 269.4065 322.61 13.899 - - 301.80 18.306 1289.83 3.483 35.688
50 269.5050 323.3 15.669 305.48 2.647 301.87 15.402 289.98 3.339 37.057
55 269.6035 324.42 17.565 307.68 4.341 302.02 13.270 290.07 2.879 38.055
60 269.7020 325.25 18.127 309.11 5.453 302.09 11.373 289.97 2.368 37.321
65 269.8005 325.62 19.431 310.47 6.904 302.07 10.279 289.78 1.983 38.597
70 269.8990 326.41 20.569 312.95 9.471 302.15 8.461 289.16 1.636 40.137
75 269.9975 326.55 19.872 313.68 9.080 302.14 5.989 289.91 1.237 36.178
80 270.0960 327.27 21.454 315.56 11.590 302.11 4.303 - - 37.347
85 270.1945 328.26 21.983 317.07 13.839 302.04 3.132 - - 38.954
90 270.2930 328.42 22.891 318.07 13.836 - - - - 36.727
95 270.3915 329.6 26.114 320.77 15.407 - - - - 41.521
100 270.4900 329.86 44.742 321.85 15.756 - - - - 60.498
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
Prerpints.org logo

Preprints.org is a free preprint server supported by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland.

facebook logotwitter logolinkedin logo
MDPI Initiatives
Important Links
Subscribe

Disclaimer

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated