Version 1
: Received: 12 June 2024 / Approved: 12 June 2024 / Online: 13 June 2024 (03:15:27 CEST)
How to cite:
Lessy, M. R.; Lassa, J.; Zander, K. K. Understanding Multi-hazard Interaction and Impact on Small Islands Community: Insights from an Active Volcano Island of Ternate, Indonesia. Preprints2024, 2024060868. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0868.v1
Lessy, M. R.; Lassa, J.; Zander, K. K. Understanding Multi-hazard Interaction and Impact on Small Islands Community: Insights from an Active Volcano Island of Ternate, Indonesia. Preprints 2024, 2024060868. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0868.v1
Lessy, M. R.; Lassa, J.; Zander, K. K. Understanding Multi-hazard Interaction and Impact on Small Islands Community: Insights from an Active Volcano Island of Ternate, Indonesia. Preprints2024, 2024060868. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0868.v1
APA Style
Lessy, M. R., Lassa, J., & Zander, K. K. (2024). Understanding Multi-hazard Interaction and Impact on Small Islands Community: Insights from an Active Volcano Island of Ternate, Indonesia. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0868.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lessy, M. R., Jonatan Lassa and Kerstin K Zander. 2024 "Understanding Multi-hazard Interaction and Impact on Small Islands Community: Insights from an Active Volcano Island of Ternate, Indonesia" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0868.v1
Abstract
Current trends in systemic risk literature provide new insights into multi-hazard risks that interact and compound with built environments, creating more significant impacts on socio-economic and human systems. Recurrent natural hazards and extreme weather events are more likely to compound and cascade into more impactful events, especially in vulnerable societies. In small-island communities (SICS), including large archipelagos and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), the long-term impact of multi-, compounding-, and cascading-hazards (MCC hazards) can result in persistent vulnerability and residual risks. This is due to delayed responses, limited resources, poverty, fewer evacuation options, and inadequate markets and infrastructure. Using Ternate, a densely populated small volcanic island in North Maluku, Indonesia, as a case study, this paper assesses the impacts of seven types of natural hazards: flash floods, landslides, extreme weather, extreme waves and abrasion, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. The research focuses on the multi-hazard impact on population, land use, and infrastructure exposures in 60 villages in Ternate. The findings highlight population density, land use, and infrastructure exposure to multi-hazard risks, providing valuable information on potential losses in future hazard events.
Keywords
Multi-hazard; compounding hazard; small island communities; Ternate; Indonesia; systemic risk; hydrometeorological and geological hazard
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Geography
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
