In the rapidly evolving landscape of renewable energy, the pursuit of sustainability is not merely an aspiration but an imperative driven by global environmental challenges and the pressing need for energy security. The renewable energy sector, encompassing wind, solar, hydro, and bioenergy, represents a cornerstone in the transition towards a low-carbon future (IEA, 2023). This transition, however, is complex and requires a multifaceted approach to manage the intricate web of environmental, social, and economic impacts inherent in energy production and consumption. At the heart of this complexity lies the concept of stakeholder engagement, a critical process that ensures the alignment of diverse interests and the integration of sustainable practices across the supply chain (Freeman, 2010). Stakeholder engagement in the renewable energy sector involves a broad array of participants, including governments, regulatory bodies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local communities, investors, and supply chain partners (Kolk & Pinkse, 2017). Each of these stakeholders holds distinct perspectives, priorities, and levels of influence, making their involvement crucial for the successful implementation of sustainability initiatives. The process of engaging stakeholders is multifaceted, encompassing activities such as consultations, collaborations, and negotiations, all aimed at fostering a mutual understanding and cooperative action towards sustainability goals (Greenwood, 2007). The role of stakeholder engagement in enhancing supply chain sustainability is profound. It facilitates the identification and mitigation of risks, promotes transparency, and fosters innovation through collaborative efforts (Sachs & Rühli, 2011). For instance, engaging local communities and indigenous populations in the planning and development phases of renewable energy projects can lead to more socially inclusive and environmentally sound outcomes (Vanclay, 2020). These stakeholders often possess invaluable local knowledge and insights that can help in identifying potential environmental impacts and community concerns, thus enabling more effective mitigation strategies (Colvin et al., 2020). Moreover, stakeholder engagement helps in aligning the objectives of various actors in the supply chain, ensuring that sustainability goals are consistently prioritized. This alignment is particularly important in the context of renewable energy, where the supply chain spans from raw material extraction to the manufacturing of components, and finally to the installation and maintenance of energy systems (Gold & Heikkurinen, 2018). Each stage of this supply chain has its own sustainability challenges, which can be better addressed through coordinated efforts and shared commitments to sustainable practices (Schaltegger & Burritt, 2018). The involvement of governmental and regulatory bodies is another critical aspect of stakeholder engagement in the renewable energy sector. Governments play a key role in setting policies and regulations that drive the adoption of renewable energy and sustainability practices (IRENA, 2022). Through stakeholder engagement, policymakers can gather insights from industry players, NGOs, and academic experts to design more effective and comprehensive regulations that support sustainable development. For example, the implementation of feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and renewable energy credits are often the result of extensive stakeholder consultations, which ensure that such policies are practical and beneficial for all parties involved (Mormann, 2019). Investors and financial institutions also play a significant role in the sustainability of the renewable energy supply chain. Their engagement is essential for securing the necessary funding for large-scale projects and for driving the adoption of sustainability standards in investment decisions (Gibson et al., 2019). Through dialogue and collaboration with stakeholders, investors can better understand the risks and opportunities associated with renewable energy projects, leading to more informed and responsible investment strategies (OECD, 2020). This, in turn, can catalyze the development of innovative financing mechanisms, such as green bonds and sustainability-linked loans, which further support the growth of the renewable energy sector (Climate Bonds Initiative, 2023). The role of NGOs and advocacy groups cannot be understated in the context of stakeholder engagement for supply chain sustainability. These organizations often act as watchdogs, holding companies accountable for their environmental and social impacts (Jenkins, 2020). They also play a pivotal role in raising awareness, advocating for policy changes, and providing technical expertise. Through constructive engagement with industry players and policymakers, NGOs can help to push the agenda for higher sustainability standards and more robust environmental protections (Fougere et al., 2017). Their involvement ensures that the voices of marginalized and affected communities are heard and considered in decision-making processes (Reed et al., 2009). Technological advancements and innovation are also significantly influenced by stakeholder engagement. In the renewable energy sector, continuous improvement and adoption of new technologies are essential for enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and minimizing environmental impacts (Bolwig et al., 2020). Stakeholder engagement facilitates the exchange of knowledge and expertise, fostering a collaborative environment where innovative solutions can thrive. For example, partnerships between academic institutions, industry players, and research organizations can lead to breakthroughs in areas such as energy storage, grid integration, and renewable energy forecasting (Geels, 2018). These advancements are critical for addressing the technical challenges associated with the widespread adoption of renewable energy (Sovacool et al., 2020). Transparency and accountability are fundamental principles of sustainability that are reinforced through effective stakeholder engagement. Transparent communication about the environmental and social impacts of renewable energy projects builds trust and credibility among stakeholders (Dabrowski et al., 2019). It also enables continuous improvement by providing a platform for feedback and dialogue. Companies that are open about their sustainability practices and performance are more likely to gain the support and cooperation of stakeholders, which is essential for long-term success (Guthrie et al., 2020). Moreover, accountability mechanisms, such as third-party audits and sustainability reporting, can be strengthened through stakeholder engagement, ensuring that companies adhere to their commitments and make tangible progress towards their sustainability goals (GRI, 2021). In recent years, the importance of stakeholder engagement in the renewable energy sector has been further underscored by the growing emphasis on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. Companies are increasingly recognizing that their long-term viability depends on their ability to manage their environmental and social impacts responsibly (Eccles & Serafeim, 2013). As a result, there is a greater focus on integrating stakeholder engagement into corporate strategies and operations. This shift is reflected in the rise of sustainability reporting frameworks, such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), which encourage companies to disclose their stakeholder engagement practices and their impacts on sustainability (GRI, 2021; TCFD, 2017). The global transition to renewable energy also presents significant opportunities for economic and social development, particularly in emerging economies. However, realizing these opportunities requires a holistic approach that considers the needs and aspirations of all stakeholders (Pueyo et al., 2021). For instance, renewable energy projects can create jobs, stimulate local economies, and enhance energy security. Engaging stakeholders in the planning and implementation of these projects ensures that the benefits are equitably distributed and that potential negative impacts are minimized (U.S. Department of Energy, 2020). This approach not only contributes to the overall sustainability of the supply chain but also enhances the social license to operate, which is critical for the long-term success of renewable energy initiatives (Hall et al., 2015). Furthermore, the urgency of addressing climate change has led to a surge in international collaborations and partnerships aimed at accelerating the deployment of renewable energy technologies. These collaborations often involve a wide range of stakeholders, including international organizations, governments, private sector entities, and civil society groups (IPCC, 2022). Effective stakeholder engagement is crucial for coordinating these efforts and ensuring that they are aligned with global sustainability goals, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement (UN, 2015; UNFCCC, 2016). Through collaborative action and shared commitments, stakeholders can drive the systemic changes needed to transform the energy sector and achieve a sustainable future (Rockström et al., 2017).

The exploration of stakeholder engagement within the context of supply chain sustainability in renewable energy is gaining considerable traction in contemporary research. As global reliance on renewable energy sources continues to grow, understanding the complex interplay between various stakeholders becomes crucial. The renewable energy sector, characterized by its multifaceted supply chains, necessitates a thorough engagement of all stakeholders to ensure sustainability and effective operationalization (Bolwig et al., 2020). This section delves into the literature surrounding stakeholder engagement, its impact on supply chain sustainability, and the broader implications for the renewable energy sector, while also touching upon aspects of sustainability, entrepreneurship, emotional intelligence, and marketing. Stakeholder theory, which posits that organizations must consider the interests of all stakeholders in their operations, forms the foundation of stakeholder engagement research (Rahman et al., 2024). This theory has evolved to incorporate the intricate dynamics of modern supply chains, especially within the renewable energy sector. Renewable energy projects typically involve a diverse range of stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), investors, and supply chain partners (Colvin et al., 2020). The engagement of these stakeholders is essential for identifying and addressing potential risks, enhancing transparency, and fostering collaborative innovation. Recent studies emphasize the significance of stakeholder engagement in mitigating environmental and social impacts associated with renewable energy projects. For instance, involving local communities and indigenous populations early in the project planning process can lead to more socially inclusive and environmentally responsible outcomes (Vanclay, 2020). These stakeholders often bring valuable local knowledge and insights, which can help identify environmental concerns and community needs, thereby enabling the development of more effective mitigation strategies. This collaborative approach not only enhances the project's sustainability but also strengthens community relations and support (Dabrowski et al., 2019). Furthermore, the alignment of objectives among various stakeholders is critical for ensuring the consistent prioritization of sustainability goals across the supply chain. Each stage of the renewable energy supply chain, from raw material extraction to the manufacturing of components and installation of energy systems, presents unique sustainability challenges (Gold & Heikkurinen, 2018). Effective stakeholder engagement facilitates the identification of these challenges and promotes coordinated efforts to address them. This alignment is particularly important in renewable energy projects, where supply chain sustainability directly impacts the overall success and viability of the project (Schaltegger & Burritt, 2018). Governments and regulatory bodies play a pivotal role in shaping the renewable energy landscape through policies and regulations that drive the adoption of sustainable practices (Emon & Khan, 2023). Stakeholder engagement provides policymakers with critical insights from industry players, NGOs, and academic experts, enabling the formulation of more effective and comprehensive regulations. Policies such as feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and renewable energy credits are often the result of extensive stakeholder consultations, ensuring that they are practical and beneficial for all parties involved (Mormann, 2019). These policies not only promote the growth of the renewable energy sector but also encourage the integration of sustainability practices across the supply chain. Investors and financial institutions are increasingly recognizing the importance of sustainability in their investment decisions. Engaging these stakeholders is crucial for securing the necessary funding for renewable energy projects and driving the adoption of sustainability standards (Gibson et al., 2019). Through stakeholder engagement, investors can gain a better understanding of the risks and opportunities associated with renewable energy projects, leading to more informed and responsible investment strategies (OECD, 2020). This engagement also fosters the development of innovative financing mechanisms, such as green bonds and sustainability-linked loans, which support the growth of the renewable energy sector (Climate Bonds Initiative, 2023). Non-governmental organizations and advocacy groups play a critical role in promoting sustainability and holding companies accountable for their environmental and social impacts (Jenkins, 2020). These organizations often act as intermediaries between the industry and the public, raising awareness, advocating for policy changes, and providing technical expertise. Through constructive engagement with industry players and policymakers, NGOs can push for higher sustainability standards and more robust environmental protections (Fougere et al., 2017). Their involvement ensures that the voices of marginalized and affected communities are heard and considered in decision-making processes (Reed et al., 2009). Technological innovation is a key driver of sustainability in the renewable energy sector. Continuous improvement and the adoption of new technologies are essential for enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and minimizing environmental impacts (Bolwig et al., 2020). Stakeholder engagement fosters a collaborative environment where innovative solutions can emerge. Partnerships between academic institutions, industry players, and research organizations can lead to significant advancements in areas such as energy storage, grid integration, and renewable energy forecasting (Geels, 2018). These technological innovations are crucial for overcoming the technical challenges associated with the widespread adoption of renewable energy (Sovacool et al., 2020). Transparency and accountability are fundamental principles of sustainability that are reinforced through effective stakeholder engagement. Transparent communication about the environmental and social impacts of renewable energy projects builds trust and credibility among stakeholders (Dabrowski et al., 2019). It also enables continuous improvement by providing a platform for feedback and dialogue. Companies that are open about their sustainability practices and performance are more likely to gain the support and cooperation of stakeholders, which is essential for long-term success (Guthrie et al., 2020). Accountability mechanisms, such as third-party audits and sustainability reporting, are strengthened through stakeholder engagement, ensuring that companies adhere to their commitments and make tangible progress towards their sustainability goals (GRI, 2021). The growing emphasis on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria further highlights the importance of stakeholder engagement in the renewable energy sector. Companies are increasingly aware that their long-term viability depends on their ability to manage their environmental and social impacts responsibly (Eccles & Serafeim, 2013). This recognition has led to a greater focus on integrating stakeholder engagement into corporate strategies and operations. Sustainability reporting frameworks, such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), encourage companies to disclose their stakeholder engagement practices and their impacts on sustainability (GRI, 2021; TCFD, 2017). The global transition to renewable energy presents significant opportunities for economic and social development, particularly in emerging economies. However, realizing these opportunities requires a holistic approach that considers the needs and aspirations of all stakeholders (Pueyo et al., 2021). Renewable energy projects can create jobs, stimulate local economies, and enhance energy security. Engaging stakeholders in the planning and implementation of these projects ensures that the benefits are equitably distributed and that potential negative impacts are minimized (U.S. Department of Energy, 2020). This approach not only contributes to the overall sustainability of the supply chain but also enhances the social license to operate, which is critical for the long-term success of renewable energy initiatives (Hall et al., 2015). The urgency of addressing climate change has led to a surge in international collaborations and partnerships aimed at accelerating the deployment of renewable energy technologies. These collaborations often involve a wide range of stakeholders, including international organizations, governments, private sector entities, and civil society groups (IPCC, 2022). Effective stakeholder engagement is crucial for coordinating these efforts and ensuring that they are aligned with global sustainability goals, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement (UN, 2015; UNFCCC, 2016). Through collaborative action and shared commitments, stakeholders can drive the systemic changes needed to transform the energy sector and achieve a sustainable future (Rockström et al., 2017). The intersection of sustainability, entrepreneurship, emotional intelligence, and marketing within the renewable energy sector also warrants attention (Emon et al., 2024). Sustainability has become a central pillar in entrepreneurial ventures, with many new businesses focusing on innovative solutions to environmental challenges (Hall et al., 2010). Entrepreneurs in the renewable energy sector must navigate complex regulatory landscapes, secure financing, and build partnerships, all of which are facilitated by effective stakeholder engagement (Emon & Nipa, 2024). Emotional intelligence plays a critical role in these interactions, enabling entrepreneurs to manage relationships, resolve conflicts, and inspire trust among stakeholders (Goleman, 1995). Marketing, on the other hand, is essential for communicating the value of renewable energy solutions to consumers and investors, highlighting the sustainability benefits and building brand loyalty (Kotler & Keller, 2016). In summary, the literature underscores the integral role of stakeholder engagement in promoting supply chain sustainability in the renewable energy sector. It highlights the multifaceted nature of this engagement, involving diverse stakeholders with varying interests and levels of influence (Emon et al., 2024). Effective stakeholder engagement not only addresses the environmental and social impacts of renewable energy projects but also fosters innovation, enhances transparency, and drives economic and social development. As the world continues to transition towards a low-carbon future, the importance of stakeholder engagement in the renewable energy sector will only grow, making it a crucial element of sustainable supply chain management.

The research methodology employed in this study involved a qualitative approach to investigate stakeholder engagement and its impact on supply chain sustainability in the context of renewable energy. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather insights from existing research and identify key themes and concepts relevant to the study's objectives. Relevant articles, reports, and academic papers published in peer-reviewed journals were systematically reviewed to develop a thorough understanding of stakeholder engagement practices, supply chain dynamics, and sustainability considerations in the renewable energy sector. Drawing upon the insights gained from the literature review, a qualitative research design was adopted to explore stakeholder perspectives and experiences in greater depth. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders involved in renewable energy projects, including representatives from government agencies, industry associations, renewable energy companies, community groups, and environmental organizations. These interviews provided valuable firsthand insights into stakeholder perceptions, motivations, challenges, and experiences related to stakeholder engagement and supply chain sustainability. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select interview participants with diverse perspectives and experiences relevant to the research topic. Potential interviewees were identified based on their involvement in renewable energy projects, their expertise in stakeholder engagement or supply chain management, and their affiliation with relevant organizations or institutions. The sampling process aimed to ensure the representation of a wide range of stakeholders, including those with differing interests, roles, and levels of influence within the supply chain. Interviews were conducted either in person or remotely, depending on the preferences and availability of the participants. Each interview was guided by a semi-structured interview protocol designed to elicit detailed information on key research themes, such as stakeholder engagement strategies, collaboration mechanisms, sustainability practices, and the perceived impacts of stakeholder engagement on supply chain sustainability. Open-ended questions were used to encourage participants to share their insights, experiences, and perspectives freely, allowing for a rich and nuanced understanding of the research topic. Interview data were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The transcripts were systematically reviewed and coded to identify recurring themes, patterns, and categories relevant to the research objectives. Themes related to stakeholder perceptions of stakeholder engagement effectiveness, challenges encountered in the engagement process, strategies for enhancing collaboration and communication, and perceived impacts on supply chain sustainability were identified and analyzed in detail. The findings of the qualitative analysis were triangulated with insights from the literature review to develop a comprehensive understanding of stakeholder engagement and its implications for supply chain sustainability in the renewable energy sector. The research methodology employed in this study enabled a thorough exploration of stakeholder perspectives and experiences, providing valuable insights that contribute to the existing body of knowledge on stakeholder engagement and supply chain sustainability.

The results and findings of the study shed light on the complex dynamics of stakeholder engagement and its impact on supply chain sustainability in the renewable energy sector. Through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, a nuanced understanding of stakeholder perspectives, experiences, and challenges emerged, revealing valuable insights into the effectiveness of stakeholder engagement strategies, collaboration mechanisms, and sustainability practices. One prominent finding is the recognition of stakeholder engagement as a critical component of supply chain sustainability in the renewable energy sector. Stakeholders across various sectors, including government agencies, industry associations, renewable energy companies, community groups, and environmental organizations, emphasized the importance of engaging stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle. Effective stakeholder engagement was perceived as essential for identifying and addressing environmental and social risks, fostering transparency and accountability, and building trust and credibility among stakeholders. The findings also highlight the diverse motivations and interests driving stakeholder engagement in the renewable energy sector. While some stakeholders are primarily motivated by environmental and social concerns, others are driven by economic incentives, regulatory compliance, or reputational considerations. Understanding these motivations is crucial for tailoring engagement strategies to meet the needs and expectations of different stakeholders effectively. For example, industry stakeholders may prioritize cost savings and operational efficiency, while community groups may prioritize environmental protection and social equity. Collaboration emerged as a key theme in the findings, with stakeholders emphasizing the importance of partnerships and multi-stakeholder initiatives in advancing supply chain sustainability goals. Collaborative approaches, such as public-private partnerships, industry consortia, and multi-stakeholder platforms, were cited as effective mechanisms for pooling resources, sharing knowledge and best practices, and addressing common challenges collectively. However, stakeholders also identified challenges related to power imbalances, conflicting interests, and communication barriers that can hinder effective collaboration and consensus-building efforts. Sustainability practices within the supply chain were another focal point of the findings, with stakeholders highlighting the need for holistic and integrated approaches to sustainability management. Sustainable sourcing of raw materials, responsible manufacturing practices, energy efficiency measures, and waste reduction strategies were cited as key areas for improvement within the renewable energy supply chain. Stakeholders emphasized the importance of adopting rigorous sustainability standards, certifications, and reporting frameworks to demonstrate compliance and progress towards sustainability goals. The findings also underscored the role of regulatory frameworks and government policies in shaping stakeholder engagement practices and supply chain sustainability outcomes. Government agencies play a crucial role in setting regulatory standards, providing incentives, and enforcing compliance with environmental and social regulations. However, stakeholders expressed concerns about regulatory uncertainty, inconsistency, and lack of enforcement capacity, which can undermine the effectiveness of sustainability initiatives and hinder investment in renewable energy projects. Moreover, the findings highlighted the importance of community engagement and social license to operate in the renewable energy sector. Local communities are often directly affected by renewable energy projects, particularly those involving land use changes, resource extraction, or infrastructure development. Meaningful engagement with local communities, including consultation, participation, and benefit-sharing mechanisms, was identified as essential for addressing community concerns, building trust, and securing social acceptance for renewable energy projects. Emotional intelligence emerged as a crucial skill for effective stakeholder engagement, with stakeholders emphasizing the importance of empathy, active listening, and conflict resolution in building constructive relationships and resolving conflicts. Stakeholders with high emotional intelligence were better able to navigate complex interpersonal dynamics, manage stakeholder expectations, and negotiate win-win solutions that benefit all parties involved. Marketing strategies also played a role in shaping stakeholder perceptions and behaviors towards renewable energy. Stakeholders emphasized the importance of clear and transparent communication about the environmental and social benefits of renewable energy, as well as the economic opportunities it presents. Marketing campaigns that highlight the positive impacts of renewable energy, such as job creation, energy independence, and climate change mitigation, were seen as effective in garnering support and mobilizing stakeholders around sustainability goals. In summary, the results and findings of the study provide valuable insights into the complexities of stakeholder engagement and its implications for supply chain sustainability in the renewable energy sector. By understanding stakeholder perspectives, motivations, and challenges, policymakers, industry practitioners, and other stakeholders can develop more effective strategies for engaging stakeholders, fostering collaboration, and advancing sustainability goals in the renewable energy sector.

The discussion section provides a platform to delve into the implications of the study's findings, contextualize them within existing literature, and explore their broader significance for theory, practice, and policy in the field of stakeholder engagement and supply chain sustainability in renewable energy. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of stakeholder engagement in the renewable energy sector, highlighting the diverse motivations, interests, and expectations driving stakeholder participation. This complexity necessitates a nuanced approach to stakeholder engagement that recognizes the heterogeneity of stakeholders and tailors engagement strategies accordingly. By understanding stakeholders' motivations and concerns, renewable energy companies can design more targeted and effective engagement initiatives that address stakeholders' needs and expectations. Moreover, the findings highlight the importance of collaboration and partnership in advancing supply chain sustainability goals in the renewable energy sector. Collaborative approaches, such as public-private partnerships and multi-stakeholder initiatives, can facilitate knowledge sharing, resource pooling, and collective action towards common sustainability objectives. However, stakeholders also identified challenges associated with collaboration, such as power imbalances, conflicting interests, and communication barriers. Addressing these challenges requires proactive efforts to build trust, foster dialogue, and establish mechanisms for resolving conflicts and addressing grievances. The role of government policies and regulatory frameworks in shaping stakeholder engagement practices and supply chain sustainability outcomes is another key theme that emerges from the findings. Government agencies play a critical role in setting regulatory standards, providing incentives, and enforcing compliance with environmental and social regulations. However, stakeholders expressed concerns about regulatory uncertainty, inconsistency, and lack of enforcement capacity, which can undermine the effectiveness of sustainability initiatives and hinder investment in renewable energy projects. Policymakers need to work collaboratively with industry stakeholders, civil society groups, and other relevant actors to develop coherent and consistent regulatory frameworks that support sustainable development in the renewable energy sector. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of community engagement and social license to operate in the renewable energy sector. Local communities are often directly affected by renewable energy projects, and their support is crucial for project success and long-term viability. Meaningful engagement with local communities, including consultation, participation, and benefit-sharing mechanisms, can help build trust, address community concerns, and secure social acceptance for renewable energy projects. Companies that prioritize community engagement and invest in building positive relationships with local stakeholders are more likely to succeed in gaining social license to operate and achieving sustainability objectives. The findings also underscore the role of emotional intelligence in effective stakeholder engagement. Stakeholders with high emotional intelligence are better equipped to navigate complex interpersonal dynamics, manage stakeholder relationships, and resolve conflicts constructively. Investing in emotional intelligence training and development can enhance stakeholders' ability to communicate effectively, build trust, and collaborate productively, ultimately leading to more successful stakeholder engagement outcomes. Finally, the discussion highlights the importance of integrating marketing strategies into stakeholder engagement initiatives in the renewable energy sector. Marketing campaigns that highlight the environmental, social, and economic benefits of renewable energy can help raise awareness, generate public support, and mobilize stakeholders around sustainability goals. By effectively communicating the value proposition of renewable energy, companies can build brand loyalty, attract investment, and drive market demand for sustainable energy solutions. Overall, the discussion emphasizes the need for a holistic and integrated approach to stakeholder engagement and supply chain sustainability in the renewable energy sector. By addressing the diverse needs and interests of stakeholders, fostering collaboration and partnership, and aligning policies and practices with sustainability objectives, stakeholders can work together to accelerate the transition towards a more sustainable energy future.

This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of stakeholder engagement and its impact on supply chain sustainability in the renewable energy sector. The findings highlight the importance of understanding stakeholder motivations, interests, and challenges in designing effective engagement strategies that foster collaboration, build trust, and advance sustainability goals. Collaborative approaches, partnerships, and multi-stakeholder initiatives emerged as key drivers of supply chain sustainability, but stakeholders also identified challenges related to power imbalances, regulatory uncertainty, and community engagement. Emotional intelligence and marketing strategies were recognized as important enablers of effective stakeholder engagement, emphasizing the importance of communication, empathy, and relationship-building in driving positive outcomes. Moving forward, it is essential for policymakers, industry practitioners, and other stakeholders to build on these findings and take proactive steps to enhance stakeholder engagement and supply chain sustainability in the renewable energy sector. This includes developing coherent and consistent regulatory frameworks, investing in community engagement and social license to operate, and integrating emotional intelligence training and marketing strategies into stakeholder engagement initiatives. By working collaboratively and adopting a holistic approach to sustainability, stakeholders can drive positive change, mitigate environmental and social risks, and contribute to a more sustainable energy future.