The worldwide emphasis on sustainability has resulted in a heightened concentration on green supply chain practices (GSCP) as an essential element of sustainable development. These practices entail incorporating environmental considerations into supply chain management, which includes product design, material procurement, manufacturing processes, product distribution, and end-of-life product management. The implementation of GSCP is particularly vital in emerging nations like Bangladesh, where economic progress typically leads to environmental damage. Bangladesh, characterized by its quickly expanding economy, thriving industrial sector, and notable environmental obstacles, offers a distinctive opportunity to examine the influence of GSCP on sustainable development. The industrial sector in Bangladesh, particularly the ready-made garment (RMG) industry, plays a crucial role in stimulating economic growth. Nevertheless, this expansion has been accompanied by considerable environmental deterioration, encompassing water contamination, air pollution, and huge waste production (Emon et al., 2024; Haque & Sharif, 2021). The conventional supply chain models utilized by these businesses frequently disregard environmental factors, prioritizing cost reduction and efficiency enhancement. As a result, these activities are not able to be continued in a way that is environmentally friendly and also pose a risk to the country's long-term economic viability. Recently, there has been an increasing recognition and implementation of GSCP by industries and policymakers as they acknowledge the importance of balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability (Emon & Khan, 2023; Vogelpohl, 2021). The present state of affairs in Bangladesh demonstrates a combination of circumstances about the execution and consequences of GSCP. Several prominent companies have started implementing environmentally friendly practices due to both government regulations and the increasing demand for sustainable products in international marketplaces. These companies are adopting strategies such as waste reduction, use of energy-efficient technologies, and sustainable procurement. However, numerous small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) are slow to embrace these practices due to limitations such as limited knowledge, financial constraints, and insufficient support from the government and industry organizations (Hasan & Jamil, 2014). This discrepancy emphasizes the necessity for a thorough comprehension of the elements that affect the implementation of GSCP and their consequences on sustainable development in Bangladesh. This study aims to address the lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the effective implementation and actual impact of GSCP on sustainable development in Bangladesh. Although there is increasing interest in GSCP, there is a notable lack of qualitative research that investigates the viewpoints, difficulties, and results of many stakeholders in the industrial sector of Bangladesh. Previous research has primarily concentrated on quantitative evaluations, resulting in a lack of comprehensive and detailed insights that can be obtained through qualitative research (Zaman & Brudermann, 2018). This study aims to address this deficiency by examining the experiences and perspectives of influential individuals involved in the industry, government officials, and professionals in the field of environmental science. This research has multiple purposes. The primary objective is to examine the present level of GSCP adoption in various industries in Bangladesh, while also identifying the main factors that drive its implementation and the obstacles that hinder it. Furthermore, the research aims to comprehend the perceived advantages and difficulties linked to GSCP from the standpoint of many stakeholders. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate the effects of these practices on environmental sustainability, economic performance, and social well-being. The study aims to attain these objectives in order to offer practical insights and recommendations to policymakers, industry leaders, and other stakeholders. The goal is to encourage the successful implementation of GSCP and improve sustainable development in Bangladesh. The importance of this study is in its capacity to enhance both scholarly understanding and the formulation of effective policies. Academically, it enhances the understanding of the contextual elements that impact the adoption of GSCP and its outcomes in a developing country setting, so contributing to the existing body of knowledge on sustainable supply chain management. The study provides policymakers and industry leaders with vital information about the obstacles and facilitators of GSCP implementation. This information can be used to develop strategies and policies that promote sustainable industrial practices. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the wider consequences of GSCP on sustainable development, including the environmental, economic, and social aspects (Rashid et al., 2024). This research covers a wide range of sectors in Bangladesh, specifically focusing on those that have a substantial impact on the environment, such as the RMG, textile, and leather industries. The study utilizes a qualitative research methodology, employing in-depth interviews with important stakeholders to acquire comprehensive and detailed data. This technique enables a thorough investigation of the intricate and diverse characteristics of GSCP and their influence on sustainable development. The research intends to gain a detailed awareness of the obstacles and opportunities related to GSCP in Bangladesh by focusing on qualitative insights. It seeks to capture the lived experiences and viewpoints of stakeholders, creating a nuanced picture of the subject. Ultimately, this study aims to investigate the influence of environmentally-friendly supply chain practices on the long-term viability of Bangladesh's development, using a qualitative approach. The research seeks to give significant insights and recommendations for promoting sustainable industrial practices in Bangladesh by analyzing the present level of adoption of the Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) framework, evaluating the perceived benefits and obstacles associated with it, and assessing its overall impact on sustainability. The results will make a valuable contribution to the scholarly discussion on sustainable supply chain management and provide practical advice for policymakers and business executives who are working towards achieving a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability.

Green supply chain practices (GSCP) have emerged as a critical strategy for businesses to address environmental concerns while ensuring economic viability and social responsibility. This section reviews the existing literature on GSCP, focusing on perceptions, drivers, adoption, implementation, and the impacts on environmental sustainability, economic performance, and social well-being.

The study was intended as a qualitative research project with the objective of investigating the influence of green supply chain practices (GSCP) on sustainable development in Bangladesh. The technique employed many research methods to efficiently accomplish the research objectives. The data gathering methods utilized were semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and observation. Key stakeholders involved in the adoption of the Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) initiative in Bangladesh, such as government agencies, industry associations, corporations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and academic institutions, were interviewed using a semi-structured approach. The interviews facilitated in-depth conversations to investigate the viewpoints, firsthand accounts, and profound understandings of stakeholders about the adoption of GSCP and its influence on sustainable development. Document analysis entails the examination and evaluation of pre-existing literature, papers, policy documents, and industry publications pertaining to the adoption of the Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) framework and the promotion of sustainable development in Bangladesh. The presented information offered significant context and background for the study, aiding in the identification of crucial themes, trends, and issues related to the implementation of GSCP. Observation was used to enhance the data gathered from interviews and document analysis. Examining GSCP techniques and activities in real-world environments, such as manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, and supply chain operations, yielded useful insights into the practical application and effectiveness of GSCP. The sample approaches employed were deliberate sampling and snowball sampling. The participants for the semi-structured interviews were selected via purposeful sampling, which involved choosing individuals based on their skills, knowledge, and involvement in GSCP adoption and sustainable development activities in Bangladesh. The researchers employed snowball sampling to identify more participants for interviews. The first participants were requested to refer other pertinent stakeholders. The data analysis methodologies employed were thematic analysis and continual comparative analysis. The qualitative data acquired through interviews and document analysis were analyzed using thematic analysis, which involved detecting reoccurring themes, patterns, and concepts within the data. The method of constant comparative analysis was utilized to systematically compare and contrast data gathered from various sources, so increasing the analysis and bolstering the trustworthiness of the conclusions. The research method strictly followed to ethical issues, which encompassed obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and safeguarding privacy. Participants were presented with explicit information regarding the study's goals, methodologies, and their entitlements as participants. Participant information was kept confidential, and data were anonymized to guarantee privacy and anonymity.

The results and findings of this research, based on the interview questions and document analysis, provide an in-depth understanding of the current state of green supply chain practices (GSCP) adoption in Bangladesh, the key drivers and barriers to adoption, perceived benefits, challenges, stakeholder perceptions, successful initiatives, and the overall impact on sustainable development. Additionally, the findings offer actionable insights and recommendations for policymakers, industry leaders, and other stakeholders to promote effective GSCP adoption and enhance sustainable development in Bangladesh.

The research findings offer a thorough comprehension of the adoption and consequences of green supply chain practices (GSCP) in Bangladesh. The present level of GSCP implementation across different industries demonstrates a combination of outcomes, with sectors such as textiles and apparel taking the lead in sustainability endeavors as a result of worldwide benchmarks and consumer expectations. The electronics and manufacturing industries are increasingly allocating resources towards energy-efficient technology and sustainable sourcing. Similarly, the agriculture and food processing sectors are prioritizing sustainable farming methods and waste reduction. The uneven adoption of this practice is a result of the differing degrees of knowledge, financial capabilities, and regulatory influences among different industries (Zhang et al., 2020). The main factors that compel firms in Bangladesh to embrace the Global Social Compliance Programme (GSCP) include regulatory restrictions, market forces, corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, and financial incentives. The enforcement of environmental standards and the promotion of sustainability in enterprises are significantly influenced by regulatory frameworks at both local and international levels (Trevlopoulos et al., 2021). The integration of the Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) initiative is driven by market factors, specifically consumer preferences for environmentally friendly products and investor expectations for transparency in sustainability reporting. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures, backed by strong commitment from senior management, ensure that environmental goals are in line with corporate objectives, hence promoting the adoption of the Global Social Compliance Programme (GSCP) even further (Fransen et al., 2019). Moreover, the government and non-governmental organizations offer financial incentives, such as grants, subsidies, and green finance methods, to alleviate the substantial upfront expenses involved in implementing the Green Supply Chain Practices (GSCP). However, there are certain obstacles that impede the extensive implementation of GSCP in Bangladesh. The significant initial expenses provide a significant obstacle, particularly for small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) that frequently lack the financial means to allocate funds towards sustainable technology and practices (Elhassan, 2019). The situation is further complicated by a lack of understanding and competence in sustainable supply chain management, as organizations have challenges in comprehending the advantages and tactics for implementing the Global Sustainable Supply Chain Program (GSCP). The presence of regulatory ambiguity, which is marked by inconsistent enforcement and ambiguous standards, presents a difficulty that deters organizations from fully embracing green efforts (Tarabieh, 2021). In addition, the intricacy of overseeing worldwide supply chains, which involve many levels of suppliers and subcontractors, contributes to the challenges of guaranteeing compliance and traceability. The advantages of integrating GSCP throughout supply chains in Bangladesh are diverse. The Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) initiative plays a crucial role in achieving substantial reductions in resource consumption, waste creation, and greenhouse gas emissions, leading to improved environmental sustainability (Rashid et al., 2024). From an economic standpoint, GSCP results in cost savings by enhancing resource efficiency, reducing waste, and optimizing processes. These improvements then contribute to increased productivity and competitiveness. The Global Supply Chain Project (GSCP) aims to advance ethical labor practices, enhance working conditions, and increase community engagement, ultimately contributing to social well-being and inclusive growth. Nevertheless, companies encounter a multitude of obstacles when it comes to implementing GSCP. The biggest obstacle, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that frequently have restricted financial means, is the significant upfront expenses. Insufficient awareness and competence in GSCP pose a notable obstacle, as organizations may lack a comprehensive understanding of the long-term advantages and strategies for adoption. The presence of regulatory uncertainty adds complexity to the task, since firms require unambiguous and consistent instructions in order to successfully adopt and maintain GSCP. The intricate nature of worldwide supply chains, which include numerous levels of suppliers and subcontractors, contributes to the difficulty of guaranteeing adherence and traceability along the whole supply chain. The perspectives of stakeholders regarding the Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) initiative and its influence on sustainable development in Bangladesh differ. Government agencies realize the significance of GSCP (Global Sustainable Consumption and Production) in attaining national environmental objectives and improving competitiveness. However, they also recognize the necessity for more robust regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. Businesses perceive GSCP as a strategy to obtain a competitive edge and improve brand image, but they also voice apprehensions over the substantial expenses and uncertainties related to regulations. Consumers are showing a growing preference for environmentally friendly products and supply chains that are transparent. They are more inclined to support businesses that give priority to sustainability (Gardner et al., 2019). Civil society organizations promote increased transparency, accountability, and ethical practices, emphasizing the vital role of GSCP in advancing sustainable development. The successful GSCP initiatives in Bangladesh demonstrate the favorable effects of implementing sustainable supply chain strategies. An example of this is a textile company that successfully implemented a closed-loop supply chain model, resulting in substantial reductions in waste and costs. This improvement has led to enhanced environmental performance and increased competitiveness for the company. An electronics manufacturer that has made investments in energy-efficient technologies and sustainable sourcing procedures has successfully decreased energy consumption and emissions. This has led to improved resource efficiency and productivity. Furthermore, by using sustainable farming methods and improving supply chain operations, a food processing company was able to improve its environmental performance and provide support to local communities. This not only contributed to social well-being but also fostered inclusive growth. In order to surmount the obstacles to GSCP implementation and advance sustainable development in Bangladesh, a number of efficacious measures have been suggested. Offering financial assistance, such as grants, subsidies, and green financing, can assist firms, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in overcoming significant upfront expenses. By investing in education and capacity-building initiatives, firms can enhance their understanding and proficiency in sustainable supply chain management. Establishing unambiguous and uniform regulations and enhancing regulatory enforcement can offer the essential direction and assurance for enterprises to fully engage in environmentally friendly endeavors (Chen & Sheehy, 2022). Encouraging cooperation and alliances amongst supply chain partners, government agencies, NGOs, and academics can promote the exchange of superior methods, resources, and expertise, leading to joint efforts in achieving sustainability. The GSCP has had a substantial effect on environmental sustainability, economic performance, and social well-being in Bangladesh. The implementation of Green Supply Chain Practices (GSCP) has resulted in decreased resource use, reduced waste generation, and lowered emissions of greenhouse gases. These practices have played a significant role in conserving natural resources and mitigating environmental pollution. From an economic perspective, GSCP initiatives have led to financial savings, improved efficiency, and strengthened competitiveness, hence promoting sustainable economic expansion and corporate adaptability. GSCP has actively advocated for ethical labor practices, enhanced working conditions, and encouraged community involvement, thereby making significant contributions to social well-being and promoting inclusive growth. Prospects for the future adoption of GSCP and sustainable development in Bangladesh seem optimistic. With the increasing recognition of environmental concerns and the significance of sustainability, it is expected that more firms will embrace the Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) framework to improve their environmental performance and meet the rising consumer demand for environmentally friendly products. The adoption and implementation of the Green Supply Chain Practices (GSCP) will be further facilitated by advancements in green technologies and innovations, as well as supportive laws and regulations. Nevertheless, attaining extensive and efficient implementation of GSCP will necessitate ongoing endeavors and cooperation among all parties involved. Collaboration among policymakers, business leaders, civil society organizations, and consumers is essential to tackle the obstacles and encourage the widespread use of GSCP while advancing sustainable development. By cultivating a culture that prioritizes sustainability, improving the availability of resources and specialized knowledge, and guaranteeing openness and responsibility, Bangladesh may make significant progress towards a future that is both environmentally sustainable and resilient.

The study of green supply chain practices (GSCP) in Bangladesh has yielded valuable insights into their implementation, advantages, obstacles, and overall influence on sustainable development. The study found that the implementation of GSCP (Global Social Compliance Programme) differs among various industries, with sectors like textiles and apparel leading the way. This is mostly due to the influence of international standards and consumer demand. Furthermore, several sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, and agriculture are gradually adopting sustainable techniques, but their progress may vary. Regulatory demands, market dynamics, corporate social responsibility programs, and financial incentives are the main factors that motivate firms to implement GSCP. These forces demonstrate an increasing acknowledgment of the significance of sustainability in improving competitiveness, adherence to regulations, and company reputation. Although there are factors that show promise, there are also some impediments that prevent the widespread use of GSCP in Bangladesh. Significant hurdles arise from high initial costs, limited awareness and experience, regulatory unpredictability, and the complexity of the supply chain. These obstacles emphasize the necessity for specific interventions, such as monetary assistance, educational initiatives, programs to enhance skills and abilities, well-defined and uniform laws, and enhanced enforcement of regulations. Tackling these obstacles is essential for creating a more favorable climate for the development and implementation of GSCP. The stated advantages of GSCP are numerous, including environmental, economic, and social aspects. The Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) initiative plays a role in diminishing resource usage, waste production, and greenhouse gas discharges, hence improving environmental sustainability. From an economic standpoint, they result in reduced expenses, heightened efficiency, and enhanced competitiveness, all of which are crucial for achieving sustained economic expansion. The Global Social Compliance Programme (GSCP) actively advocates for ethical labor practices, enhances working conditions, and encourages community involvement, so contributing to social well-being and promoting inclusive growth. Nevertheless, firms encounter significant obstacles when it comes to implementing GSCP, such as substantial upfront expenses, limited knowledge and proficiency, uncertain regulatory environment, and the intricacy of overseeing worldwide supply chains. These difficulties require a comprehensive solution that involves cooperation among supply chain partners, government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and academics. Efficient methods for surmounting these obstacles involve offering monetary assistance, allocating resources to education and skill development, formulating unambiguous and uniform policies, and promoting collaboration and partnerships among several stakeholders. Stakeholder perspectives on the Global Sustainable Consumption and Production (GSCP) initiative differ. Government agencies acknowledge their significance in achieving national environmental objectives and promoting competitiveness. Businesses perceive them as a way to gain a competitive advantage and improve brand reputation. Consumers expect environmentally friendly products and supply chains that are transparent. Civil society organizations advocate for increased transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct. The presence of many viewpoints highlights the necessity for inclusive and cooperative endeavors to encourage the adoption of GSCP and sustainable development. Instances of effective GSCP projects in Bangladesh illustrate the concrete advantages of implementing sustainable supply chain methods. The implementation of these measures has resulted in substantial reduction in waste, financial savings, improved environmental performance, increased productivity, and good social effects. This demonstrates the potential of GSCP to contribute to sustainable development. The GSCP has had a significant impact on environmental sustainability, economic performance, and social well-being in Bangladesh, demonstrating its crucial role in promoting sustainability objectives. The future prospects of GSCP adoption in Bangladesh seem optimistic. The increased acceptance and implementation of GSCP are projected to be driven by increasing awareness of environmental issues, advancements in green technologies, supportive legislation, and collaboration among several stakeholders. Unwavering dedication and collaboration from all parties involved are crucial for surmounting current obstacles and advancing sustainable development. By cultivating a culture that prioritizes sustainability, improving the availability of resources and specialized knowledge, and guaranteeing openness and responsibility, Bangladesh may strengthen the durability and adaptability of its supply chains, so promoting a more sustainable future. This study has yielded significant knowledge regarding the implementation and effects of GSCP in Bangladesh, emphasizing the factors that promote or hinder its adoption, as well as the advantages and difficulties associated with it. The results emphasize the significance of focused interventions and cooperative endeavors to encourage the adoption of GSCP and ensure long-term sustainable development. Bangladesh's prospects for GSCP (Global Sustainable Consumption and Production) are highly promising. Through persistent efforts and unwavering dedication, the nation has the potential to make substantial advancements in improving the sustainability of its supply chains, thereby making valuable contributions towards global sustainability objectives.