The learning system is based on teaching, and teaching using digital resources is known as e-learning. The world is progressing towards success day by day, with increasing use of technology, digital devices, and modern techniques. The global shift has changed the domain from traditional paper-based learning to digital learning. Initially, knowledge and information were shared face-to-face in the classroom. But now, everything has shifted online; you can send materials, share ideas, and knowledge at any time on digital platforms. Last year, Covid-19 broke out globally, and everything shifted to a digital platform. The Covid-19 pandemic has become a critical challenge for the higher education sector since 2020. Nowadays, e-learning is a popular approach to obtaining education. The use of electronic devices such as computers, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones increased significantly after the pandemic. Previously, we followed the traditional face-to-face system of education, but during the Covid-19 pandemic, all educational institutions transitioned to e-learning. Unfortunately, Pakistan is lagging behind in e-learning. The country lacks the systems, gadgets, e-learning platforms, and proper internet services necessary for digital education. Pakistan, as a developing country, has limited internet access, especially outside of major cities. Many students from remote areas have to relocate to access internet facilities and attend classes. There is no proper learning channel to educate students in these regions, leading to numerous challenges for both students and teachers.

Given the current situation, Pakistan is unable to compete with the world in terms of technology. The education system has made zero progress in adopting e-learning, and as a result of Covid-19, many students have dropped out of school. Students are struggling to receive an education due to the lack of facilities. The shift from physical to online learning has also been a source of mental stress for students, and teachers have suffered from this abrupt change as well.

It’s important to highlight the issue for both students and teachers. What Kind of challenges faced during online education/ learning?

During the COVID-19 pandemic, everything shifted from face-to-face to online learning. Several researchers have explored the challenges of online education, and many studies have analyzed its impact on higher education. The rapid evolution of information and communication technology has significantly affected academic discourse, research, and teaching practices. For instance, the impact of traditional vs. online learning on student performance and attitudes has been a key area of study. One study aimed to understand how online learning affects students' performance (Nahid Khalil, Itedal Abdulrahim & Rashida Abdulrahim, 2019).

The COVID-19 outbreak presents an opportunity for educational institutions to learn from the rapid changes and adaptations during this unexpected time. It is a moment to reconsider the extent to which many courses rely on face-to-face teaching on campus. Focusing on the learning experience is critical when integrating traditional and online forms of education and implementing blended learning (Exley, K.; Dunnick R., 2004). Online learning takes place over the internet, providing access to materials and resources for study, while traditional learning requires physical presence and face-to-face interaction. The shift from traditional to online education represents a significant transformation.

Several studies have examined the effects of e-learning on students, gathering data on their views. Many students appreciate the flexibility of online education and the motivation it gives them to work independently. These studies suggest a generally positive impact of e-learning platforms on student experiences. However, the rapid increase in online education also brings challenges, particularly concerning delivery methods for both students and instructors.

Research shows that students in online settings are less likely to engage in collaborative learning, participate in discussions, or interact with teachers compared to face-to-face learning environments (Dunford, A.D.; Miller, A.L., 2018). Other challenges include issues related to time, space, internet connectivity, financial difficulties, and inadequate infrastructure. These challenges negatively impact the effectiveness of online education. Students may attend online classes, but the learning outcomes often fall short compared to traditional learning.

The online education system's success largely depends on student satisfaction and learning outcomes. However, factors like accessibility, quality of education, and infrastructure pose significant challenges. In regions with poor internet access and inadequate resources, particularly in remote and rural areas, students face greater difficulties in achieving meaningful learning outcomes.

This exploratory research found that the online education system, as the independent variable, greatly influences students and learning outcomes. The quality of education and infrastructure act as moderator variables. When both are robust, online education becomes more effective, leading to higher student satisfaction and better learning outcomes.

As e-learning continues to emerge as a significant trend and technology in the education sector, institutions must continue to innovate and improve the online learning experience, even beyond the pandemic. A critical issue identified is that the digital platforms provided by universities were not always capable of handling the workload of all students. Institutions must offer better facilities and platforms, guide students in technical skills, and consider integrating artificial intelligence, as these technologies will be valuable for students in the future.

In conclusion, online learning has allowed students to remain connected with institutions, but there is room for improvement. Educational institutions need to enhance their digital platforms, train students in technology use, and prepare them for future challenges. This will ensure that, if another similar situation arises, students and institutions are better equipped to handle the demands of online education.

Online education relies on several variables, with student satisfaction and learning outcomes being the most crucial dependent variables (DVs). When student satisfaction increases, the online education system tends to improve. Similarly, with higher-quality education, learning outcomes also improve naturally. In this context, the online education system is the independent variable (IV), while student satisfaction and learning outcomes depend on its effectiveness.

Moreover, infrastructure acts as a moderator (or catalyst) between the DV and IV. A well-established infrastructure enhances the relationship between the online education system and its dependent variables, resulting in better student satisfaction and improved learning outcomes. Therefore, for the online education system to perform optimally, a strong infrastructure is critical.

Analysis of interview transcripts revealed eight main themes.

Different individuals hold varied perceptions of the online education system. In traditional physical classrooms, face-to-face interaction between students and teachers is considered superior to online classes. Many believe there is no adequate substitute for physical classrooms. However, in situations like the Covid-19 pandemic, when in-person learning is not possible, online education serves as a valuable alternative. While online classes have shown effectiveness in universities, they face challenges at the primary school level due to insufficient resources provided by the government.

The general consensus among many participants is that they are not in favor of the online education system. A primary concern is the reduced interaction between students and teachers, which negatively impacts socialization and leads to decreased student participation. This lack of engagement is viewed as a significant drawback of online education.

Online classes are often deemed less effective compared to physical classes. Students frequently encounter issues such as Wi-Fi connectivity problems and inadequate infrastructure. The absence of face-to-face interaction contributes to diminished confidence among students. Additionally, the lack of participation and engagement further exacerbates this issue. While traditional classroom environments offer a rich, multidimensional learning experience, online education tends to provide a more limited perspective. Both students and teachers play crucial roles in overcoming these challenges.

On the other hand, one participant (ST1) expressed a positive view of online education, noting its convenience and the extensive availability of material and content compared to physical classes. They emphasized the need for reforms in the education system, pointing out that the traditional setup is not competitive with more developed countries. For online education to be more effective, access to digital devices is essential. However, in many areas of Pakistan, people lack smartphones and other digital devices, which hampers the efficacy of online learning.

Adaptability to online education is feasible in areas with adequate infrastructure and resources. As a developing nation, Pakistan faces challenges related to the scarcity of resources, which significantly affects the adaptability to online learning. This lack of infrastructure and resources is a major obstacle to the widespread adoption and effectiveness of online education.

Infrastructure is crucial for the success of online education. Without essential resources such as smartphones, Wi-Fi connections, or laptops, continuing education online becomes extremely challenging. In remote and far-flung areas, as well as in government primary schools with inadequate internet connectivity, the effectiveness of online education is significantly compromised. The absence of proper infrastructure in these regions makes it difficult for students to access online learning platforms and educational materials, thus hindering their ability to continue their education effectively.

Technical skills are essential for navigating online education. During the Covid-19 pandemic, various sectors, including education, experienced significant disruptions, particularly in developing countries. In Pakistan, many individuals lacked both the necessary infrastructure and technical skills, making them especially vulnerable to the impacts of the pandemic. For some, online education represents a better alternative than having no education at all. As noted by ST2, who expressed mixed feelings about online learning, “I don’t like this mode of learning.” He emphasized that physical interaction in traditional classrooms is more effective and engaging. In his view, physical classes allow for better use of time and reduce feelings of laziness, which are more prevalent in online settings. Despite his personal preference for physical classes, ST2 acknowledged the necessity of online education during the pandemic, highlighting its role as a crucial but imperfect solution during such unprecedented times.

One perspective is that online education fosters critical thinking more effectively than traditional classroom settings. According to ST1, online education offers a significant advantage in developing critical thinking skills. Unlike physical classes, where teachers often provide condensed notes and focused material, online learning allows students to explore a broader range of resources. Students can access extensive research materials and information through online platforms, which encourages them to engage in independent research and critical analysis. This expanded access to diverse sources of information enables students to develop a more nuanced and critical approach to learning, making online education a valuable tool for enhancing critical thinking skills.

Online education is considered a reliable alternative for many students, particularly those in remote or underserved areas, where attending physical classes daily is not feasible. The flexibility of online education addresses several problems inherent in traditional systems, such as overcrowded classrooms and limited course availability. For students who face logistical challenges or lack access to physical educational institutions, online learning provides a viable and accessible solution. It represents a significant shift in contemporary education, offering new opportunities for learning and engagement that were previously unavailable to many. This reliability and adaptability of online education highlight its importance in bridging educational gaps and providing opportunities for a diverse range of learners.

The world is continuously advancing, with a significant shift from traditional physical methods to digitalization. As researchers strive to enhance educational systems to make them more reliable and flexible, Pakistan's education system is struggling to keep pace with these global changes. Historically, online learning was a foreign concept in Pakistan, but it has now become a necessity.

Previous research has often overlooked critical issues such as internet connectivity problems, financial constraints, technology access issues, and communication barriers between students, teachers, and administrators in Pakistan. This research aims to address these gaps by emphasizing the importance of good infrastructure, resources, financial stability, and time management for effective online education.

Despite the critical role of online education during the pandemic, many people in Pakistan remain dissatisfied with the current setup. This dissatisfaction is influenced by a lack of infrastructure and resources, which are essential for an effective online learning experience. To match the standards of developed countries, Pakistan requires substantial reforms in its education system.

In developed nations, online education has been established for many years, supported by robust infrastructure and government provision. This has enabled them to adapt more easily to online learning environments. In contrast, many regions in Pakistan still lack basic technological resources, such as smartphones and reliable internet access, which hinders the quality of education during the pandemic.

The role of the government is crucial in addressing these deficiencies. Providing adequate facilities and support to primary schools and ensuring that students have access to the necessary technology is essential for improving the quality of education. Developed countries' success in online education highlights the importance of infrastructure and resource availability.

In summary, the research underscores that good infrastructure, adequate resources, and financial stability are vital for successful online education. Addressing these issues is imperative for improving the online education system in Pakistan. By focusing on these areas, Pakistan can enhance its online education setup to better meet the needs of its students and align with global standards.