1. Preliminaries and Basic Notations
In mathematics, symmetry is defined as the property of two shapes being identical when one is moved, rotated, or flipped. The open unit disk, denoted by , exhibits a rich set of symmetries, consisting of inversion, rotational and reflection symmetry. Specifically, inversion symmetry means that the disk remains unchanged when inverted about a particular point, maintaining its overall appearance and structure. The disk has inversion symmetry about its center (origion), meaning that inverting any complex number within the disk about the origin results in another complex number also within the disk, specifically . This disk exhibits a rich set of symmetries, making it valuable in various mathematical and geometric contexts. Our goal is to explore additional geometric properties within this symmetric domain.
A function is considered starlike (or convex) if it transforms into a star-shaped (or convex) region, centered at a fixed point, through scaling and rotation. This means the function’s image is contained within a star-shaped (or convex) domain, formed by connecting the fixed point to all other points with straight lines. Starlike and univalent functions are crucial subclasses of analytic functions with numerous applications and properties. Univalent functions are used in geometric function theory (GFT) for conformal mappings, while starlike functions model phenomena like electrostatics and fluid flow in GFT. Another important subclass of analytic functions is the class of close-to-convex functions. In this article we will focus on the study of bi-close-to-convex functions.
Let
indicate a collection of all analytic functions
in the region
, which are normalized by
Thus, every
can be expressed as:
Moreover,
is the subclass of
whose members in
are univalent. Let the class
be defined by
The following are some notable subclasses of the univalent functions in class
:
and
These classes defined in the following articles [
1,
2,
3,
4,
5]. For
then
For
,
and
subordinate to
in
, denoted by
If we have a function
satisfy the condition
and
The inverse of
defined as:
and
The series of
is given by
If
and
then the series of
is given by
If
and
are in
then
is considered the bi-univalent in
and such type of functions are denoted by
For
author in [
6] proved that
and after that authors in [
7] gave the improvement of
and proved that
. Furthermore, for
Netanyahu [
8] proved that
(see for details [
9,
10,
11]). Only non-sharp estimates on the initial coefficients were achieved in these recent works.
The Faber polynomials expansion method was first presented by Faber [
12], who also utilized this approach to study coefficient bound
for
. Gong [
13] emphasized the significance of Faber polynomials in mathematical sciences, specifically in the context of GFT. In the cited work [
14,
15,
16,
17], authors introduced new subcategories of bi-univalent functions and using the Faber polynomials expansion approach to establish coefficient bounds. Additionally, a number of researchers have used the Faber polynomials approach [
18,
19,
20,
21,
22] to derive some intriguing findings for bi-univalent functions (see for detail [
23,
24]). In 2014, a group of researchers [
25] in the field of geometric function theory developed a new class of functions called bi-close-to-convex functions of order
, where
. This class is denoted by
and was previously discussed in references [
26,
27,
28].
To express the coefficients of its inverse map
in terms of the analytic functions
, use the Faber polynomial method (see [
19,
29]).
where
For
,
is a homogeneous polynomial in the variables
. Particularly, the first three terms of
are
For integers
r, that is,
and integers
, the quantity
(see [
19]) admits an expansion of the form:
where,
and by [
29], we have
Taking the summation for
which satisfying
In the realm of (GFT), many scholars have built upon the foundational work of Jackson [
30], who introduced the
calculus operator in 1909. Ismail et al. [
31] subsequently employed this operator to define
starlike functions in
. (Recent contributions to this field can be found in references [
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37]). To further expand this research, we must revisit the core definitions and principles of
calculus and fractional
calculus, paving the way for the construction of new subclasses of analytic and bi-univalent functions.
Definition 1.1. For
, the
q-number
n is given by
and
Definition 1.2. [
38]. The
q-number shift factorial is given by for
and
In terms of the
q-Gamma function
where the
q-gamma function is defined by
For the
q-gamma function
it is known that (see [
39])
Jackson [
40] introduced the
q-difference operator for analytic functions as follows:
Definition 1.3. [
40]. For
the
q-difference operator is defined as:
and
where
given by (
5) and
The
q-analogous of the class of starlike functions was first introduced by Ismail et al. in [
31] by means of the
q-difference operator
and the
q-integral is defined by
Definition 1.5. Fractional
q-integral operator, (see [
41], page 57, Definition 1) the Fractional
q-integral operator
of order
is defined by (see also [
42], page 257)
where,
is analytic in a simply connected region of the
-plane containing the origin and the
q-binomial function
is defined by
The definition of series
is
The last equation is known as the q-binomial theorem (see [
43] for more information). The series
is single valued, when
and
(see for detail [
39], pages 104–106) and
in (
6) is single valued, when
and
.
Definition 1.6. [
41]. The fractional
q-derivative operator
of order
is defined by (see also [
42], page 257, Definition 1.2)
where
is suitably constrained and the multiplicity of
is removed as in Definition
Section 1.
Definition 1.7. For
m be the smallest integer. The extended fractional
q-derivative
of order
defined by
Note that: When then represents a fractional q-integral of of order . For then represents a fractional q-derivative of of order
Definition 1.8. ([
44]). The
-fractional-differintegral operator
defined as follows:
where,
and
Note that:
First, we define a class of q-starlike functions of order associated with -fractional-differintegral operator and then we define the class of close-to-convex function by using the same operator. We start by creating a class of q-starlike functions of order that are linked to the -fractional-differintegral operator . Then, we use the same operator to create a class of close-to-convex functions.
Definition 1.9. Let
be of the form (
4) be in the class
if
where
Definition 1.10. Let
be of the form (
1). Then
if there is a function
satisfying
and
where,
.
Remark 1.11. For
we have a new class
of bi-close-to-convex functions and be defined as:
and
where,
,
and
Remark 1.12. For
and
then we have the known class of bi-close-to-convex functions investigated by Bulut in [
45].