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Assessment of the Quality of Soil and Environmental Impact for Netrokona Sadar in Mymensingh Using Satellite Imaging and Soil Mapping with GIS

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16 October 2024

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18 October 2024

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Abstract
Netrokona is a district of the Mymensingh division in northern Bangladesh. In this study, we analyze the soil profile in Netrokona Sadar using digital soil mapping and land formation using the satellite image technique. This study also analyzes the soil profile using remote sensing data of 4 different points in selected area. The main focus of the study is analyzing the soil profile for the structural compatibility and environmental impact for that. After analyzing the soil we found that the soil of that area is mainly clay loam and clayey loam and the soil contains low coarse fragement which is 5.6-8% but we need al least 15-30% coarse fragement in the soil. The soil of this area needs good management to improve its drainage and bearing capacity.
Keywords: 
Subject: 
Engineering  -   Civil Engineering

Introduction

The main goal of the structural compatibility analysing is to reduce the risk of building failure by determining the land requirement for better bearing capacity.
Digital soil mapping is one of the best way for soil analysis because of the development of technology. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques are very useful for preparing these digital maps. We can gather and analyse data from various database that use remote sensing technologies. In recent studies, researches use GIS and RS technologies in their recent studies.( (Adhikary et al., 2008; Ali & Kotb, 2010; Chen et al., 2022; Ghazali et al., 2020; Gorji et al., 2015; Hossain et al., 2023; Labib & Nashed, 2013; Li et al., 2024; Mashalaba et al., 2020; Oldak et al., 2002; Peng et al., 2016; Psomiadis et al., 2020; Radočaj et al., 2023; Savin et al., 2019; Si et al., 2024; Tazin et al., 2024; Topp et al., 2020; Velmurugan et al., 2009; Yalcin & Bulut, 2007; Yilmaz, 2009; Zhang et al., 2007)
In this study, we also use satellite image which is the hyperspectral image that can indicate due to rapid growth of population there is a high demand of land that is prepared for construction. In different countries various investigations and search is carried out for appropriate site for construction mainly for residential building. One of the most important parameters that should be taken seriously is the environmental impact for the structural development.
The scope of this paper is to examine the various factors for structural development and define their relationship with various soil properties. The goal was to create a digital soil map using GIS and satellite image to identify the soil quality of that area whether the soil is suitable for construction or not additionally we also try to evaluate the environmental impact for that.
We used soilgrid database to analyse various soil property such as percentage of sand, silt, clay, bulk density, coarse fragment, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity(at Ph-7), nitrogen, soil organic carbon, PH water, volume of water content at-10 Kpa, volume of water content at-33 Kpa, volume of water content at-1500 Kpa for our selected study area. The SoilGrids database is a convenient online resource that offers global assessments of soil quality at different depths. It is managed by ISRIC (International Soil Reference and Information Center) and provides detailed soil information.

Methodology

In this study,we obtained the location map from simplemaps.com and digital soil map which we collected from Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO]-UNESCO Soil Map of the World. We made our study area maps through ArcGIS 10.7.1 version. The satellite image was collected from USGS.gov website. The four points that is used to identify the soil type are selected from the satellite image and Global Positioning System (GPS). Hyperspectral photos are used to evaluate the land formation and land type. The soil property data such as percentage of sand, silt, clay, bulk density, coarse fragment, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity(at Ph-7), nitrogen, soil organic carbon, PH water, volume of water content at-10 Kpa, volume of water content at-33 Kpa, volume of water content at-1500 Kpa are obtained from soil gride database.

Selecting and Making Maps of Study Location

Our study area was Netrokona Sadar which is a sub-district (upazila) situated in the Netrokona District, part of the Mymensingh Division in Bangladesh. The area of the Netrokona Sadar is 340.4 km².We took four location points to analyse soil properties of this area.[Figure 1]
For making the location map we used GIS based software named as ArcGIS [10.7.1].[Figure 2]

Making Soil Map

We obtained world digital soil map from FAO website. After that we extracted only Bangladeshi soil part from world soil map. We predicted our study area Netrokona Sadar and it was marked with blue color. According to FAO soil classification we found that the type of the soil is Eutric Gleysols [Ge] [Figure 3]
Another figure also classify the type of soil in our selected area.[Figure 4]
Analysing Soil Properties
We took 4 location points which were 1st [Lat: 24°53′17′′N, Lon:90°44′43′′E], 2nd [Lat: 24°53′18′′N, Lon:90°44′29′′E], 3rd [Lat: 24°53′10′′N, Lon:90°44′29′′E], 4th [Lat: 24°53′11′′N, Lon:90°44′44′′E].
We took soil properties data from soilgrid and analyse it for structural compatibility also environmental impact for this area. [Table 1 and Table 2]

Results and Discussion

In this paper we exposed the soil properties data of Netrokona Sadar as well as analyse it with the help of soil mapping and satellite image and GIS technique which was done for agricultural purpose but not for structural purpose previously. Our details analyse and result is given below:

Structural Compatibility

This research has four stations. By these, we define the soil compatibility of soil for the structure in this area. Loam soil is very good and balanced soil type for the structure because it has good drainage capability, and it can hold moisture another advantage of that soil is nutrient retention capability. The approximate proportion for this type of soil is 40-50% sand, 20-30% silt, and 20-30% clay ( Das, 2006). In the first station point the proportion is 28.6 to 38.5% clay, 27.9 to 31.3% sand and 35.2 to 40.2% silt in different depth of soil. It is a clay loam( Das, 2006) which has good moisture and nutrients retaining capability. It also has a decent drainage capability. In the 2nd station point there is 27.6 to 38.2% clay, 28 to 31.3% sand and 35.9 to 41.1% silt, that is considered as clay loam ( Das, 2006). In the 3rd point there is 26.6 to 37.7% clay, 26.1 to 32.1% sand and 36.2 to 41.3% silt are found so this is clay loam ( Das, 2006). In the 4th station point 26.8 to 38.3% clay, 28.6 to 32.45% soil and 35.7 to 40.8% silt are found so this is clayey loam which has a good moisture and nutrient retention capability and moderate drainage capability( Das, 2006). All the four soil sample has good moisture and nutrient retention ability and around a decent drainage capability which is good for constructing structure. As we observed from satellite image this block of land is cultivated land. So there is no possibility of landsliding. As the soil is clay loam that means the soil is stable and the value of bulk density is around 140cg/cm3 which is decent for the construction (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2019)
The water content data At -10 kPa: Ranges from 372 to 389 At -33 kPa: Ranges from 317 to 327 At -1500 kPa: Ranges from 160 to 236 which shows that the soil has moisture but it is not overly saturated and reasonable for construction (According to google 20-40%). Coarse fragment improves soil stability. 15-30% of total soil is recommended (Chow et al. n.d) but the four station point soil has 5.7% to 8.6%. The soil need management and adding coarse material and ensuring good drainage is required for soil stability for construction.

Environmental Impact Assessment

The clay loam has good nutrient retention capability but over excavation can affect the fertility of soil and local ecosystem. The clay content of this soil can make hard for drainage, and it can be cause of erosion and sedimentation. Management of the drainage should be done carefully. Compaction of soil is done for stability of soil, but it can decrease land porosity and water infiltration capability which affect plant growth and increase runoff. Soil that is disturbed for construction can release its stored carbon that can increase the greenhouse gas emission.

Limitation and Future Aspect

There are some limitations with this work such as soilgrid database doesn’t provide 100% accurate data and the data was not compared with field data. Future researcher should work on the soil mapping and accuracy on collected data.

Conclusions

Soil mapping allows us to readily obtain data on soil parameters and soil types. Aerial photos and satellite photography may provide precise information on land formations. This study entails generating soil maps and analyzing soil property data for structural compatibility and environmental effect in our elected area. It describes the types of data and procedures that may be used to create soil categorization maps. Soilgrid provided most of the data needed to create these maps. GIS and digital photogrammetric methods were utilized to evaluate this data. The hyperspectral satellite picture is evaluated to obtain the essential data for soil mapping and land creation.
Central and local government policymakers, planners, and engineers should use current geo-environmental studies when determining the best location for residential building. One of the purposes of soil mapping is to offer some reliable and useful data for planning the safe location of residential areas. GIS technique also contributes by altering data and executing relevant analyses in a short period of time at a low cost, as well as by enabling the construction of various scenarios that may be shown visually.

Acknowledgments

We are very greatful to the researchers whose works help us to do this research smoothly.

References

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Figure 1. Satellite image of four study location points.
Figure 1. Satellite image of four study location points.
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Figure 2. : Study Area (Netrokona Sadar).
Figure 2. : Study Area (Netrokona Sadar).
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Figure 3. Soil classification Map of study area [Netrokona Sadar].
Figure 3. Soil classification Map of study area [Netrokona Sadar].
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Figure 4. Soil classification Map of study area [Netrokona Sadar]( Islam et al., 2017).
Figure 4. Soil classification Map of study area [Netrokona Sadar]( Islam et al., 2017).
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Table 1. Properties of soil from soilgrid.
Table 1. Properties of soil from soilgrid.
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Table 2. Type of soil from soilgrid.
Table 2. Type of soil from soilgrid.
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Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
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