Version 1
: Received: 25 July 2024 / Approved: 25 July 2024 / Online: 29 July 2024 (03:47:20 CEST)
How to cite:
Huang, A.; Derakhshan, S.; Madrid-Carvajal, J.; Nosrat Nezami, F.; Wächter, M. A.; Pipa, G.; König, P. Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Vehicles: The Impact of Warning Signal Modalities on Driver Behavior and Situational Awareness. Preprints2024, 2024072094. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.2094.v1
Huang, A.; Derakhshan, S.; Madrid-Carvajal, J.; Nosrat Nezami, F.; Wächter, M. A.; Pipa, G.; König, P. Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Vehicles: The Impact of Warning Signal Modalities on Driver Behavior and Situational Awareness. Preprints 2024, 2024072094. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.2094.v1
Huang, A.; Derakhshan, S.; Madrid-Carvajal, J.; Nosrat Nezami, F.; Wächter, M. A.; Pipa, G.; König, P. Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Vehicles: The Impact of Warning Signal Modalities on Driver Behavior and Situational Awareness. Preprints2024, 2024072094. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.2094.v1
APA Style
Huang, A., Derakhshan, S., Madrid-Carvajal, J., Nosrat Nezami, F., Wächter, M. A., Pipa, G., & König, P. (2024). Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Vehicles: The Impact of Warning Signal Modalities on Driver Behavior and Situational Awareness. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.2094.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Huang, A., Gordon Pipa and Peter König. 2024 "Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Vehicles: The Impact of Warning Signal Modalities on Driver Behavior and Situational Awareness" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.2094.v1
Abstract
Semi-autonomous vehicles (AVs) enable drivers to engage in non-driving tasks but require them to be ready to take control during critical situations. This "out-of-the-loop" problem demands a quick transition to active information processing, raising safety concerns and anxiety. Multimodal signals in AVs aim to deliver take-over requests and facilitate driver-vehicle cooperation. However, the effectiveness of auditory, visual, or combined signals in improving situational awareness and reaction time for safe maneuvering remains unclear. This study investigates how signal modalities affect driver’s behavior using virtual reality (VR). We measured drivers’ reaction times from signal onset to take-over response and gaze dwell time for situational awareness across twelve critical events. Furthermore, we assessed self-reported anxiety and trust levels using the Autonomous Vehicle Acceptance Model questionnaire. Results showed visual signals significantly reduced reaction times, whereas auditory signals did not. Additionally, any warning signal, together with seeing driving hazards, increased successful maneuvering. Analysis of gaze dwell time on driving hazards revealed that audio and visual signals improved situational awareness. Lastly, warning signals reduced anxiety and increased trust. These results highlight the distinct effectiveness of signal modalities in improving driver reaction times, situational awareness, and perceived safety, mitigating the “out-of-the-loop” problem and fostering human-vehicle cooperation.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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