Version 1
: Received: 4 November 2024 / Approved: 6 November 2024 / Online: 6 November 2024 (09:32:00 CET)
How to cite:
Jaszek, N.; Bogdanowicz, A.; Siwiec, J.; Starownik, R.; Kwaśniewski, W.; Mlak, R. Epigenetic Biomarkers as a New Diagnostic Tool in Bladder Cancer – from Early Detection to Prognosis. Preprints2024, 2024110389. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0389.v1
Jaszek, N.; Bogdanowicz, A.; Siwiec, J.; Starownik, R.; Kwaśniewski, W.; Mlak, R. Epigenetic Biomarkers as a New Diagnostic Tool in Bladder Cancer – from Early Detection to Prognosis. Preprints 2024, 2024110389. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0389.v1
Jaszek, N.; Bogdanowicz, A.; Siwiec, J.; Starownik, R.; Kwaśniewski, W.; Mlak, R. Epigenetic Biomarkers as a New Diagnostic Tool in Bladder Cancer – from Early Detection to Prognosis. Preprints2024, 2024110389. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0389.v1
APA Style
Jaszek, N., Bogdanowicz, A., Siwiec, J., Starownik, R., Kwaśniewski, W., & Mlak, R. (2024). Epigenetic Biomarkers as a New Diagnostic Tool in Bladder Cancer – from Early Detection to Prognosis. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0389.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Jaszek, N., Wojciech Kwaśniewski and Radosław Mlak. 2024 "Epigenetic Biomarkers as a New Diagnostic Tool in Bladder Cancer – from Early Detection to Prognosis" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0389.v1
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) currently ranks as the 9th most common cancer worldwide. It is characterized by a very high rate of recurrence and metastasis. Most cases of BC are of urothelial origin, and due to its ability to penetrate muscle tissue, it is divided into non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive BC (MIBC). The current diagnosis of BC is still based primarily on invasive cystoscopy, which is an expensive and invasive method that carries a risk of various complications. Urine sediment cytology is often used as a complementary test, the biggest drawback of which is its very low sensitivity concerning detecting BC at early stages, which is crucial for prompt implementation of appropriate treatment. Therefore, there is a great need to develop innovative diagnostic techniques that would enable early detection and accurate prognosis of BC. Great potential in this regard is shown by epigenetic changes, which are often possible to observe long before the onset of clinical symptoms of the disease. In addition, these changes can be detected in readily available biological material such as urine or blood, indicating the possibility of constructing non-invasive diagnostic tests. Over the past few years, many studies have emerged using epigenetic alterations as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of BC. This review provides an update on promising diagnostic biomarkers for the detection and prognosis of BC based on epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and expression levels of selected non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) taking into account the latest literature data.
Keywords
bladder cancer; biomarkers; epigenetics; early detection; prognosis
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Oncology and Oncogenics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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