You are currently viewing a beta version of our website. If you spot anything unusual, kindly let us know.
Altmetrics
Downloads
100
Views
32
Comments
0
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Sample Label | Coating | (%) | Co-coating | (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GW1 | goat whey protein | 100 | - | - |
T5 | goat whey protein | 95 | trehalose | 5 |
T10 | goat whey protein | 90 | trehalose | 10 |
T20 | goat whey protein | 80 | trehalose | 20 |
T30 | goat whey protein | 70 | trehalose | 30 |
S5 | goat whey protein | 95 | sucrose | 5 |
S10 | goat whey protein | 95 | sucrose | 10 |
S20 | goat whey protein | 90 | sucrose | 20 |
S30 | goat whey protein | 80 | sucrose | 30 |
MD2.5 | goat whey protein | 97.5 | maltodextrin (DE 4-7) | 2.5 |
MD5 | goat whey protein | 95 | maltodextrin (DE 4-7) | 5 |
MD10 | goat whey protein | 90 | maltodextrin (DE 4-7) | 10 |
MD15 | goat whey protein | 85 | maltodextrin (DE 4-7) | 15 |
X5 | goat whey protein | 95 | xylose | 5 |
X10 | goat whey protein | 90 | xylose | 10 |
X15 | goat whey protein | 85 | xylose | 15 |
X30 | goat whey protein | 70 | xylose | 30 |
Sample 1 | TPC (mgGAE/gdb) 2 | SPC (mgGAE/gdb) 2 |
---|---|---|
GW1 | 124.09 ± 1.63 i | 5.62 ± 0.34 bc |
T5 | 102.63 ± 1.19 e | 9.9 ± 0.61 f |
T10 | 114.37 ± 0.68 g | 10.89 ± 0.54 g |
T20 | 113.15 ± 0.66 g | 14.21 ± 0.52 i |
T30 | 98.84 ± 0.85 d | 22.15 ± 0.15 l |
S5 | 101.47 ± 1.52 e | 8.98 ± 0.53 e |
S10 | 102.63 ± 0.85 e | 7.70 ± 0.62 d |
S20 | 97.50 ± 0.81cd | 10.92 ± 0.27 g |
S30 | 86.81 ± 1.54 a | 16.66 ± 0.67 k |
MD2.5 | 113.12 ± 1.18 g | 7.12 ± 0,20 d |
MD5 | 97.38 ± 0.82 c | 4.54 ± 0.27 a |
MD10 | 96.89 ± 1.33 c | 5.05 ± 0.59 ab |
MD15 | 93.30 ± 1.38 b | 5.71 ± 0.26 c |
X5 | 96.78 ± 1.60 c | 8.93 ± 0.49 e |
X10 | 117.34 ± 1.28 h | 9.89 ± 0.39 f |
X15 | 104.10 ± 0.95 f | 12.89 ± 0.46 h |
X30 | 94.12 ± 1.56 b | 15.78 ± 0.34 j |
Sample | Mean diameter, d (0.5) (μm) | Specific surface area (m2/g) | Span (-) |
---|---|---|---|
GW1 | 3.76 | 2.00 | 2.20 |
T5 | 3.78 | 2.04 | 2.09 |
T10 | 3.36 | 2.22 | 2.18 |
T20 | 3.61 | 2.07 | 2.08 |
T30 | 3.38 | 2.19 | 2.03 |
S5 | 3.76 | 2.01 | 1.93 |
S10 | 3.50 | 2.13 | 2.12 |
S20 | 3.51 | 2.12 | 1.90 |
S30 | 3.31 | 2.21 | 1.80 |
MD2.5 | 4.61 | 1.68 | 2.05 |
MD5 | 3.88 | 1.97 | 2.02 |
MD10 | 3.37 | 2.21 | 1.99 |
MD15 | 3.45 | 2.16 | 2.16 |
X5 | 3.53 | 2.11 | 1.97 |
X10 | 3.88 | 1.94 | 1.84 |
X15 | 3.32 | 2.21 | 1.94 |
X30 | 3.81 | 1.93 | 1.73 |
Sample | WSI (%) | WAI (-) | SP (-) | Polarity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GW1 | 57.47 ± 0.54 f | 4.37 ± 0.01 ab | 10.28 ± 0.10 fghi | 46.47 ± 0.32 |
T5 | 51.40 ± 0.97 cd | 4.82 ± 0.24 efg | 9.92 ± 0.28 defg | 43,93 ± 2,71 |
T10 | 55.25 ± 0.26 e | 4.68 ± 0.01cde | 10.45 ± 0.03 ghi | 45.99 ± 0.89 |
T20 | 56.46 ± 0.69 ef | 4.67 ± 0.13 cde | 10.74 ± 0.14 hi | 44.80 ± 1.23 |
T30 | 55.63 ± 0.22 e | 4.24 ± 0.07 a | 9.56 ± 0.10 cdef | 44.78 ± 1.17 |
S5 | 50.78 ± 0.80 bcd | 4.64 ± 0.37 bcde | 9.44 ± 0.90 bcde | 40.06 ± 1.19 |
S10 | 50.83 ± 1.46 bcd | 4.96 ± 0.44 fgh | 10.07 ± 0.59 efgh | 44.01 ± 0.36 |
S20 | 49.55 ± 1.36 b | 4.62 ± 0.01 bcde | 9.15 ± 0.23 bc | 48.39 ± 1.25 |
S30 | 57.68 ± 2.48 f | 4.57 ± 0.13 bcde | 10.80 ± 0.33 i | 48.25 ± 0.93 |
MD2.5 | 49.63 ± 2.21bc | 4.41 ± 0.04 abc | 8.77 ± 0.46 ab | 36.46 ± 1.74 |
MD5 | 51.17 ± 1.86 bcd | 4.7 ± 0.04 def | 9.64 ± 0.46 cdef | 47.82 ± 1.62 |
MD10 | 50.79 ± 0.15 bcd | 4.55 ± 0.12 bcde | 9.25 ± 0.28 bcd | 41.50 ± 1.72 |
MD15 | 43.91 ± 0.21 a | 4.55 ± 0.04 bcd | 8.11 ± 0.04 a | 41.24 ± 0.28 |
X5 | 51.80 ± 0.19 d | 5.18 ± 0.63 h | 10.75 ± 1.27 hi | 40.65 ± 0.18 |
X10 | 62.62 ± 4.20 g | 5.08 ± 0.00 gh | 13.68 ± 1.52 k | 43.85 ± 0.51 |
X15 | 62.59 ± 0.40 g | 4.60 ± 0.13 bcde | 12.31 ± 0.49 j | 43.42 ± 0.63 |
X30 | 63.15 ± 0.07 g | 5.13 ± 0.22 h | 13.93 ± 0.58 k | 47.42 ± 2.36 |
Phenols / Sample | Before Digestion | Oral Phase | Gastric Phase | Intestinal Phase | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OP3 | GP63 | GP123 | IP183 | IP243 | ||
Gallic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 732.71 ± 0.41 | nd | nd | nd | 229.21 ± 39.59 | 244.16 ± 29.77 |
T10 | 827.66 ± 8.45 | 5.28 ± 0.15 | 9.19 ± 0.15 | 9.72 ± 0.30 | 268.69 ± 7.17 | 230.88 ± 7.47 |
S10 | 754.16 ± 4.09 | 4.93 ± 0.22 | 9.11 ± 0.90 | 8.37 ± 0.15 | 371.44 ± 3.90 | 216.55 ± 3.00 |
MD5 | 959.15 ± 3.04 | 5.36 ± 0.23 | 10.41 ± 0.30 | 11.15 ± 0.15 | 288.51 ± 1.80 | 161.04 ± 2.40 |
X10 | 854.20 ± 10.44 | 6.33 ± 0.60 | 7.60 ± 0.30 | 7.81 ± 0.00 | 301.31 ± 8.06 | 177.58 ± 5.08 |
3,4-dihidroxybenzoic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 60.22 ± 0.21 | nd | nd | nd | 136.60 ± 5.66 | 149.23 ± 9.23 |
T10 | 66.10 ± 9.22 | nd | nd | nd | 106.89 ± 1.79 | 143.64 ± 2.99 |
S10 | 71.63 ± 0.48 | nd | nd | nd | 65.90 ± 7.49 | 51.06 ± 0.90 |
MD5 | 79.60 ± 0.29 | nd | nd | nd | 61.82 ± 3.30 | 33.99 ± 3.00 |
X10 | 69.38 ± 2.24 | nd | nd | nd | 53.21 ± 4.18 | 52.15 ± 3.28 |
p-hidroxybenzoic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 18.39 ± 1.23 | 5.00 ± 7.07 | 6.42 ± 9.08 | 3.89 ± 5.51 | 10.73 ± 15.18 | 8.84 ± 12.50 |
T10 | 27.76 ± 2.99 | 18.75 ± 3.51 | 25.45 ± 2.54 | 20.91 ± 2.09 | 31.47 ± 3.29 | 27.67 ± 0.30 |
S10 | 32.50 ± 0.72 | 18.86 ± 0.15 | 24.05 ± 1.35 | 16.32 ± 0.90 | 46.40 ± 1.50 | 37.72 ± 5.99 |
MD5 | 28.67 ± 1.25 | 22.15 ± 2.03 | 16.68 ± 3.46 | 15.51 ± 0.60 | 55.66 ± 3.61 | 52.05 ± 3.91 |
X10 | 14.80 ± 0.32 | 19.74 ± 2.09 | 27.13 ± 0.75 | 22.59 ± 0.30 | 61.23 ± 4.18 | 58.49 ± 4.48 |
Procyanidin B1 (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 1121.04 ± 48.47 | 271.00 ± 15.93 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 1054.90 ± 26.64 | 173.06 ± 6.20 | 113.75 ± 25.84 | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 923.51 ± 40.55 | 203.04 ± 10.11 | 39.52 ± 8.24 | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 1329.88 ± 61.03 | 270.93 ± 7.29 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 987.87 ± 90.96 | 167.97 ± 8.06 | 163.53 ± 4.93 | nd | nd | nd |
Catehin (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 4675.02 ± 99.35 | nd | nd | nd | 601.56 ± 35.72 | 701.54 ± 29.47 |
T10 | 5928.03 ± 65.47 | nd | nd | nd | 495.78 ± 1.49 | 591.47 ± 22.11 |
S10 | 4861.45 ± 80.73 | nd | nd | nd | 593.28 ± 47.35 | 630.58 ± 47.35 |
MD5 | 5325.62 ± 14.85 | nd | nd | nd | 496.92 ± 12.32 | 249.84 ± 2.40 |
X10 | 4359.75 ± 12.53 | nd | nd | nd | 459.25 ± 2.09 | 488.60 ± 37.62 |
Vanillic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 41.55 ± 0.54 | nd | nd | nd | 18.94 ± 2.38 | 22.73 ± 0.00 |
T10 | 45.35 ± 0.41 | nd | nd | nd | 18.80 ± 0.30 | 18.17 ± 0.60 |
S10 | 42.66 ± 0.66 | nd | nd | nd | 15.26 ± 2.40 | 16.53 ± 0.00 |
MD5 | 47.55 ± 0.24 | nd | nd | nd | 16.57± 0.00 | 12.53 ± 0.30 |
X10 | 35.28 ± 0.66 | nd | nd | nd | 17.53 ± 0.30 | 14.36 ± 0.00 |
Caffeic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 23.97 ± 0.28 | 3.16 ± 0.15 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 21.89 ± 0.13 | 3.64 ± 0.67 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 19.78 ± 0.29 | 4.45 ± 0.75 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 21.49 ± 0.25 | 3.93 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 17.21 ± 0.50 | 3.17 ± 0.75 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Chlorogenic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 81.32 ± 1.73 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 67.99 ± 4.58 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 77.79 ± 1.30 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 89.30 ± 2.33 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 70.14 ± 1.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Syringic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 122.55 ± 1.83 | 1.47 ± 0.45 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 204.17 ± 4.07 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 182.78 ± 0.80 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 199.24 ± 1.55 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 158.92 ± 1.30 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Procyanindin B2 (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 1034.65 ± 105.81 | 117.08 ± 1.71 | nd | 24.31 ± 0.74 | 348.77 ± 2.08 | 466.01 ± 45.84 |
T10 | 1060.26 ± 49.77 | 110.95 ± 5.60 | 135.51 ± 2.54 | 30.84 ± 1.79 | 57.03 ± 13.74 | 91.47 ± 8.66 |
S10 | 1401.46 ± 31.99 | 172.48 ± 4.49 | 130.73 ± 7.19 | 73.84 ± 12.44 | 83.91 ± 8.99 | 85.39 ± 3.90 |
MD5 | 1158.63 ± 54.88 | 131.82 ± 6.16 | 55.66 ± 12.62 | nd | 58.85 ± 14.12 | 37.18 ± 2.70 |
X10 | 883.58 ± 41.05 | 186.97 ± 13.44 | 119.72 ± 9.26 | 50.68 ± 3.88 | 82.98 ± 10.45 | 61.87 ± 11.05 |
Epicatechin (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 3284.86 ± 10.78 | 1228.00 ± 28.58 | 335.93 ± 5.66 | 360.35 ± 3.57 | 152.39 ± 0.60 | 97.03 ± 4.46 |
T10 | 4001.84 ± 38.51 | 1122.73 ± 107.10 | 1074.57 ± 44.21 | 572.88 ± 16.13 | 336.92 ± 2.09 | 335.87 ± 27.48 |
S10 | 3238.02 ± 50.81 | 1361.43 ± 23.60 | 824.03 ± 27.57 | 570.72 ± 11.84 | 263.59 ± 10.19 | 223.96 ± 11.69 |
MD5 | 3650.18 ± 5.68 | 1092.79 ± 74.44 | 504.14 ± 36.65 | 334.93 ± 9.16 | 215.42 ± 14.42 | 193.97 ± 2.10 |
X10 | 2012.11 ± 49.61 | 1154.77 ± 8.96 | 657.73 ± 5.37 | 467.91 ± 0.00 | 255.70 ± 8.06 | 266.89 ± 1.79 |
p-coumaric acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 11.55 ± 0.08 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 10.61 ± 0.17 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 9.82 ± 0.09 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 14.13 ± 0.11 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 6.61 ± 0.59 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Galocatechin gallate (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 1229.93 ± 25.65 | nd | 680.38 ± 16.52 | 659.44 ± 3.57 | 2117.66 ± 24.11 | 2144.18 ± 10.42 |
T10 | 1403.32 ± 57.59 | nd | 812.21 ± 22.11 | nd | 2050.27 ± 1.79 | 2188.42 ± 23.90 |
S10 | 1475.91 ± 9.08 | nd | 781.33 ± 10.04 | 766.82 ± 26.97 | 2095.56 ± 40.15 | 2137.09 ± 14.98 |
MD5 | 1393.36 ± 7.50 | nd | 735.29 ± 3.00 | 779.80 ± 23.28 | 1951.14 ± 20.43 | 1840.88 ± 19.53 |
X10 | 1259.73 ± 12.22 | nd | nd | 768.79 ± 24.78 | 1969.17 ± 53.15 | 1893.16 ± 38.82 |
Ferulic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 3.47 ± 0.06 | nd | nd | nd | 4.21 ± 1.79 | 11.79 ± 0.00 |
T10 | 3.80 ± 0.11 | nd | nd | nd | 12.04 ± 2.09 | 16.69 ± 2.09 |
S10 | 3.73 ± 0.04 | nd | nd | nd | 11.23 ± 0.30 | 14.83 ± 2.40 |
MD5 | 4.95 ± 0.15 | nd | nd | nd | 11.90 ± 0.00 | 7.65 ± 0.00 |
X10 | 4.12 ± 0.58 | nd | nd | nd | 15.84 ± 0.30 | 10.77 ± 0.30 |
Epicatechin gallate (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 168.75 ± 3.24 | nd | nd | nd | 384.76 ± 4.17 | 491.69 ± 16.07 |
T10 | 221.77 ± 16.62 | nd | nd | nd | 566.12 ± 2.99 | 628.64 ± 5.38 |
S10 | 184.63 ± 7.28 | nd | nd | nd | 380.97 ± 28.77 | 660.24 ± 32.96 |
MD5 | 260.80 ± 10.43 | nd | nd | nd | 217.55 ± 13.82 | 370.51 ± 12.62 |
X10 | 181.83 ± 0.81 | nd | nd | nd | 553.63 ± 33.44 | 572.00 ± 19.41 |
o-coumaric acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 13.49 ± 0.17 | 58.62 ± 2.68 | 15.05 ± 0.74 | 21.36 ± 0.15 | 49.67 ± 1.19 | 98.72 ± 6.85 |
T10 | 15.19 ± 0.89 | 93.42 ± 4.85 | 161.70 ± 2.54 | 88.61 ± 1.05 | 48.16 ± 4.78 | 71.61 ± 2.69 |
S10 | 12.78 ± 0.58 | 116.91 ± 0.22 | 102.77 ± 0.30 | 34.54 ± 2.70 | 63.14 ± 0.60 | 50.01 ± 4.79 |
MD5 | 14.87 ± 0.39 | 75.69 ± 4.73 | 18.91 ± 3.00 | 7.75 ± 1.95 | 42.28 ± 0.30 | 38.03 ± 0.30 |
X10 | 12.64 ± 1.57 | 80.82 ± 3.06 | 44.76 ± 3.88 | 36.95 ± 0.00 | 59.12 ± 2.99 | 50.46 ± 2.09 |
Ellagic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 84.07 ± 0.86 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 100.32 ± 2.25 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 90.88 ± 2.30 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 87.67 ± 2.97 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 83.06 ± 1.90 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Rutin (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 159.54 ± 2.11 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 189.07 ± 5.20 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 152.52 ± 0.73 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 196.83 ± 0.92 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 218.63 ± 9.55 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Resveratrol (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 19.93 ± 0.03 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 26.89 ± 0.49 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 23.54 ± 0.29 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 26.02 ± 0.70 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 20.26 ± 1.38 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Kaempferol (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 21.13 ± 0.55 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 20.98 ± 0.20 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 23.69 ± 0.42 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 25.44 ± 0.15 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 20.21 ± 0.38 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Quercetin (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 317.88 ± 2.76 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 395.91 ± 0.58 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 351.92 ± 4.97 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 359.10 ± 0.23 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 303.78 ± 2.72 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
12 April 2024
Posted:
12 April 2024
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
12 April 2024
Posted:
12 April 2024
You are already at the latest version
Sample Label | Coating | (%) | Co-coating | (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GW1 | goat whey protein | 100 | - | - |
T5 | goat whey protein | 95 | trehalose | 5 |
T10 | goat whey protein | 90 | trehalose | 10 |
T20 | goat whey protein | 80 | trehalose | 20 |
T30 | goat whey protein | 70 | trehalose | 30 |
S5 | goat whey protein | 95 | sucrose | 5 |
S10 | goat whey protein | 95 | sucrose | 10 |
S20 | goat whey protein | 90 | sucrose | 20 |
S30 | goat whey protein | 80 | sucrose | 30 |
MD2.5 | goat whey protein | 97.5 | maltodextrin (DE 4-7) | 2.5 |
MD5 | goat whey protein | 95 | maltodextrin (DE 4-7) | 5 |
MD10 | goat whey protein | 90 | maltodextrin (DE 4-7) | 10 |
MD15 | goat whey protein | 85 | maltodextrin (DE 4-7) | 15 |
X5 | goat whey protein | 95 | xylose | 5 |
X10 | goat whey protein | 90 | xylose | 10 |
X15 | goat whey protein | 85 | xylose | 15 |
X30 | goat whey protein | 70 | xylose | 30 |
Sample 1 | TPC (mgGAE/gdb) 2 | SPC (mgGAE/gdb) 2 |
---|---|---|
GW1 | 124.09 ± 1.63 i | 5.62 ± 0.34 bc |
T5 | 102.63 ± 1.19 e | 9.9 ± 0.61 f |
T10 | 114.37 ± 0.68 g | 10.89 ± 0.54 g |
T20 | 113.15 ± 0.66 g | 14.21 ± 0.52 i |
T30 | 98.84 ± 0.85 d | 22.15 ± 0.15 l |
S5 | 101.47 ± 1.52 e | 8.98 ± 0.53 e |
S10 | 102.63 ± 0.85 e | 7.70 ± 0.62 d |
S20 | 97.50 ± 0.81cd | 10.92 ± 0.27 g |
S30 | 86.81 ± 1.54 a | 16.66 ± 0.67 k |
MD2.5 | 113.12 ± 1.18 g | 7.12 ± 0,20 d |
MD5 | 97.38 ± 0.82 c | 4.54 ± 0.27 a |
MD10 | 96.89 ± 1.33 c | 5.05 ± 0.59 ab |
MD15 | 93.30 ± 1.38 b | 5.71 ± 0.26 c |
X5 | 96.78 ± 1.60 c | 8.93 ± 0.49 e |
X10 | 117.34 ± 1.28 h | 9.89 ± 0.39 f |
X15 | 104.10 ± 0.95 f | 12.89 ± 0.46 h |
X30 | 94.12 ± 1.56 b | 15.78 ± 0.34 j |
Sample | Mean diameter, d (0.5) (μm) | Specific surface area (m2/g) | Span (-) |
---|---|---|---|
GW1 | 3.76 | 2.00 | 2.20 |
T5 | 3.78 | 2.04 | 2.09 |
T10 | 3.36 | 2.22 | 2.18 |
T20 | 3.61 | 2.07 | 2.08 |
T30 | 3.38 | 2.19 | 2.03 |
S5 | 3.76 | 2.01 | 1.93 |
S10 | 3.50 | 2.13 | 2.12 |
S20 | 3.51 | 2.12 | 1.90 |
S30 | 3.31 | 2.21 | 1.80 |
MD2.5 | 4.61 | 1.68 | 2.05 |
MD5 | 3.88 | 1.97 | 2.02 |
MD10 | 3.37 | 2.21 | 1.99 |
MD15 | 3.45 | 2.16 | 2.16 |
X5 | 3.53 | 2.11 | 1.97 |
X10 | 3.88 | 1.94 | 1.84 |
X15 | 3.32 | 2.21 | 1.94 |
X30 | 3.81 | 1.93 | 1.73 |
Sample | WSI (%) | WAI (-) | SP (-) | Polarity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GW1 | 57.47 ± 0.54 f | 4.37 ± 0.01 ab | 10.28 ± 0.10 fghi | 46.47 ± 0.32 |
T5 | 51.40 ± 0.97 cd | 4.82 ± 0.24 efg | 9.92 ± 0.28 defg | 43,93 ± 2,71 |
T10 | 55.25 ± 0.26 e | 4.68 ± 0.01cde | 10.45 ± 0.03 ghi | 45.99 ± 0.89 |
T20 | 56.46 ± 0.69 ef | 4.67 ± 0.13 cde | 10.74 ± 0.14 hi | 44.80 ± 1.23 |
T30 | 55.63 ± 0.22 e | 4.24 ± 0.07 a | 9.56 ± 0.10 cdef | 44.78 ± 1.17 |
S5 | 50.78 ± 0.80 bcd | 4.64 ± 0.37 bcde | 9.44 ± 0.90 bcde | 40.06 ± 1.19 |
S10 | 50.83 ± 1.46 bcd | 4.96 ± 0.44 fgh | 10.07 ± 0.59 efgh | 44.01 ± 0.36 |
S20 | 49.55 ± 1.36 b | 4.62 ± 0.01 bcde | 9.15 ± 0.23 bc | 48.39 ± 1.25 |
S30 | 57.68 ± 2.48 f | 4.57 ± 0.13 bcde | 10.80 ± 0.33 i | 48.25 ± 0.93 |
MD2.5 | 49.63 ± 2.21bc | 4.41 ± 0.04 abc | 8.77 ± 0.46 ab | 36.46 ± 1.74 |
MD5 | 51.17 ± 1.86 bcd | 4.7 ± 0.04 def | 9.64 ± 0.46 cdef | 47.82 ± 1.62 |
MD10 | 50.79 ± 0.15 bcd | 4.55 ± 0.12 bcde | 9.25 ± 0.28 bcd | 41.50 ± 1.72 |
MD15 | 43.91 ± 0.21 a | 4.55 ± 0.04 bcd | 8.11 ± 0.04 a | 41.24 ± 0.28 |
X5 | 51.80 ± 0.19 d | 5.18 ± 0.63 h | 10.75 ± 1.27 hi | 40.65 ± 0.18 |
X10 | 62.62 ± 4.20 g | 5.08 ± 0.00 gh | 13.68 ± 1.52 k | 43.85 ± 0.51 |
X15 | 62.59 ± 0.40 g | 4.60 ± 0.13 bcde | 12.31 ± 0.49 j | 43.42 ± 0.63 |
X30 | 63.15 ± 0.07 g | 5.13 ± 0.22 h | 13.93 ± 0.58 k | 47.42 ± 2.36 |
Phenols / Sample | Before Digestion | Oral Phase | Gastric Phase | Intestinal Phase | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OP3 | GP63 | GP123 | IP183 | IP243 | ||
Gallic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 732.71 ± 0.41 | nd | nd | nd | 229.21 ± 39.59 | 244.16 ± 29.77 |
T10 | 827.66 ± 8.45 | 5.28 ± 0.15 | 9.19 ± 0.15 | 9.72 ± 0.30 | 268.69 ± 7.17 | 230.88 ± 7.47 |
S10 | 754.16 ± 4.09 | 4.93 ± 0.22 | 9.11 ± 0.90 | 8.37 ± 0.15 | 371.44 ± 3.90 | 216.55 ± 3.00 |
MD5 | 959.15 ± 3.04 | 5.36 ± 0.23 | 10.41 ± 0.30 | 11.15 ± 0.15 | 288.51 ± 1.80 | 161.04 ± 2.40 |
X10 | 854.20 ± 10.44 | 6.33 ± 0.60 | 7.60 ± 0.30 | 7.81 ± 0.00 | 301.31 ± 8.06 | 177.58 ± 5.08 |
3,4-dihidroxybenzoic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 60.22 ± 0.21 | nd | nd | nd | 136.60 ± 5.66 | 149.23 ± 9.23 |
T10 | 66.10 ± 9.22 | nd | nd | nd | 106.89 ± 1.79 | 143.64 ± 2.99 |
S10 | 71.63 ± 0.48 | nd | nd | nd | 65.90 ± 7.49 | 51.06 ± 0.90 |
MD5 | 79.60 ± 0.29 | nd | nd | nd | 61.82 ± 3.30 | 33.99 ± 3.00 |
X10 | 69.38 ± 2.24 | nd | nd | nd | 53.21 ± 4.18 | 52.15 ± 3.28 |
p-hidroxybenzoic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 18.39 ± 1.23 | 5.00 ± 7.07 | 6.42 ± 9.08 | 3.89 ± 5.51 | 10.73 ± 15.18 | 8.84 ± 12.50 |
T10 | 27.76 ± 2.99 | 18.75 ± 3.51 | 25.45 ± 2.54 | 20.91 ± 2.09 | 31.47 ± 3.29 | 27.67 ± 0.30 |
S10 | 32.50 ± 0.72 | 18.86 ± 0.15 | 24.05 ± 1.35 | 16.32 ± 0.90 | 46.40 ± 1.50 | 37.72 ± 5.99 |
MD5 | 28.67 ± 1.25 | 22.15 ± 2.03 | 16.68 ± 3.46 | 15.51 ± 0.60 | 55.66 ± 3.61 | 52.05 ± 3.91 |
X10 | 14.80 ± 0.32 | 19.74 ± 2.09 | 27.13 ± 0.75 | 22.59 ± 0.30 | 61.23 ± 4.18 | 58.49 ± 4.48 |
Procyanidin B1 (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 1121.04 ± 48.47 | 271.00 ± 15.93 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 1054.90 ± 26.64 | 173.06 ± 6.20 | 113.75 ± 25.84 | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 923.51 ± 40.55 | 203.04 ± 10.11 | 39.52 ± 8.24 | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 1329.88 ± 61.03 | 270.93 ± 7.29 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 987.87 ± 90.96 | 167.97 ± 8.06 | 163.53 ± 4.93 | nd | nd | nd |
Catehin (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 4675.02 ± 99.35 | nd | nd | nd | 601.56 ± 35.72 | 701.54 ± 29.47 |
T10 | 5928.03 ± 65.47 | nd | nd | nd | 495.78 ± 1.49 | 591.47 ± 22.11 |
S10 | 4861.45 ± 80.73 | nd | nd | nd | 593.28 ± 47.35 | 630.58 ± 47.35 |
MD5 | 5325.62 ± 14.85 | nd | nd | nd | 496.92 ± 12.32 | 249.84 ± 2.40 |
X10 | 4359.75 ± 12.53 | nd | nd | nd | 459.25 ± 2.09 | 488.60 ± 37.62 |
Vanillic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 41.55 ± 0.54 | nd | nd | nd | 18.94 ± 2.38 | 22.73 ± 0.00 |
T10 | 45.35 ± 0.41 | nd | nd | nd | 18.80 ± 0.30 | 18.17 ± 0.60 |
S10 | 42.66 ± 0.66 | nd | nd | nd | 15.26 ± 2.40 | 16.53 ± 0.00 |
MD5 | 47.55 ± 0.24 | nd | nd | nd | 16.57± 0.00 | 12.53 ± 0.30 |
X10 | 35.28 ± 0.66 | nd | nd | nd | 17.53 ± 0.30 | 14.36 ± 0.00 |
Caffeic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 23.97 ± 0.28 | 3.16 ± 0.15 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 21.89 ± 0.13 | 3.64 ± 0.67 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 19.78 ± 0.29 | 4.45 ± 0.75 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 21.49 ± 0.25 | 3.93 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 17.21 ± 0.50 | 3.17 ± 0.75 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Chlorogenic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 81.32 ± 1.73 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 67.99 ± 4.58 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 77.79 ± 1.30 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 89.30 ± 2.33 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 70.14 ± 1.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Syringic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 122.55 ± 1.83 | 1.47 ± 0.45 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 204.17 ± 4.07 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 182.78 ± 0.80 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 199.24 ± 1.55 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 158.92 ± 1.30 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Procyanindin B2 (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 1034.65 ± 105.81 | 117.08 ± 1.71 | nd | 24.31 ± 0.74 | 348.77 ± 2.08 | 466.01 ± 45.84 |
T10 | 1060.26 ± 49.77 | 110.95 ± 5.60 | 135.51 ± 2.54 | 30.84 ± 1.79 | 57.03 ± 13.74 | 91.47 ± 8.66 |
S10 | 1401.46 ± 31.99 | 172.48 ± 4.49 | 130.73 ± 7.19 | 73.84 ± 12.44 | 83.91 ± 8.99 | 85.39 ± 3.90 |
MD5 | 1158.63 ± 54.88 | 131.82 ± 6.16 | 55.66 ± 12.62 | nd | 58.85 ± 14.12 | 37.18 ± 2.70 |
X10 | 883.58 ± 41.05 | 186.97 ± 13.44 | 119.72 ± 9.26 | 50.68 ± 3.88 | 82.98 ± 10.45 | 61.87 ± 11.05 |
Epicatechin (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 3284.86 ± 10.78 | 1228.00 ± 28.58 | 335.93 ± 5.66 | 360.35 ± 3.57 | 152.39 ± 0.60 | 97.03 ± 4.46 |
T10 | 4001.84 ± 38.51 | 1122.73 ± 107.10 | 1074.57 ± 44.21 | 572.88 ± 16.13 | 336.92 ± 2.09 | 335.87 ± 27.48 |
S10 | 3238.02 ± 50.81 | 1361.43 ± 23.60 | 824.03 ± 27.57 | 570.72 ± 11.84 | 263.59 ± 10.19 | 223.96 ± 11.69 |
MD5 | 3650.18 ± 5.68 | 1092.79 ± 74.44 | 504.14 ± 36.65 | 334.93 ± 9.16 | 215.42 ± 14.42 | 193.97 ± 2.10 |
X10 | 2012.11 ± 49.61 | 1154.77 ± 8.96 | 657.73 ± 5.37 | 467.91 ± 0.00 | 255.70 ± 8.06 | 266.89 ± 1.79 |
p-coumaric acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 11.55 ± 0.08 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 10.61 ± 0.17 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 9.82 ± 0.09 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 14.13 ± 0.11 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 6.61 ± 0.59 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Galocatechin gallate (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 1229.93 ± 25.65 | nd | 680.38 ± 16.52 | 659.44 ± 3.57 | 2117.66 ± 24.11 | 2144.18 ± 10.42 |
T10 | 1403.32 ± 57.59 | nd | 812.21 ± 22.11 | nd | 2050.27 ± 1.79 | 2188.42 ± 23.90 |
S10 | 1475.91 ± 9.08 | nd | 781.33 ± 10.04 | 766.82 ± 26.97 | 2095.56 ± 40.15 | 2137.09 ± 14.98 |
MD5 | 1393.36 ± 7.50 | nd | 735.29 ± 3.00 | 779.80 ± 23.28 | 1951.14 ± 20.43 | 1840.88 ± 19.53 |
X10 | 1259.73 ± 12.22 | nd | nd | 768.79 ± 24.78 | 1969.17 ± 53.15 | 1893.16 ± 38.82 |
Ferulic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 3.47 ± 0.06 | nd | nd | nd | 4.21 ± 1.79 | 11.79 ± 0.00 |
T10 | 3.80 ± 0.11 | nd | nd | nd | 12.04 ± 2.09 | 16.69 ± 2.09 |
S10 | 3.73 ± 0.04 | nd | nd | nd | 11.23 ± 0.30 | 14.83 ± 2.40 |
MD5 | 4.95 ± 0.15 | nd | nd | nd | 11.90 ± 0.00 | 7.65 ± 0.00 |
X10 | 4.12 ± 0.58 | nd | nd | nd | 15.84 ± 0.30 | 10.77 ± 0.30 |
Epicatechin gallate (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 168.75 ± 3.24 | nd | nd | nd | 384.76 ± 4.17 | 491.69 ± 16.07 |
T10 | 221.77 ± 16.62 | nd | nd | nd | 566.12 ± 2.99 | 628.64 ± 5.38 |
S10 | 184.63 ± 7.28 | nd | nd | nd | 380.97 ± 28.77 | 660.24 ± 32.96 |
MD5 | 260.80 ± 10.43 | nd | nd | nd | 217.55 ± 13.82 | 370.51 ± 12.62 |
X10 | 181.83 ± 0.81 | nd | nd | nd | 553.63 ± 33.44 | 572.00 ± 19.41 |
o-coumaric acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 13.49 ± 0.17 | 58.62 ± 2.68 | 15.05 ± 0.74 | 21.36 ± 0.15 | 49.67 ± 1.19 | 98.72 ± 6.85 |
T10 | 15.19 ± 0.89 | 93.42 ± 4.85 | 161.70 ± 2.54 | 88.61 ± 1.05 | 48.16 ± 4.78 | 71.61 ± 2.69 |
S10 | 12.78 ± 0.58 | 116.91 ± 0.22 | 102.77 ± 0.30 | 34.54 ± 2.70 | 63.14 ± 0.60 | 50.01 ± 4.79 |
MD5 | 14.87 ± 0.39 | 75.69 ± 4.73 | 18.91 ± 3.00 | 7.75 ± 1.95 | 42.28 ± 0.30 | 38.03 ± 0.30 |
X10 | 12.64 ± 1.57 | 80.82 ± 3.06 | 44.76 ± 3.88 | 36.95 ± 0.00 | 59.12 ± 2.99 | 50.46 ± 2.09 |
Ellagic acid (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 84.07 ± 0.86 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 100.32 ± 2.25 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 90.88 ± 2.30 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 87.67 ± 2.97 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 83.06 ± 1.90 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Rutin (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 159.54 ± 2.11 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 189.07 ± 5.20 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 152.52 ± 0.73 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 196.83 ± 0.92 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 218.63 ± 9.55 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Resveratrol (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 19.93 ± 0.03 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 26.89 ± 0.49 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 23.54 ± 0.29 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 26.02 ± 0.70 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 20.26 ± 1.38 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Kaempferol (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 21.13 ± 0.55 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 20.98 ± 0.20 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 23.69 ± 0.42 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 25.44 ± 0.15 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 20.21 ± 0.38 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Quercetin (μg/gdb) | ||||||
GW1 | 317.88 ± 2.76 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
T10 | 395.91 ± 0.58 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
S10 | 351.92 ± 4.97 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
MD5 | 359.10 ± 0.23 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
X10 | 303.78 ± 2.72 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Katarina Šavikin
et al.
Foods,
2021
Cristina Vergara
et al.
Molecules,
2020
Jelena Vulić
et al.
Molecules,
2019
© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated