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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Variable | AKD N=125 | Non-AKD N=611 | Total N=736 | P value | |
Gender - male | 56 (44.8%) | 333 (54.5%) | 389 (52.9%) | 0.047 | |
Environment - urban | 67 (53.6%) | 331 (54.2%) | 398 (54.1%) | 0.906 | |
Age – years M+IQR | 12 (8-15) | 8 (4-14) | 9 (4-14) | <0.0001 | |
Weight – kg (M+IQR) | 44 (25-59.25) | 26 (16-50) | 29 (16-52) | <0.0001 | |
Height – cm (M+IQR) | 154 (134.75-164.25) | 126 (103-154) | 131 (104-158) | <0.0001 | |
BMI – kg/sm (M+IQR) | 18.75 (15.48-23.91) | 17.04 (14.12-20.78) | 17.35 (14.31-21.59) | 0.0125 | |
Maximum SCr mg/dl (M+IQR) | 1.41 (0.9-3.05) | 0.87 (0.61-1.18) | 0.92 (0.63-1.34) | <0.0001 | |
Baseline SCr mg/dl (M+IQR) | 0.43 (0.31-0.7) | 0.36 (0.27-0.54) | 0.37 (0.28-0.56) | 0.0005 | |
GFR ml/min/1.73sm (M+IQR) | 133.5 (83.2-174.3) | 138.4 (109.5-174-2) | 137.7 (106.6-174) | 0.087 | |
Urea mmol/l (M+IQR) | 10.5 (6.4-23.21) | 5.75 (4.34-8.2) | 6.11 (4.45-9.76) | <0.0001 | |
Uric acid umol/l (M+IQR) | 391 (259.5-618.5) | 284 (203.75-400) | 297 (217-441) | <0.0001 | |
Serum proteins g/l (M+IQR) | 56 (44.55-65.4) | 60.2 (51.02-65.87) | 59.5 (49.6-65.77) | 0.031 | |
Procalcitonin ng/ml | 2.13 (0.48-19.12) | 3.08 (0.37-17.86) | 3.03 (0.4-18.21) | 0.866 | |
C Reactive protein mg/l (M+IQR) | 59.92 (11.41-184.05) | 28.73 (3.74-132.4) | 35.73 (4.58-14.06) | 0.004 | |
Sodium mmol/l (M+IQR) | 134 (131-138) | 137 (134-139) | 137 (133-139) | 0.001 | |
Potassium mmol/l (M+IQR) | 4.3 (3.6-5) | 4.3 (3.8-4.8) | 4.3 (3.8-4.8) | 0.71 | |
Haemoglobin g/dl (M+IQR) | 9.1 (7.6-11.2) | 11.05 (9.2-12.5) | 10.8 (8.8-12.3) | <0.0001 | |
AKI stage | 1 | 27 (21.6%) | 275 (45%) | 302 (41%) | <0.0001 |
2 | 44 (35.2%) | 195 (31.9%) | 239 (32.5%) | ||
3 | 54 (43.2%) | 414 (23.1%) | 195 (26.5%) | ||
Hospital stay days (M+IQR) | 17 (9.75-31.5) | 8 (4-15) | 9 (5-18) | <0.0001 | |
IH AKI | 67 (53.6%) | 353 (57.8%) | 420 (57.1%) | 0.39 | |
ICU admission | 55 (44%) | 187 (30.6%) | 242 (32.9%) | 0.003 | |
RRT necessity | 12 (9.6%) | 4 (0.7%) | 16 (2.2%) | <0.0001 |
Parameter | AKD N=125 | Non-AKD N=611 | Total N=736 | OR and 95%CI | P value | |
Exposures | Mechanical ventilation | 36 (28.8%) | 136 (22.3%) | 172 (23.4%) | 1.41 (0.91-2.17) | 0.115 |
Sepsis | 57 (45.6%) | 178 (29.1%) | 235 (31.9%) | 2.03 (1.37-3.02) | 0.0003 | |
Critical illness | 17 (13.6%) | 45 (7.4%) | 62 (8.4%) | 1.97 (1.09-2.65) | 0.022 | |
Hypovolemic shock | 3 (2.4%) | 18 (2.9%) | 21 (2.9%) | 0.81 (0.23-2.79) | 0.738 | |
Trauma | 2 (1.6%) | 35 (5.7%) | 37 (5%) | 0.26 (0.06-1.12) | 0.054 | |
Major non-cardiac surgery | 10 (8%) | 62 (10.1%) | 72 (9.8%) | 0.77 (0.38-1.54) | 0.461 | |
Nephrotoxins | 49 (39.2%) | 122 (20%) | 171 (23.2%) | 2.58 (1.71-3.89) | <0.0001 | |
Poisonous plants | 3 (2.4%) | 12 (2%) | 15 (2%) | 1.22 (0.34-4.41) | 0.735 | |
Susceptibilities | Dehydration/Volume depletion | 115 (92%) | 584 (95.6%) | 699 (95%) | 0.53 (0.25-1.12) | 0.095 |
Chronic kidney disease | 15 (12%) | 39 (6.4%) | 54 (7.3%) | 2 (1.06-2.73) | 0.028 | |
Chronic disease (heart, liver and lung) | 19 (15.2%) | 68 (11.1%) | 87 (11.8%) | 1.43 (0.83-2.47) | 0.199 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 3 (2.4%) | 25 (4.1%) | 28 (3.8%) | 0.57 (0.17-1.93) | 0.368 | |
Neoplasia | 41 (32.8%) | 93 (15.2%) | 134 (18.2%) | 2.71 (1.76-4.19) | <0.0001 | |
Anaemia | 92 (73.6%) | 295 (48.3%) | 387 (52.6%) | 2.98 (1.94-4.58) | <0.0001 | |
Heart failure | 27 (21.6%) | 39 (6.4%) | 66 (9%) | 4.04 (2.36-6.9) | <0.0001 | |
Arterial hypertension | 26 (20.8%) | 41 (6.7%) | 67 (9.1%) | 3.65 (2.13-6.23) | <0.0001 | |
Stem cell transplant | 8 (6.4%) | 15 (2.5%) | 23 (3.1%) | 2.71 (1.12-6.55) | 0.021 | |
Female gender | 69 (55.2%) | 278 (45.5%) | 347 (47.1%) | 1.47 (1-2.17) | 0.047 |
AKI cause | OR (95%CI) | P value | |
Prerenal | Hypovolemia/ Dehydration | 0.11 (0.06-0.19) | <0.0001 |
Systemic vasodilatation | 1.25 (0.76-2.06) | 0.361 | |
Hypoxia/ Ischemia | 0.74 (0.25-2.17) | 0.588 | |
Renal | Renal microvasculature alterations | 6.89 (2.34-20.23) | 0.0004 |
Glomerulonephritis | 4.74 (1.96-11.42) | 0.0005 | |
Acute tubular necrosis | 5.01 (1.23-20.33) | 0.023 | |
Acute tubule-interstitial nephritis | 3.39 (2.26-5.08) | <0.0001 | |
Postrenal | Urinary tract malformation/ obstruction | 0.97 (0.32-2.9) | 0.966 |
Non AKD N=611 (83%) | AKD stage 1 N=55 (7.5%) | AKD stage 2 N=26 (3.5%) | AKD stage 3 N=44 (6%) | P value | ||
AKI | AKI stage 1 N=302 (41%) | 275 (45%) | 22 (40%) | 1 (3.8%) | 4 (9.1%) | <0.0001 |
AKI stage 2 N=239 (32.5%) | 195 (31.9%) | 23 (41.8%) | 16 (61.5%) | 5 (11.4%) | ||
AKI stage 3 N=195 (26.5%) | 141 (23.1%) | 10 (18.2%) | 9 (34.6%) | 35 (79.5%) | ||
ICU admission | 187 (30.6%) | 17 (30.9%) | 9 (34.6%) | 29 (65.9%) | <0.0001 | |
Hospital stay | 8 (4-15) | 12 (8-24.2) | 18 (10-33) | 24 (14.5-39.5) | <0.0001 | |
Baseline creatinine | 0.36 (0.27-0.54) | 0.5 (0.36-0.71) | 0.34 (0.27-0.5) | 0.39 (0.32-0.77) | 0.0005 | |
Baseline GFR | 138.4 (109.5-174.2) | 125.5 (88.3-173.2) | 140.2 (95.3-214.3) | 132.7 (69.3-170.9) | 0.207 | |
AKD duration | - | 6 (3-19.75) | 8.5 (3-20) | 11 (5-23) | 0.354 | |
Subsequent AKI events | 54 (8.8%) | 3 (5.5%) | 3 (11.5%) | 3 (6.8%) | 0.752 |
Crude analysis OR and 95%CI | Adjusted analysis OR and 95%CI | |
Mortality risk during hospitalization | 4.22 (2.11-8.4), p<0.0001 | 3.13 (1.5-6.51), p=0.0022 |
Mortality risk after discharge | 2.73 (1.003-7.44), p=0.049 | 2.73 (1.003-7.44), p=0.049 |
Overall mortality | 3.75 (2.09-6.72), p<0.0001 | 2.98 (1.63-5.45), p=0.0004 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
12 April 2024
Posted:
15 April 2024
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
12 April 2024
Posted:
15 April 2024
You are already at the latest version
Variable | AKD N=125 | Non-AKD N=611 | Total N=736 | P value | |
Gender - male | 56 (44.8%) | 333 (54.5%) | 389 (52.9%) | 0.047 | |
Environment - urban | 67 (53.6%) | 331 (54.2%) | 398 (54.1%) | 0.906 | |
Age – years M+IQR | 12 (8-15) | 8 (4-14) | 9 (4-14) | <0.0001 | |
Weight – kg (M+IQR) | 44 (25-59.25) | 26 (16-50) | 29 (16-52) | <0.0001 | |
Height – cm (M+IQR) | 154 (134.75-164.25) | 126 (103-154) | 131 (104-158) | <0.0001 | |
BMI – kg/sm (M+IQR) | 18.75 (15.48-23.91) | 17.04 (14.12-20.78) | 17.35 (14.31-21.59) | 0.0125 | |
Maximum SCr mg/dl (M+IQR) | 1.41 (0.9-3.05) | 0.87 (0.61-1.18) | 0.92 (0.63-1.34) | <0.0001 | |
Baseline SCr mg/dl (M+IQR) | 0.43 (0.31-0.7) | 0.36 (0.27-0.54) | 0.37 (0.28-0.56) | 0.0005 | |
GFR ml/min/1.73sm (M+IQR) | 133.5 (83.2-174.3) | 138.4 (109.5-174-2) | 137.7 (106.6-174) | 0.087 | |
Urea mmol/l (M+IQR) | 10.5 (6.4-23.21) | 5.75 (4.34-8.2) | 6.11 (4.45-9.76) | <0.0001 | |
Uric acid umol/l (M+IQR) | 391 (259.5-618.5) | 284 (203.75-400) | 297 (217-441) | <0.0001 | |
Serum proteins g/l (M+IQR) | 56 (44.55-65.4) | 60.2 (51.02-65.87) | 59.5 (49.6-65.77) | 0.031 | |
Procalcitonin ng/ml | 2.13 (0.48-19.12) | 3.08 (0.37-17.86) | 3.03 (0.4-18.21) | 0.866 | |
C Reactive protein mg/l (M+IQR) | 59.92 (11.41-184.05) | 28.73 (3.74-132.4) | 35.73 (4.58-14.06) | 0.004 | |
Sodium mmol/l (M+IQR) | 134 (131-138) | 137 (134-139) | 137 (133-139) | 0.001 | |
Potassium mmol/l (M+IQR) | 4.3 (3.6-5) | 4.3 (3.8-4.8) | 4.3 (3.8-4.8) | 0.71 | |
Haemoglobin g/dl (M+IQR) | 9.1 (7.6-11.2) | 11.05 (9.2-12.5) | 10.8 (8.8-12.3) | <0.0001 | |
AKI stage | 1 | 27 (21.6%) | 275 (45%) | 302 (41%) | <0.0001 |
2 | 44 (35.2%) | 195 (31.9%) | 239 (32.5%) | ||
3 | 54 (43.2%) | 414 (23.1%) | 195 (26.5%) | ||
Hospital stay days (M+IQR) | 17 (9.75-31.5) | 8 (4-15) | 9 (5-18) | <0.0001 | |
IH AKI | 67 (53.6%) | 353 (57.8%) | 420 (57.1%) | 0.39 | |
ICU admission | 55 (44%) | 187 (30.6%) | 242 (32.9%) | 0.003 | |
RRT necessity | 12 (9.6%) | 4 (0.7%) | 16 (2.2%) | <0.0001 |
Parameter | AKD N=125 | Non-AKD N=611 | Total N=736 | OR and 95%CI | P value | |
Exposures | Mechanical ventilation | 36 (28.8%) | 136 (22.3%) | 172 (23.4%) | 1.41 (0.91-2.17) | 0.115 |
Sepsis | 57 (45.6%) | 178 (29.1%) | 235 (31.9%) | 2.03 (1.37-3.02) | 0.0003 | |
Critical illness | 17 (13.6%) | 45 (7.4%) | 62 (8.4%) | 1.97 (1.09-2.65) | 0.022 | |
Hypovolemic shock | 3 (2.4%) | 18 (2.9%) | 21 (2.9%) | 0.81 (0.23-2.79) | 0.738 | |
Trauma | 2 (1.6%) | 35 (5.7%) | 37 (5%) | 0.26 (0.06-1.12) | 0.054 | |
Major non-cardiac surgery | 10 (8%) | 62 (10.1%) | 72 (9.8%) | 0.77 (0.38-1.54) | 0.461 | |
Nephrotoxins | 49 (39.2%) | 122 (20%) | 171 (23.2%) | 2.58 (1.71-3.89) | <0.0001 | |
Poisonous plants | 3 (2.4%) | 12 (2%) | 15 (2%) | 1.22 (0.34-4.41) | 0.735 | |
Susceptibilities | Dehydration/Volume depletion | 115 (92%) | 584 (95.6%) | 699 (95%) | 0.53 (0.25-1.12) | 0.095 |
Chronic kidney disease | 15 (12%) | 39 (6.4%) | 54 (7.3%) | 2 (1.06-2.73) | 0.028 | |
Chronic disease (heart, liver and lung) | 19 (15.2%) | 68 (11.1%) | 87 (11.8%) | 1.43 (0.83-2.47) | 0.199 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 3 (2.4%) | 25 (4.1%) | 28 (3.8%) | 0.57 (0.17-1.93) | 0.368 | |
Neoplasia | 41 (32.8%) | 93 (15.2%) | 134 (18.2%) | 2.71 (1.76-4.19) | <0.0001 | |
Anaemia | 92 (73.6%) | 295 (48.3%) | 387 (52.6%) | 2.98 (1.94-4.58) | <0.0001 | |
Heart failure | 27 (21.6%) | 39 (6.4%) | 66 (9%) | 4.04 (2.36-6.9) | <0.0001 | |
Arterial hypertension | 26 (20.8%) | 41 (6.7%) | 67 (9.1%) | 3.65 (2.13-6.23) | <0.0001 | |
Stem cell transplant | 8 (6.4%) | 15 (2.5%) | 23 (3.1%) | 2.71 (1.12-6.55) | 0.021 | |
Female gender | 69 (55.2%) | 278 (45.5%) | 347 (47.1%) | 1.47 (1-2.17) | 0.047 |
AKI cause | OR (95%CI) | P value | |
Prerenal | Hypovolemia/ Dehydration | 0.11 (0.06-0.19) | <0.0001 |
Systemic vasodilatation | 1.25 (0.76-2.06) | 0.361 | |
Hypoxia/ Ischemia | 0.74 (0.25-2.17) | 0.588 | |
Renal | Renal microvasculature alterations | 6.89 (2.34-20.23) | 0.0004 |
Glomerulonephritis | 4.74 (1.96-11.42) | 0.0005 | |
Acute tubular necrosis | 5.01 (1.23-20.33) | 0.023 | |
Acute tubule-interstitial nephritis | 3.39 (2.26-5.08) | <0.0001 | |
Postrenal | Urinary tract malformation/ obstruction | 0.97 (0.32-2.9) | 0.966 |
Non AKD N=611 (83%) | AKD stage 1 N=55 (7.5%) | AKD stage 2 N=26 (3.5%) | AKD stage 3 N=44 (6%) | P value | ||
AKI | AKI stage 1 N=302 (41%) | 275 (45%) | 22 (40%) | 1 (3.8%) | 4 (9.1%) | <0.0001 |
AKI stage 2 N=239 (32.5%) | 195 (31.9%) | 23 (41.8%) | 16 (61.5%) | 5 (11.4%) | ||
AKI stage 3 N=195 (26.5%) | 141 (23.1%) | 10 (18.2%) | 9 (34.6%) | 35 (79.5%) | ||
ICU admission | 187 (30.6%) | 17 (30.9%) | 9 (34.6%) | 29 (65.9%) | <0.0001 | |
Hospital stay | 8 (4-15) | 12 (8-24.2) | 18 (10-33) | 24 (14.5-39.5) | <0.0001 | |
Baseline creatinine | 0.36 (0.27-0.54) | 0.5 (0.36-0.71) | 0.34 (0.27-0.5) | 0.39 (0.32-0.77) | 0.0005 | |
Baseline GFR | 138.4 (109.5-174.2) | 125.5 (88.3-173.2) | 140.2 (95.3-214.3) | 132.7 (69.3-170.9) | 0.207 | |
AKD duration | - | 6 (3-19.75) | 8.5 (3-20) | 11 (5-23) | 0.354 | |
Subsequent AKI events | 54 (8.8%) | 3 (5.5%) | 3 (11.5%) | 3 (6.8%) | 0.752 |
Crude analysis OR and 95%CI | Adjusted analysis OR and 95%CI | |
Mortality risk during hospitalization | 4.22 (2.11-8.4), p<0.0001 | 3.13 (1.5-6.51), p=0.0022 |
Mortality risk after discharge | 2.73 (1.003-7.44), p=0.049 | 2.73 (1.003-7.44), p=0.049 |
Overall mortality | 3.75 (2.09-6.72), p<0.0001 | 2.98 (1.63-5.45), p=0.0004 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Sébastien Rubin
et al.
JCM,
2019
Birutė Pundzienė
et al.
Medicina,
2010
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