Version 1
: Received: 12 July 2024 / Approved: 12 July 2024 / Online: 12 July 2024 (13:59:33 CEST)
How to cite:
Hantusch, B.; Kenner, L.; Stanulović, V. S.; Hoogenkamp, M.; Brown, G. Targeting Androgen, Thyroid Hormone, and Vitamin A and D Receptors to Treat Prostate Cancer. Preprints2024, 2024071052. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.1052.v1
Hantusch, B.; Kenner, L.; Stanulović, V. S.; Hoogenkamp, M.; Brown, G. Targeting Androgen, Thyroid Hormone, and Vitamin A and D Receptors to Treat Prostate Cancer. Preprints 2024, 2024071052. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.1052.v1
Hantusch, B.; Kenner, L.; Stanulović, V. S.; Hoogenkamp, M.; Brown, G. Targeting Androgen, Thyroid Hormone, and Vitamin A and D Receptors to Treat Prostate Cancer. Preprints2024, 2024071052. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.1052.v1
APA Style
Hantusch, B., Kenner, L., Stanulović, V. S., Hoogenkamp, M., & Brown, G. (2024). Targeting Androgen, Thyroid Hormone, and Vitamin A and D Receptors to Treat Prostate Cancer. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.1052.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Hantusch, B., Maarten Hoogenkamp and Geoffrey Brown. 2024 "Targeting Androgen, Thyroid Hormone, and Vitamin A and D Receptors to Treat Prostate Cancer" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.1052.v1
Abstract
The nuclear hormone family of receptors regulates gene expression. The androgen receptor (AR) shuttles upon ligand binding and homodimerization from the cytosol into the nucleus to activate gene expression. Thyroid hormone receptors(TR), retinoic acid receptors (RAR), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are present in the nucleus bound to chromatin as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptors (RXR) and repress gene expression. Ligand binding leads to transcription activation. The hormonal ligands for these receptors play crucial roles to ensure the proper conduct of very many tissues and exert effects on prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Androgens support PCa proliferation and deprivation alone or with chemotherapy is the standard therapy for PCa. RAR activation and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) stimulation of TR support the growth of PCa cells. Ligand stimulation of VDR drives growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of PCa cells. Often these receptors are explored as separate avenues to find treatments for PCa and other cancers. However, there is accumulating evidence to support receptor interactions and crosstalk of regulatory events whereby a better understanding might lead to new combinatorial treatments.
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
