Version 1
: Received: 5 November 2024 / Approved: 6 November 2024 / Online: 6 November 2024 (15:15:15 CET)
How to cite:
Xu, S.; Cheema, A. I.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, B. Phosphate-Based Binders for Stabilization and Solidification of Soils Contaminated with Multiple Heavy Metals: Mechanisms and Efficacy Evaluation. Preprints2024, 2024110408. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0408.v1
Xu, S.; Cheema, A. I.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, B. Phosphate-Based Binders for Stabilization and Solidification of Soils Contaminated with Multiple Heavy Metals: Mechanisms and Efficacy Evaluation. Preprints 2024, 2024110408. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0408.v1
Xu, S.; Cheema, A. I.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, B. Phosphate-Based Binders for Stabilization and Solidification of Soils Contaminated with Multiple Heavy Metals: Mechanisms and Efficacy Evaluation. Preprints2024, 2024110408. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0408.v1
APA Style
Xu, S., Cheema, A. I., Zhang, Y., & Dong, B. (2024). Phosphate-Based Binders for Stabilization and Solidification of Soils Contaminated with Multiple Heavy Metals: Mechanisms and Efficacy Evaluation. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0408.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Xu, S., Yunhui Zhang and Bin Dong. 2024 "Phosphate-Based Binders for Stabilization and Solidification of Soils Contaminated with Multiple Heavy Metals: Mechanisms and Efficacy Evaluation" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0408.v1
Abstract
Contamination by heavy metals is the global concern now-a-days. But the management of these heavy metals problems by stabilization/solidification is the most effective technique for controlling metal pollution in the soil. However, this research studies the immobilization efficiency of various phosphates-based binders (Na₃PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄), which also includes Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), MgO, and CaO for stabilizing multi-metal contaminated soils. Moreover, the current study focused on the leachability of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn) over different time periods and with different concentrations. Therefore, batch leaching tests experiment were conducted to determine the leaching ratio and percentage of various metal concentrations along with measuring the pH values of the leachates. Our study results indicate that OPC validates because of its superior immobilization across all metals present in the soil, but more specifically the metals with high concentrations and also owing to the formation of stable hydroxides and high pH which assists in abating metal solubility. Additionally, phosphate-based binders, though are environmentally favorable, but disclosed less effectiveness, particularly for Pb and Cu, whereas, leaching beats non-hazardous waste limits. Conversely, MgO also offer a reasonable immobilization but was less effective as compared to OPC, while on the other hand, CaO exhibited and found to be an increased leaching over time. Therefore, this research highlights OPC's as a more suitable for soil remediation wherever structural and contamination control is essential. Despite the fact, phosphate-based binders are found to be more appropriate for eco-friendly, non-load-bearing applications.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
