Preprint Article Version 1 This version is not peer-reviewed

Healthcare Settings and Infections Prevention: Today’s Proce-dures in Light of the “Instructions for Disinfection” Issued During the 1817 Typhus Epidemic in the Grand Duchy of Tus-cany (Pre-Unification Italy)

Davide Orsini
* ,
Maria Luisa Cristina
ORCID logo ,
Anna Maria Spagnolo
,
Carola Minet
,
Marina Sartini
ORCID logo ,
Roberto Parrella
,
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
ORCID logo ,
Mariano Martini
ORCID logo
Version 1 : Received: 4 October 2024 / Approved: 5 October 2024 / Online: 7 October 2024 (11:17:56 CEST)

How to cite: Orsini, D.; Cristina, M. L.; Spagnolo, A. M.; Minet, C.; Sartini, M.; Parrella, R.; Bragazzi, N. L.; Martini, M. Healthcare Settings and Infections Prevention: Today’s Proce-dures in Light of the “Instructions for Disinfection” Issued During the 1817 Typhus Epidemic in the Grand Duchy of Tus-cany (Pre-Unification Italy). Preprints 2024, 2024100382. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.0382.v1 Orsini, D.; Cristina, M. L.; Spagnolo, A. M.; Minet, C.; Sartini, M.; Parrella, R.; Bragazzi, N. L.; Martini, M. Healthcare Settings and Infections Prevention: Today’s Proce-dures in Light of the “Instructions for Disinfection” Issued During the 1817 Typhus Epidemic in the Grand Duchy of Tus-cany (Pre-Unification Italy). Preprints 2024, 2024100382. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.0382.v1

Abstract

Even today Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) remain the most frequent and serious complications in healthcare, with a significant clinical and economic impact. The authors address the causes and conditions that determine this situation and describe them in a comparison with the situation in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany more than two centuries ago and with the instructions that were issued at the time to contain the typhus epidemic of 1817, to increase hospital sanitation and disinfect houses. Today, we know that a crucial element in the fight against healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) is the definition and implementation of best care practices and other measures, according to a combined program that must be tailored to each healthcare setting. In the early nineteenth century, these approaches originated from experience and chemical knowledge that were becoming established, opening the way to the ideas and experiments of Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis and later of Joseph Lister, who traced the path for the birth of Hygiene. Two centuries later the pioneering vision of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany at the beginning of the 19th century, when preventive measures in the field of public health were still backward and underdeveloped, is still enlightening and surprisingly topical.

Keywords

infections; prevention; typhus; epidemics; XIX century; Grand Duchy of Tuscany; history of medicine

Subject

Public Health and Healthcare, Public Health and Health Services

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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