Version 1
: Received: 3 July 2024 / Approved: 4 July 2024 / Online: 4 July 2024 (09:55:35 CEST)
How to cite:
El-Hajj, M.; Oude Roelink, B. Evaluating the Efficiency of zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and Bulletproof in Real-World Scenarios: A Benchmark Study. Preprints2024, 2024070397. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.0397.v1
El-Hajj, M.; Oude Roelink, B. Evaluating the Efficiency of zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and Bulletproof in Real-World Scenarios: A Benchmark Study. Preprints 2024, 2024070397. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.0397.v1
El-Hajj, M.; Oude Roelink, B. Evaluating the Efficiency of zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and Bulletproof in Real-World Scenarios: A Benchmark Study. Preprints2024, 2024070397. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.0397.v1
APA Style
El-Hajj, M., & Oude Roelink, B. (2024). Evaluating the Efficiency of zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and Bulletproof in Real-World Scenarios: A Benchmark Study. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.0397.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
El-Hajj, M. and Bjorn Oude Roelink. 2024 "Evaluating the Efficiency of zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and Bulletproof in Real-World Scenarios: A Benchmark Study" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.0397.v1
Abstract
This study builds on our previous Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that assessed the applications and performance of zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and Bulletproof Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proof (NIZKP) protocols. To address identified research gaps, we designed and implemented a benchmark comparing these three protocols using a dynamic MiMC hash application. We evaluated performance across four general-purpose programming libraries and two programming languages. Our results show that zk-SNARK produced the smallest proofs, while zk-STARK generated the largest. In terms of proof generation and verification times, zk-STARK was the fastest, and Bulletproof the slowest. Interestingly, zk-SNARK proofs verified marginally faster than zk-STARK, contrary to other findings. These insights enhance our understanding of the functionality, security, and performance of NIZKP protocols, providing valuable guidance for selecting the most suitable protocol for specific applications.
Computer Science and Mathematics, Security Systems
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
