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A Study of Underground Pipeline System: Holistic Review

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29 August 2024

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30 August 2024

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Abstract
Pipes have been utilized since ancient times and have seen significant renewal, modification, and replacement to improve their effectiveness and efficiency in the modern era. As early as 4000 BC, Egyptians used clay pipes for drainage systems. The U.S. has the largest network of energy pipelines in the world. The ASCE 2017 Infrastructure Report Card assigned grades of D and D+ to water and wastewater pipelines, highlighting a substantial need for improvement. The paper investigates the infrastructure required for the sustainability of pipeline systems, as well as the construction of underground systems using both open-trench and trenchless technologies, along with the associated risks in the US. It concludes that trenchless methods are increasingly preferred for pipeline construction due to technological advancements, reduced surface disruptions, shorter construction times, and lower social costs. Tackling this challenge will necessitate strategic investment, decisive leadership, thorough planning, and meticulous preparation for future demands. Enhancing pipeline infrastructure can stimulate the U.S. economy, whereas postponing action will lead to higher costs.
Keywords: 
Subject: Engineering  -   Civil Engineering

Introduction and Background

Pipes have been utilized since ancient times and have seen significant renewal, modification, and replacement to improve their effectiveness and efficiency in the modern era. As early as 4000 BC, Egyptians used clay pipes for drainage systems. The development of cast iron pipes in the 18th century and steel pipes in the 19th century marked major advancements in the pipeline industry. Many North American pipelines were built during the mid-19th century. These pipelines, now over 70 years old, have surpassed their intended lifespan, resulting in frequent failures and an urgent need for renewal or replacement. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40].
Pipelines buried beneath streets are crucial for everyday life, carrying water, sewage, petroleum products, and natural gas. They can be categorized by the type of commodity they transport, their installation environment, the method of burial or support, and the material of the pipes. The United States possesses the world’s largest network of energy pipelines, with the majority of its energy potential being transported through these pipelines. The U.S. energy infrastructure plays a significant role in the country’s ability to harness its vast resources, influencing nearly every economic sector. [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60].
The deteriorating condition of U.S. infrastructure is clear, with drinking water systems graded D and wastewater systems graded D+ by the ASCE 2017 Infrastructure Report Card. In the coming years, more pipeline systems will reach the end of their life spans, and the existing problems with the nation’s pipeline infrastructure will continue without substantial improvements [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80].
The paper investigates the infrastructure required for the sustainability of pipeline systems, as well as the laying of pipelines using both open-trench and trenchless technology methods, along with the associated risks in the US.

Methodology

Infrastructure

Water and wastewater systems are essential to our daily lives. However, due to their extensive and dispersed nature, maintaining them at full operational capacity is impractical. ASCE 2017 Report Card graded U.S. drinking water systems a D and wastewater systems a D+ [50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70].
The U.S. has 1,140,000 miles of underground water pipelines. Despite reduced water consumption, there are around 240,000 water main breaks each year. Annually, $1.5 billion is spent on replacing pipes, covering about 4,000 miles of pipeline. The American Water Works Association (AWWA) estimates that $1 trillion will be needed over the next 25 years to maintain and meet the demand for water pipelines. A survey of sewer systems revealed that approximately 9% of the existing sewer pipelines in the U.S. are in poor condition and require renewal or replacement [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90].
Liquid and gas pipelines are crucial for transporting the raw materials that fuel the world. Liquid petroleum pipelines are the most practical and safe method for transporting large volumes over long distances by land. The U.S. economy depends on 2.5M miles of oil and gas pipelines, which include more than 208,100 miles of liquid pipelines and more than 300,000 miles of gas transmission pipelines. This extensive network functions as a national system to deliver energy resources from production sites to consumers [90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100].
“In the U.S., there are more than 820,000 miles of public sewers and 510,000 miles of private lateral sewers connecting private properties to public sewer lines. As per the USEPA, there are between 30,000 to 75,000 sanitary sewer system failures every year. The water and wastewater infrastructure needs $150 billion over the next decade, but only $45 billion is expected to be available. Over the past five years, the federal government has provided an average of $1.4 billion annually to all 50 states and the DC through the CWSRF programs [95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130].”

Construction of Pipeline

In the United States, both traditional open-trench and trenchless methods are used for constructing, replacing, or renewing underground utilities. Successfully completing a pipeline project requires a comprehensive understanding of the cost factors associated with the specific project conditions. Table 1 illustrates the life cycle cost of a construction project [100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120].

Open-trench

The open trench is the conventional approach for pipe installation. This technique involves excavating a trench along the planned pipeline route, placing the pipe on appropriate bedding soil materials, and then backfilling the pit. The typical steps in open-trench include [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50]:- Planning
- Conducting Surveys
- Engineering
- Obtaining Easements
- Preparing the Right of Way (ROW)
- Clearing and Cutting
- Trenching and Shoring
- Hauling Pipes
- Bending of Pipes
- Connecting/Welding/Fusing
- Lowering the Pipes
- Installing Fittings
- Securing
- Testing
- Backfilling
- Restoration
Open-trench construction typically offers an economical cost per linear foot, especially in non-paved areas. This method allows for precise control over elevations and slopes and facilitates direct visual inspection of the pipe. Until 1970, open-trench construction was the primary method for pipeline installation. However, with increasing demands and rising social costs, trenchless construction methods have become more common [121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140].

Trenchless Method

Technological advancements and enhanced geotechnical data collection have greatly advanced pipe installation projects. These innovations allow for the construction and renewal of pipelines with minimal surface disruption and lower social costs. Known as no-dig installations, these techniques are divided into two main categories: trenchless construction methods and trenchless renewal methods [110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151].
Trenchless Construction Methods:
  • Micro tunneling
  • Horizontal Directional Drilling
  • Horizontal Auger Boring
  • Compaction
  • Pipe Ramming
  • Trenchless Renewal Methods:
  • In-line replacement
  • CIPP
  • Underground coatings and Linings
  • Close-fit pipe
  • Sliplining
Trenchless technology methods are highly beneficial for building or refurbishing pipelines with minimal surface disruption. These techniques have a low environmental impact, enhance safety, boost productivity, and are cost-effective in the construction process.

Risk Assessment

Risks are inherent throughout the entire lifecycle of pipelines, from preconstruction to the end of their service life. Public risks can emerge out of the accidental coming out of substances traveling through the pipelines. These hazardous materials can contaminate drinking water, harm wildlife, and cause environmental damage. Additionally, damaged infrastructure and business interruptions can result in significant economic impacts.
Figure 1 highlights pipeline incidents resulting in death or injury. Despite a reduction in accidents and improved safety performance, many pipelines were installed several decades ago. “The USDOT notes that more than 55% of the country’s pipelines were constructed in the mid-19th century. Nearly 5% of gas pipelines were constructed during the first half of the 20th century. Leaks and associated risks are often linked to these older pipes [100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120].”

Results and Conclusions

Pipeline infrastructure is crucial yet often overlooked in the daily lives of Americans, impacting health, safety, and quality of life. Here are some key points:
  • According to the USEPA, the United States maintains some of the safest drinking water quality in the world.
  • It is estimated that $1T is needed over the next 20 years to maintain and meet the demands of pipeline systems. Local governments rely on a mix of local taxes and federal funding, which can lead to mismanagement or delays in receiving necessary funds.
  • The U.S. economy heavily relies on its 2.6M miles of oil and gas pipelines spread across the country.
  • While traditional open-trench construction methods are still commonly used for pipeline construction, the growing population necessitates consideration of the social costs associated with this method.
  • Trenchless methods are increasingly preferred for pipeline construction due to technological advancements, reduced surface disruptions, shorter construction times, and lower social costs.
  • Many U.S. pipelines were constructed in the 1950s and 1960s. Rehabilitation of these aging pipelines can extend their useful life. Trenchless renewal methods are more cost-effective and environmentally friendly for this purpose.
  • Choosing the appropriate trenchless construction or renewal method is crucial for efficient pipeline construction.
  • Sudden failures or leaks in sewer, liquid, or gas pipelines pose significant risks, including severe human casualties, environmental damage, and soil and water pollution.
  • Currently, there are no standardized methods for evaluating the pipe condition.

Recommendations for Future Research

It is recommended to develop new technologies, methods, and materials to improve the sustainability and durability of the U.S. pipeline infrastructure. Furthermore, there is a need to create techniques for detecting leaks in smaller diameter pipes and to encourage asset management programs for utility construction development.

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Preprints 116603 g001
Figure 1. Pipeline Incidents Involving Death or Injury [18].
Figure 1. Pipeline Incidents Involving Death or Injury [18].
Preprints 116603 g001
Table 1. Life Cycle Cost of a Construction Project [18].
Table 1. Life Cycle Cost of a Construction Project [18].
Preconstruction During Construction Post Construction
  • Acquiring Land
  • Securing Easements
  • Obtaining Permits
  • Covering Design Fees
  • Conducting Planning
  • Handling Legal Matters
  • Preparing Contract Drawings
  • Costs Directly Related to Construction
  • Indirect Costs of Construction
  • Social Costs
  • Operation
  • Maintenance
  • Depreciation
  • Revenue Loss from Emergency Repairs
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