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A Comparative Literature Review of Patch Antennas and Dipole Antennas in Wireless Communication
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04 July 2024
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04 July 2024
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Abstract
In the constantly growing field of wireless communication, antenna selection has a considerable influence on system performance, efficiency, and dependability. This paper gives a thorough comparison of patch antennas and dipole antennas, two of the most common forms used in wireless communication. Patch antennas are distinguished by their low profile, ease of production, and integration with microwave electronics, as opposed to dipole antennas, which have become known for their simplicity, omnidirectional emission patterns, and broad application. The discussion begins with an explanation of the basic concepts, design considerations, and operational characteristics of patch and dipole antennas. Key performance criteria including bandwidth, gain, radiation efficiency, polarization, and impedance matching are assessed using theoretical considerations and actual applications. Case studies from modern wireless applications, such as mobile communication, Wi-Fi networks, and Internet of Things devices, are used to demonstrate the strengths and limits of each antenna type in real-world circumstances.The comparative literature review additionally explores advanced strategies for improving the performance of patch and dipole antennas, such as the use of metamaterials, reconfigurable components, and new substrate materials. Comparative models and experimental findings illustrate the trade-offs between size, cost, and performance, assisting engineers and researchers in determining the best antenna type for certain applications.
Keywords:
Subject: Engineering - Electrical and Electronic Engineering
INTRODUCTION
Antennas operate in an important role in wireless communication by facilitating the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves. Patch antennas and dipole antennas stand out from the varied range of antenna designs owing to their extensive use and distinguishing features. Understanding the distinctions between these two types of antennas is critical for enhancing the performance of wireless systems in a variety of applications.
Patch antennas, also known as microstrip antennas, are notable for their low-profile design, simplicity of manufacture, and compatibility with integrated circuits (Balanis, 2016). The Microstrip antenna, first designed in 1950, gained popularity in telecommunications after 1970 due to its small size, low manufacturing cost, reliability, and ease of fabrication, despite some drawbacks.
Microstrip antennas are printed antennas that function on the same principles as microstrip transmission lines. They consist of a radiating element put on top of a dielectric substance used as a substrate in between the ground and radiating patches, with a ground plane attached to the other side of the antenna design (Saeed & Nwajana, 2024).
Figure 1.
Patch Antenna top-view.
Figure 2.
Patch Antenna side-view.
These antennas are popular in applications that need a small form factor, such as mobile devices, satellite communication, and wearable technology (James & Hall, 1989). Their planar shape enables simple integration with printed circuit boards, making them a popular alternative for current electronic systems (Garg et al., 2001). Edge feeding, insect feeding, and aperture coupling are some of the approaches for feeding microstrip antennas. These feeding strategies enable control over the phase and amplitude of the current distribution on the patch, influencing the radiation pattern and facilitating beam steering (Wang et al., 2022).
Dipole antennas, consisting of two conducting components, are known for their simplicity, omnidirectional emission patterns, and wide operational bandwidth (Kraus & Marhefka, 2002). Dipoles, one of the oldest and most fundamental antenna designs, are widely used in a variety of wireless communication systems such as radio broadcasting, television transmission, and wireless networking (Stutzman & Thiele, 2012).
Figure 2.
Dipole Antenna.
It is divided into two categories: short dipole antennas and folded dipole antennas. The term "short" in antenna engineering always refers to wavelength. In terms of frequency, the size of the wire connected to wavelength is more important than the size of the antenna. The dipole antenna’s gain rises as the wavelength grows. For best gain, the dipole should be larger than the wavelength. The folded dipole antenna consists of two parallel conductor wires that are linked together to form a loop (Vipul N., & Sharma S., 2017).
Their simple design and predictable performance characteristics make them common in both academic research and commercial applications. They can have odd and even modes, with classical theory focusing on odd modes due to high input impedances. Recent advancements allow simultaneous excitation of both modes using innovative feeding structures, enabling tuning of resonant frequencies through unique indentation and out dentation techniques. These principles enable efficient coverage of various frequency bands for applications like IoT and 5G systems (Xiao et al., 2022) Additionally, dipole antennas can utilize reflectors like three-dimensional photonic crystals to increase radiating gain and improve communication performance (Cheol et al., 2016).
OBJECTIVES
This comparative literature analysis will evaluate two types of antennas used in wireless communication: patch antennas and dipole antennas. Specifically, the objectives include:
- Gather comprehensive literature reviews on Patch Antennas and Dipole Antennas from credible academic sources like Google Scholar.
-
Systematically compare the gathered data against numerous parameters, including
- a.
- Antenna design parameters
- b.
- Physical dimensions
- c.
- Material Composition
- d.
- Operating Frequency Bands
- e.
- Radiation Patterns
-
Evaluate their performance measures, with an emphasis on
- a.
- Gain
- b.
- Bandwidth
- c.
- Efficiency
- d.
- Directivity
- e.
- Impedance Matching
- Investigate their specific applications and future use cases in wireless communication networks.
- Identify and examine the limits of each antenna type.
METHODOLOGY
This comparative literature analysis uses a systematic framework to investigate Patch Antennas and Dipole Antennas in wireless communication. The first step is to do a thorough search for academic papers, journals, and technical reports on Patch and Dipole Antennas in credible databases. To guarantee thorough coverage of relevant literature, keywords like "Patch Antenna," "Dipole Antenna," "wireless communication," "antenna design," "antenna performance," and "radiation patterns" are used.
Once the appropriate literature has been collected, the following step is to extract and organize critical information. This provides information on the design parameters, physical dimensions, material composition, operational frequency ranges, and radiation patterns of both patch and dipole antennas. The retrieved data is arranged in a structured manner and categorized by important factors for ease of comparison.
Performance metrics are another important component of the comparison study. The research evaluates gain, bandwidth, efficiency, directivity, and impedance matching for both patch and dipole antennas. This examination aids in determining the performance advantages and disadvantages of each antenna type. Furthermore, the applications and possible use cases of Patch and Dipole Antennas in wireless communication systems are investigated, offering insights into their practical value.
Furthermore, the process includes identifying and analyzing the limits of each antenna type. This comprehensive method offers a clear grasp of the distinctions between Patch and Dipole Antennas, providing useful insights for improving the design and implementation of wireless communications systems.
DATA AND ANALYSIS
I. Antenna Design Parameters
| Antenna Design Parameters | Antenna | |
| Patch Antenna | Dipole Antenna | |
| Number of elements | Patch antennas can be used both singly and in arrays. The number of elements in an array design might vary based on the application and performance requirements. Arrays frequently contain numerous patch parts to improve gain and directivity (Balanis, 2016). | A standard dipole antenna comprises two elements, each usually a quarter-wavelength long, making the total length of the dipole half a wavelength. Dipole arrays can be formed by arranging numerous dipole components to improve performance (Kraus & Marhefka, 2002). |
| Geometry configuration | Patch antennas are usually rectangular or circular in form, however alternative geometries such as triangular, elliptical, and more complicated shapes are utilized to obtain certain radiation characteristics. They are typically planar, with a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and a ground plane on the other (Garg et al. 2001). | The traditional dipole antenna is straight and linear, made up of two conducting parts aligned collinearly. Folded dipoles have a similar radiation pattern but differing impedance characteristics. The dipole’s design is simple, which contributes to its widespread use (Stutzman & Thiele, 2012). |
| Frequency band(s) of operation | Patch antennas may operate at a broad range of frequencies, often from 1 GHz to 60 GHz, depending on the design and application. They are frequently utilized in applications such as GPS (1.575 GHz), Wi-Fi (2.4 and 5 GHz), and millimeter-wave communications (28 and 60 GHz) (James & Hall, 1989). | Dipole antennas may operate across a wide frequency range, often from low (LF) to very high (VHF) and beyond. They are widely utilized in the HF (3-30 MHz), VHF (30-300 MHz), and UHF (300 MHz-3 GHz) bands. They are widely employed in FM broadcasting (88-108 MHz) and television reception (54-216 MHz) (Kraus & Marhefka, 2002). |
| Beamforming technique | Beamforming using patch antennas is frequently accomplished using phased array methods, in which the relative phase of the signal feeding each antenna element in an array is modified to guide the beam in the intended direction. This enables dynamic modification of the radiation pattern, as well as increased signal intensity and coverage (Balanis 2016). | Beamforming with dipole antennas is possible using antenna arrays, which are carefully positioned and fed with various phase shifts. This approach enables the radiation pattern to be steered or sculpted to fulfill specific coverage needs. Yagi-Uda arrays are a common example of such setups, which are frequently employed for television reception and amateur radio (Stutzman and Thiele, 2012). |
I. Performance Metrics
Gain
Patch antenna gain varies with design and operating frequency. Several studies have proposed alternative patch antenna designs, with gains ranging from 4.80 dBi to 9.32 dB. For example, a tiny super-wideband (SWB) monopole antenna exhibited a realized gain of 4.80 dBi. Using proper impedance matching between the antenna and the feeding network is essential for maximizing the antenna gain (Tewary et al., 2022).
Dipole antennas often have a lesser gain than patch antennas. The gain of dipole antennas changes with design modifications. A high-gain magnetic dipole patch antenna with vertical polarization yields a gain improvement of around 2.5-3.5 dB over an unloaded antenna (Zhang & Yu, 2021). Another study provides a dual-element dipole with a realized gain of 6.3 dBi in Yagi mode and roughly 2 dBi in dipole mode, while maintaining a -10-dB impedance bandwidth of 16.7% (Chen et al., 2022) .
Beamwidth
The beamwidth of micro patch antenna is similar in both the x and y planes, creating roughly a “cone” of radiation outward from the patch. For typical patch construction, the –3 dB beamwidth is about 65 degrees, or ±32.5 degrees from boresight (Breed G. 2009).
Figure 3.
Measured pattern of a patch antenna, with a typical beamwidth of 65º and suppressed rearward radiation.
Figure 3.
Measured pattern of a patch antenna, with a typical beamwidth of 65º and suppressed rearward radiation.
The beamwidth of dipole antennas varies with their design and operational frequency ranges. According to research, dipole antennas may attain beamwidths ranging from 66° to 183°. For example, a dipole antenna with wideband circular polarization can produce beamwidths ranging from 118° to 183° in the E-plane and 118° to 175° in the H-plane (Wang et al., 2022).
Radiation Pattern Characteristics
The radiation pattern of a dipole antenna is critical in wireless communication systems. Several research publications provide information about various types of dipole antennas and their radiation properties. For example, a magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna array is designed to produce flat-top radiation patterns, which improve signal reception from specified directions while suppressing interference (Hao et al, 2022). In contrast, a frequency reconfigurable filtering monopole antenna is described with omnidirectional radiation properties, utilizing varactor diodes to control the frequency range and attain a maximum gain of 4.31dBi (Yao et al., 2022).
Figure 4.
Radiation pattern of dipole antenna.
The rectangular patch generated in its fundamental mode exhibits maximal directivity in the direction perpendicular to the patch (broadside). The directivity reduces as you move away from the broadside and towards lower elevations. The 3 dB beamwidth (or angular width) is twice the angle with regard to the highest directivity, where this directivity has been reduced by 3dB.
Figure 5.
Normalized Radiation Pattern for Microstrip (Patch) Antenna.
Directivity
The rectangular patch generated in its fundamental mode exhibits maximal directivity in the direction perpendicular to the patch (broadside). The directivity reduces as you move away from the broadside and towards lower elevations. The 3 dB beamwidth (or angular width) is twice the angle regarding the highest directivity, where this directivity has been reduced by 3dB (Breed, 2009).
A directivity of 2.15 dBi implies that the half-wave dipole antenna concentrates its energy more efficiently in specified directions than an isotropic antenna. This concentration of energy enhances signal intensity and reception in those directions. Higher directivity is useful in communication systems because it improves signal quality and increases transmission range. It helps to reduce interference from undesirable directions, making communication more dependable (Balanis, 2016).
II. Applications
A. Patch Antenna
1. Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Radar and 5G Applications
In this study, it examined the evolution of mobile wireless technology from 1G to 4G, as well as the current transition to 5G, which is being driven by the desire for larger data rates and improved wireless connection. The 5G technology has numerous significant advantages, including more bandwidth, greater cell resolution, and the capacity to link millions of devices. In addition, the utilization of Ku-band antennas in 5G research, as well as the benefits of microstrip patch antennas, which are commonly used in mobile phones and other applications due to their small size, low cost, and lightweight nature.
Figure 6.
Simulated surface current at 3.1 GHz for slot width of 5m.
Using the CST Microwave Studio simulator program, the basic microstrip patch runs at 3.1 GHz in a single band, with a return loss of -10dB, a bandwidth of 900 MHz, and a gain of 7.57 dB. (Without rectangular slots). With the inclusion of rectangular slots,
The antenna has evolved into a dual-band antenna, with one band’s attributes similar to those of the previous version. The suggested antenna designs were intended to give good performance in terms of gain and bandwidth while maintaining a reflection coefficient of roughly -10dB (Hussein & Hussein, 2023).
2. Wide-Band E-Shaped Patch Antennas for Wireless Communication
The wide-band mechanism investigates the behavior of the currents on the patch. The slot’s width and length and spot are tuned for a broad bandwidth. A 30.3% E-shaped patch antenna resonating at wireless communication frequencies of 1.9 and 2.4 GHz is developed, built, and tested. The Calculated E-shaped patch antennas with different slot positions and widths also demonstrated below .
Figure 7.
Calculated E-shaped patch antennas with different slot positions.
Figure 8.
Calculated E-shaped patch antennas with different slot widths.
As the slot length increases, a lower resonance frequency occurs. The second resonant frequency decreases as the slot length increases. The slot length is a crucial element for determining the resonant frequencies of an E-shaped patch antenna. When is tiny, the lower frequencies do not match well. When becomes greater, the two resonant frequencies become recognizable, and a broad-band match is achieved. As the size increases, the difference between two resonant frequencies might exceed dB. The antenna operates in a dual-frequency mode rather than wide-band mode. Therefore, is a valuable parameter to alter the matching to 50 (Yang, et.al., 2001).
3. Wideband Patch Array Antenna for Aerospace Communication
Patch antennas play an important role in improving communication in aircraft applications because to their distinct design features and performance characteristics. Patch antennas have numerous applications in aerospace, particularly in the field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and airborne measurements. Several studies have focused on improving the performance of patch antennas used in aeronautical applications. For example, one study presented a patch antenna design incorporating parasitic elements in the superstrate to boost bandwidth and gain, which is appropriate for mobile and aerospace applications (Reddy et al., 2023). Another research study explored the design of a wideband patch array antenna for UAV communication, highlighting the need of high gain and wide bandwidth in addressing UAV communication requirements, which were accomplished via proximity coupling techniques and array configurations (Fauzi et al., 2023). The figure below shows the integration of antennas onto the surface of an airplane without significantly affecting its aerodynamic shape (Donald B., 2014).
Figure 9.
Integration patch antenna array in the surface of airplane.
B. Dipole Antenna
1. Dipole Antenna in Mobile Communications
Dipole antennas have numerous applications in mobile communications. They are used to create dual-polarized base station antennas for 5G applications, with low input impedance and great port-to-port isolation (Gao et al., 2022). In mm-Wave communications, MIMO dipole pairs are used to improve performance in mobile devices by optimizing the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and mean effective gain (MEG) (Kim, 2022). Furthermore, narrow impedance dipoles are suited for GSM and WiMAX ranges, making them useful in smartphones, electronic devices, and base stations (Berdnik et al., 2021).
Figure 10.
Radiation pattern of dipole antenna in Ultra-Wide band Antenna.
Furthermore, redesigned dipole antenna structures, which operate at 26 GHz, have advantages in size reduction, gain optimization, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency, making them viable for mobile applications beyond 5G (Perarasi et al., 2021).
2. Development of Dipole Antenna in Television Broadcasting
Dipole antennas in television broadcasting have advanced significantly over the last decade. Researchers have investigated a variety of approaches for improving the performance of dipole antennas, including employing I-shape addition techniques and horn waveguides to broaden the frequency range and increase gain (Naktong & Wattikornsirikul, 2022). LPDAs (Log Periodic Dipole Arrays), or simply log-periodic antennas, have been widely employed for TV reception since the 1960s due to their good wideband characteristics and strong directivity, despite the fact that their peak gain is generally lower than that of similar size Yagi-Uda antennas (Zaharis et al, 2021).
Figure 11.
Geometry of a conventional LPDA (Log Periodic Dipole Array) proposed by Carrel.
Furthermore, antennas with omni-directional radiation patterns and high antenna gains that can cover the DTV frequency band have been created through the design of wideband dipole antennas using slot etching and matching techniques (Komsing et al, 2021). The introduction of dipole array antennas with drilled spaces between radiators has enhanced radiation patterns and beamwidth, making them ideal for mass production while also improving broadcasting performance (Choi et al, 2021).
3. Dipole Antenna System Application to FM BROADCASTING
Dipole antennas are important in FM broadcasting because of their efficiency and performance. FM broadcasting systems use a variety of dipole antennas, including single and double dipoles, which provide advantages in terms of bandwidth, gain, and standing wave ratio (Q. Liu et al., 2020).
Figure 12.
Simulation of FM Dual Dipole Antenna and Array.
In addition, integrated dipole antennas constructed specifically for FM broadcast and terrestrial-digital multimedia broadcast (T-DMB) frequencies have been developed, demonstrating dipole antennas’ versatility across many broadcasting technologies (Kim et al., 2018). These studies demonstrate the various applications and benefits of dipole antennas in FM broadcasting systems.
III. Limitation
This antenna comparison review has a few limitations. The focus was limited to literature available in scientific journals and conference proceedings, potentially excluding crucial advances reported in proprietary sources. The studied antennas span multiple technical generations, making direct comparisons difficult due to changes in underlying technologies and testing conditions. Performance metrics are frequently context-dependent, and discrepancies in testing conditions might compromise reliability. The arbitrary character of evaluation criteria, along with the quick speed of technical innovation, complicates meaningful comparisons. Moreover, the review may not sufficiently address niche applications, and data completeness varies between studies. Geographical and environmental factors influencing performance were not consistently accounted for, and potential publication bias toward positive outcomes could distort the data. Finally, time and resource restrictions limited the scope of the assessment, highlighting the need for further in-depth future research.
CONCLUSIONS
Patch antennas and dipole antennas are two typical types of antennas that have distinct properties. Patch antennas are distinguished by their low profile and large bandwidth. They frequently show strong gain and stable radiation patterns over a wide frequency range. Dipole antennas, on the other hand, are known for their basic structure consisting of two conducting parts and are frequently employed in a variety of applications. Dipole antennas are distinguished by their omnidirectional radiation pattern and ease of construction. Patch antennas are preferred for their small size and wide bandwidth, although dipole antennas are popular for their simplicity and omnidirectional radiating properties.
Patch antennas are compact and easy to integrate, making them suitable for enclosed environments in wireless sensor networks. They are also used in high-speed wireless communication systems, where directivity and radiation pattern control are crucial. Dipole antennas, on the other hand, are used in high-speed communication systems, mobile phones, and broadcasting systems. Patch antennas excel in enclosed settings and sensor networks, while dipole antennas are preferred for controlled radiation patterns and high-speed communication systems. The decision between patch and dipole antennas is ultimately determined by specific requirements such as frequency range, size limits, and environmental circumstances. Future study should focus on these antenna types, taking into account evolving technologies and application situations, in order to improve their comparative evaluation and maximize their deployment in a variety of communication systems.
RECOMMENDATION
Multiple recommendations are made for future comparisons of patch and dipole antennas. Expanding the literature review to incorporate both established and new studies will provide a complete picture of the current state of various antenna types. Standardizing performance criteria such as gain, bandwidth, efficiency, and radiation pattern, as well as maintaining uniform testing settings, will improve the reliability of comparisons. Including a broader range of application scenarios, such as telephony, satellite communications, and IoT, will serve to demonstrate the versatility and limitations of each antenna type in various circumstances. Addressing geographical and environmental aspects influencing performance, as well as incorporating interdisciplinary insights from materials science and electrical engineering, will provide a comprehensive perspective.
Additionally, supporting the inclusion of both positive and negative results in published research will reduce prejudice and provide a more balanced perspective. Allocating enough time and resources to the review will result in a full and extensive analysis, allowing for more informed conclusions concerning the comparative benefits of patch and dipole antennas.
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