In the last decades the interest in the psychophysical integrity of surgical patients and in the understanding of the postoperative distress in the context of healthcare events has increased [1], and growing interest has been directed to specific cluster of symptoms, usually defined as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but determined by medical or surgical procedures. The incidence of this disturbance ranges from 12% to 25% among patients who have undergone various medical or surgical treatments [2]. This has been corroborated by a prior study involving patients who underwent surgical intervention for benign gynecological conditions [3]. This form of post-surgical PTSD differs from the conventional PTSD as defined by DSM-5, primarily due to differences in the source of threat, with external factors versus somatic origins, as well as distinctions in the cognitive aspects of threat related to the past, present, or future. Furthermore, there are variations in the avoidance behaviors displayed and the nature and consequences of hyperarousal, which are typically linked to post-surgical pain-induced PTSD. However, both disorders share a key similarity: the fear of death [3]. This specific disorder appears to be associated with unfavorable outcomes, manifested through poor adherence to therapies and follow-up appointments, as well as an elevated risk of complications. Moreover, the literature describes frequent associations between post-surgical PTSD and depressive and anxious symptoms. A previous work evaluated the incidence of post-surgical PTSD after hysterectomy due to benign gynecological disease, since hysterectomy represents the most common gynecological procedure in developed countries [2,3]. It is crucial to underscore that unaddressed and untreated manifestations of anxiety and depression after a hysterectomy for benign conditions can exert detrimental effects on morbidity management, adherence to treatment protocols, disease recovery, and overall quality of life. [4]. On the other hand, the treatment of PTSD can be really tough due to lack of effective pharmacotherapy [5], different from the psychopharmacotherapy for other psychiatric disorders [6]. The previous work showed a PTSD rate of 16.4% at the three months follow-up evaluation, with a significant correlation between post-operative depression (both postoperatively and three months after surgery) and PTSD symptoms, in line with literature. Since 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a detrimental impact on people’s mental health. This can be attributed to factors such as being separated from loved ones, loss of personal freedoms, uncertainty surrounding one’s health, and potentially experiencing boredom [8]. These circumstances have significantly influenced and exacerbated the psychological well-being of hospitalized patients. Notably, the most commonly reported psychological conditions during this period include negative emotions, anxiety, depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms [9], irritability, panic attacks, phobic symptoms, insomnia, fits of anger, emotional exhaustion [8]. In the most severe cases, individuals may even exhibit suicidal behavior [10]. Assuming SARS COV 2 has worsened post-surgical PTSD and anxious and depressive symptoms, the present study aims to compare data of patients who underwent hysterectomy for benign gynecological disease in a pre-COVID-19 period (January-May 2019) and data collected during COVID-19 pandemic (April-September 2021) in terms of the onset of post-surgical distress and anxiety-depressive symptoms. The study aimed to evaluate post-surgical distress and anxiety and depressive symptoms in post-surgical period (T2) and three months later (T3), highlighting the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on post-surgical traumatic distress and anxiety and depressive symptoms in gynecological patients through a comparison between a group of patients undergone to surgical intervention in the pre-COVID-19 period [2] and a sample of patients of the pandemic period.

This is a prospective observational cohort study that involved a comparison of two distinct populations. The first group consisted of 100 subjects who were recruited before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, while the second group included 39 subjects who were recruited after the pandemic began (Figure 1). All participants in both groups had a medical indication for hysterectomy due to benign disease and were referred to the Obstetrics and Gynecologic department of the Women’s and Children’s hospital of Varese (Filippo Del Ponte Hospital), where the operations were performed. Prior to their participation, all individuals were duly informed about the study’s objectives and procedures, and they provided written consent for the use and analysis of their data.

Inclusion criteria were: female; age ≥ 18 years old; written consent signed for the use of anonymous data; operated by total hysterectomy for benign disease (fibromatosis; abnormal uterus bleeding; endometriosis/adenomyosis; pelvic/abdominal pain; genital prolapse; uterus (endometrial hyperplasia) and cervical intraepithelial cervical cancer, precancerous lesions).

Exclusion criteria were: no written consent; no Italian language understanding; association of hysterectomy with other non-gynecological interventions; gynecological malignancy or secondary metastasis; patients affected by neuropathic/chronic pain taking anti-inflammatory drugs; enlistment in other studies with pharmacological intake; current diagnosis of major psychiatric disorder (shown in Figure 1).

Patients have been evaluated in 3 different times, first through a social-demographic questionnaire (age, marital status, employment, instruction, pharmacological therapy and parity). To streamline the statistical analysis, we combined “employee” and “retired” into the category “occupied,” while grouping the remaining two categories as “unemployed.” We focused solely on whether psychopharmacological therapy was utilized or not.

The HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) was used to evaluate anxious and depressive symptoms [7] and the PCL-5 (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5) to investigate PTSD symptomatology. The final score has been calculated adding up the scores of each cluster (a provisory diagnosis of PTSD can be diagnosed with a minimum score of 1 item in clusters B and C, of 2 items in cluster D and E) [7]:

The PLC-5 has not been translated into Italian, thus it was administered in English. In instances where the participant faced difficulty in comprehension, the scale was presented through an interview conducted by a specialized operator.

In both populations the following data have also been collected: the primary indication to hysterectomy (symptomatic uterine fibromatosis, abnormal uterus bleeding, endometriosis/adenomyosis, pelvic/abdominal pain, genital prolapse and precancerous lesions), surgical data (surgical approach, removal of the ovaries), pathology report (Division of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology of Circolo and Macchi foundation Hospital of Varese) and postoperative complications (including ER accesses).

Data were analyzed through the software SPSS Inc. (released software 2015, IBM SPSS statistics for Mac) [8]

The most interesting finding consists in the correlation between depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder. In fact, 40% of women with post-surgical depression would develop a PTSD in the follow up and 80% of patients with depressive symptoms in T3 had in comorbidity post-traumatic symptoms. For these reasons we encourage the use of psychometric and psycho-diagnostic scales to early identify these risky situations that might evolve in a PTSD, compromising the therapeutic adherence and worsening the outcome with consequent direct and indirect costs [9].

The two populations also differed in terms of depressive symptoms: basal depressive symptoms were higher in post-COVID-19 population in line with many studies published in literature [10,11,12,13], but the same population showed lower depressive symptoms three months away from surgery. Otherwise, with regard to anxious symptomatology, no differences emerged in the two groups which showed a decreasing trend from the pre-operative evaluation to the three months follow-up evaluation.

A relevant reduction of depressive symptoms emerged in the post-COVID-19 population with basal depressive symptoms, in contrast with the literature that has described high levels of depression during pandemic period [13,14]. The reduction of the depression trend, without statistical significance, is probably due to the low numerosity of the sample with such symptoms.

Depressive symptoms in pre-COVID-19 population without basal depressive symptoms show a statistically significative progression. Mood deflection is the only variable predicting PTSD onset. A 40% of the patients with depressive symptoms developed a PTSD at T2, while 30% of them at T3. Three months away from surgery, PTSD rate in population was 3% in post-COVID-19 population and 16% in pre-COVID-19 population.

Unlike the initial hypothesis, the post-Covid 19 sample showed lower post-surgical PTSD rates than the pre-covid population at the three months follow-up evaluation

The association between PTSD and surgical characteristics shows no significance relevance. The only variable statistically significative was the period of recruitment. A 93% of patients in pre-COVID-19 period developed a PTSD three months away from surgery.

This result can be explained by the fact that people in post-pandemic period tend to relocate the subject of concern from the surgery to the pandemic situations and its consequences, experiencing the end of the hospitalization as the end of the extreme distance from family members and benefiting from the idea of being discharged without contracting the COVID-19 infection.

Moreover, the results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted negatively on mental health of patients evaluated, giving especially a worsening of their mood. This result is confirmed by other studies in professional literature[11,15]. Post-surgery distress has decreased in pandemic era (p-value=0.04), maybe due to the fear of getting COVID-19 in the hospital that lead to desert clinical checks up [16,17,18].

Some limitations need to be addressed. First, the study includes a relatively small sample size, particularly in the post-COVID-19 group.

Secondly, we employed a self-administered psychometric scale that indicates the presence of symptoms but does not enable a diagnostic determination. Third, all the operations were performed via a minimally invasive surgery, specifically laparoscopy, which did not allow to evaluate the impact of other surgical approaches on PTSD. The assessment of the level of education faced the same limitation, as all the patients reported having a high level of education.

In conclusion, this study reveals a noteworthy link between depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our findings underscore the importance of early identification using psychometric and psycho-diagnostic scales, as untreated cases may compromise therapeutic adherence and lead to adverse outcomes with associated direct and indirect costs. The results of this investigation might contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the observed correlations and facilitate the development of targeted interventions for at-risk individual.