Version 1
: Received: 1 June 2024 / Approved: 3 June 2024 / Online: 3 June 2024 (12:09:49 CEST)
How to cite:
Rahat, S. T.; Miinalainen, I.; Nieminen, A.; Vainio, S.; Ali, N. Nitric Oxide as a Novel Biomarker for Monitoring Heat Exposure Responses in High Glucose- maintained Keratinocytes. Preprints2024, 2024060063. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0063.v1
Rahat, S. T.; Miinalainen, I.; Nieminen, A.; Vainio, S.; Ali, N. Nitric Oxide as a Novel Biomarker for Monitoring Heat Exposure Responses in High Glucose- maintained Keratinocytes. Preprints 2024, 2024060063. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0063.v1
Rahat, S. T.; Miinalainen, I.; Nieminen, A.; Vainio, S.; Ali, N. Nitric Oxide as a Novel Biomarker for Monitoring Heat Exposure Responses in High Glucose- maintained Keratinocytes. Preprints2024, 2024060063. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0063.v1
APA Style
Rahat, S. T., Miinalainen, I., Nieminen, A., Vainio, S., & Ali, N. (2024). Nitric Oxide as a Novel Biomarker for Monitoring Heat Exposure Responses in High Glucose- maintained Keratinocytes. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0063.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Rahat, S. T., Seppo Vainio and Nsrein Ali. 2024 "Nitric Oxide as a Novel Biomarker for Monitoring Heat Exposure Responses in High Glucose- maintained Keratinocytes" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0063.v1
Abstract
Global warming and the associated increasing frequency of heatwaves are on the rise leading to numerous health complications. Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to heat exposure than healthy individuals, owing to their impaired sweating ability, however, little is known about how heat exposure may impact the function of skin cells, commonly keratinocytes. Our recent report provided the first proof-of-concept revealing that the metabolic composition of sweat EVs is associated with metabolic changes in healthy individuals and type 2 diabetes patients. Given this and the shared cellular proprieties of eccrine sweat glands with keratinocytes, we questioned whether the metabolic changes in sweat EVs may mirror the responses of keratinocytes upon heat exposure. To this, we exposed HaCat, which were maintained in low (mimicking healthy condition) and high glucose (mimicking diabetes condition) to acute (90 min), chronic (48 h), and repetitive heat exposure at 40 ⁰C. Through conducting a set of experiments including a targeted metabolomics approach, Greiss assay, western blotting analysis, and electron microscopy studies.
The data demonstrate that heat exposure results in substantial changes of metabolite levels belonging to amino acids, pyrimidine metabolism, and glycolysis pathways in high glucose maintained HaCat cells when compared to those noted in low glucose condition. Exploring the molecular mechanisms through which heat exposure may impact the metabolic composition in keratinocytes, our discoveries highlight nitric oxide (NO) as a novel biomarker that the level is correlated with heat duration and frequency. Furthermore, data reveal that the HSP-70 protein levels and mitochondrial morphology are consequently altered.
This study provides evidence of shared metabolic alterations in keratinocytes and sweat EVs collected from clinical study and proposes, for the first time, NO as a novel biomarker for monitoring changes in health and diabetes upon heat exposure.
Keywords
Keratinocytes; high glucose; heatwaves; NO; HSP-70; metabolites; diabetes
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
